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PubMed2005

Influence of age, gender, and serum triglycerides on heart rate in a cohort of asymptomatic individuals without heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Age, sex and blood lipids were demonstrated in epidemiological studies to influence heart rate measured on physical examination, on 12-lead electrocardiogram or with automatic devices for short-term measurements. We hypothesized that in healthy individuals, age, sex and other clinical variables may also influence heart rate measured on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. METHODS: We studied 625 asymptomatic individuals with normal clinical examination, aged 15 to 83 (mean 42, standard deviation 11.9) years, 276 (44.2%) men and 349 (55.8%) women. Heart rate was evaluated on 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Variables selected in univariate analysis (chi(2) and Student t tests) were further submitted to multivariate analysis with canonical correlation to assess the strength of associations between heart rate and other variables, and multiple linear regression models to generate reference curves. RESULTS: Age was the most significant influence on canonical variable of heart rate relative to other clinical and laboratory variables (0.55; p<0.01). There was an increase in the minimum heart rate and a decrease of maximum heart rate with increasing age in both genders. The increase was steeper in men and the decrease was steeper in women. Minimum heart rate increased with increasing serum triglycerides and decreased as estimated maximum oxygen consumption increased. CONCLUSIONS: There was a narrower variation of heart rate with increasing age in both genders in healthy individuals. This variation was less pronounced in women. In addition, status of body haemostasis associated with peculiar metabolic conditions expressed in serum triglycerides levels may also be associated with heart rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of a generic and a rhinitis-specific quality-of-life (QOL) instrument in patients with house dust mite allergy: relationship between the SF-36 and Rhinitis QOL Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Generic and disease-specific quality-of-life (QOL) questionnaires are commonly used in subjects with allergic rhinitis (AR). AR, however, is closely associated with other disorders such as bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD). These co-morbid associations may have an effect on the inter-relation of generic and disease-specific QOL outcomes and the behaviour of this inter-relation in time. OBJECTIVE: To unravel the inter-relationships between the outcome of a generic instrument (SF-36) and a disease-specific instrument (Rhinitis QOL Questionnaire (RQLQ)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the framework of a randomized clinical trial with respect to the efficacy of impermeable bedding covers in house dust mite (HDM) allergy, SF-36 and RQLQ were administered to 224 adults with AR and/or allergic asthma and/or AD at baseline and after 12 months of intervention. Regression analysis and canonical correlation were used to estimate overlap. RESULTS: Overlap between SF-36 and RQLQ domains in terms of explained variance ranged from 6% to 56%. Canonical correlation yielded low coefficients (0.16-0.27). Moreover, both SF-36 and RQLQ scores did not change significantly during the intervention. CONCLUSION: In patients with HDM allergy characterized by co-morbid associations, SF-36 and RQLQ cover different aspects in QOL. It is advocated to use both simultaneously in performing QOL studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

A Graph Contrastive Learning Method for Enhancing Genome Recovery in Complex Microbial Communities.

Accurate genome binning is essential for resolving microbial community structure and functional potential from metagenomic data. However, existing approaches-primarily reliant on tetranucleotide frequency (TNF) and abundance profiles-often perform sub-optimally in the face of complex community compositions, low-abundance taxa, and long-read sequencing datasets. To address these limitations, we present MBGCCA, a novel metagenomic binning framework that synergistically integrates graph neural networks (GNNs), contrastive learning, and information-theoretic regularization to enhance binning accuracy, robustness, and biological coherence. MBGCCA operates in two stages: (1) multimodal information integration, where TNF and abundance profiles are fused via a deep neural network trained using a multi-view contrastive loss, and (2) self-supervised graph representation learning, which leverages assembly graph topology to refine contig embeddings. The contrastive learning objective follows the InfoMax principle by maximizing mutual information across augmented views and modalities, encouraging the model to extract globally consistent and high-information representations. By aligning perturbed graph views while preserving topological structure, MBGCCA effectively captures both global genomic characteristics and local contig relationships. Comprehensive evaluations using both synthetic and real-world datasets-including wastewater and soil microbiomes-demonstrate that MBGCCA consistently outperforms state-of-the-art binning methods, particularly in challenging scenarios marked by sparse data and high community complexity. These results highlight the value of entropy-aware, topology-preserving learning for advancing metagenomic genome reconstruction.

canonical correlation analysis↗
PubMed1999

Choosing negative symptom instruments: issues of representation and redundancy.

Assuming that the negative syndrome in schizophrenia may be multidimensional, this study examines how conclusions about the structure of negative symptoms may be influenced by the particular rating scale used, the level of data reduction used (such as total, subscale and individual item scores), and also the type of data analyses used to compare scales. Forty-seven subjects with RDC schizophrenia were rated on three instruments: the negative symptom subscale of the BPRS (BPRS-WR); the negative symptom subscale of the PANSS (PANSS-NS); and the SANS. Comparisons were made of different levels of data reduction and different methods of analysis, which included bivariate correlation, bi-multivariate canonical correlation and redundancy analysis. We found that while the total scores from all three scales were highly correlated and therefore highly redundant, both the individual items and subscale scores from the SANS contained information independent of the BPRS-WR, and also, to a lesser extent, of the PANSS-NS. When the BPRS-WR was correlated with either the SANS or the PANSS-NS, one strong canonical variate (CV) emerged, on which all or most items loaded, particularly the affective items. When the SANS and PANSS-NS were correlated, this component again emerged along with three less strong but interpretable components. When examining the non-symmetrical redundancy, we found that the BPRS-WR variates explained 40% of the SANS variance, while conversely the SANS variates explained 80% of the BPRS-WR variance. The PANSS-NS variates were found to explain 58% of the SANS variance, while the SANS variates explained 85% of the PANSS-NS variance. Finally, the PANSS-NS variates explained 79% of the BPRS-WR variance, while conversely the BPRS-WR variates explained 54% of the PANSS-NS variance. AH three scales appear to measure a single general 'affective' component of the negative syndrome, while the PANSS-NS and the SANS also cover additional components which identify cognitive, anergic and social dimensions. This extra information is lost, however, if inappropriate data reduction and/or statistical analyses are used. The fact that the three instruments predicted the various dimensions of the negative syndrome to different degrees suggests that the best choice of a negative scale depends on the type of information required. Nevertheless, further examination of how negative symptom scales cover the multi-dimensional nature of the negative syndrome is required.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Depression assessment after traumatic brain injury: an empirically based classification method.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the patterns of depression in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) Depression Scale, and to classify empirically NFI Depression Scale scores. DESIGN: Depressive symptoms were characterized by using the NFI Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Depression Scale. SETTING: An outpatient clinic within a Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems center. PARTICIPANTS: A demographically diverse sample of 172 outpatients with TBI, evaluated between 1996 and 2000. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The NFI, BDI, and MMPI-2 Depression Scale. The Cronbach alpha, analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, and canonical discriminant function analysis were used to examine the psychometric properties of the NFI Depression Scale. RESULTS: Patients with TBI most frequently reported problems with frustration (81%), restlessness (73%), rumination (69%), boredom (66%), and sadness (66%) with the NFI Depression Scale. The percentages of patients classified as depressed with the BDI and the NFI Depression Scale were 37% and 30%, respectively. The Cronbach alpha for the NFI Depression Scale was.93, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. As hypothesized, NFI Depression Scale scores correlated highly with BDI (r=.765) and MMPI-2 Depression Scale T scores (r=.752). The NFI Depression Scale did not correlate significantly with the MMPI-2 Hypomania Scale, thus showing discriminant validity. Normal and clinically depressed BDI scores were most likely to be accurately predicted by the NFI Depression Scale, with 81% and 87% of grouped cases, respectively, correctly classified. Normal and depressed MMPI-2 Depression Scale scores were accurately predicted by the NFI Depression Scale, with 75% and 83% of grouped cases correctly classified, respectively. Patients' NFI Depression Scale scores were mapped to the corresponding BDI categories, and 3 NFI score classifications emerged: minimally depressed (13-28), borderline depressed (29-42), and clinically depressed (43-65). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided further evidence that screening for depression should be a standard component of TBI assessment protocols. Between 30% and 38% of patients with TBI were classified as depressed with the NFI Depression Scale and the BDI, respectively. Our findings also provided empirical evidence that the NFI Depression Scale is a useful tool for classifying postinjury depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Ratings of the performances of practicing internists by hospital-based registered nurses.

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility and reliability of ratings completed by hospital-based registered nurses of the humanistic qualities, communication skills, and selected aspects of the clinical skills of practicing internists. METHOD: In 1988-1989, registered nurses who worked in the same 175 hospitals as 232 internists with admitting privileges at these hospitals rated the internists' performances. The nurses were selected from medicine floors, specialty floors, and intensive care units and/or critical care units, using lists provided by head nurses. A total of 1,877 rating questionnaires with 13 performance categories were collected (with a mean of 8.01 nurses per internist). The ratings were analyzed to determine measurement characteristics and the relationships of the nurses' demographic characteristics to the ratings. In addition, for each of ten performance categories for 152 of the internists, the average rating each internist received from nurses was compared with the average rating each internist received from peer physicians. Statistical analysis used Pearson correlations, canonical correlations, factor analyses, Student's t-tests, analysis of variance, and stepwise multiple regression. Finally, the internists themselves, including physicians who were not actually rated by the nurses, were asked to complete a brief questionnaire that included questions about their opinions of the use of nurses' ratings. RESULTS: The nurses' ratings correlated moderately strongly with the peer physicians' ratings and had a common structure. However, the nurses' ratings were lower for several humanistic qualities, including respect, integrity, and responsibility, and their ratings were higher for medical knowledge and verbal communications. Across the 13 performance categories, approximately 10-15 ratings from nurses were needed to obtain a reliable assessment of an internist's humanistic qualities and communication skills. Many internists felt that nurses' ratings should be used equally with, or at least as a lesser contribution to, ratings by peer physicians of humanistic qualities and communication skills. CONCLUSION: Nurses' ratings appear to provide a feasible and reliable method of evaluating the internists' communication skills and humanistic qualities, when used in conjunction with ratings by peer physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Is primary care physician supply correlated with health outcomes?

Assessment of the relation between life indicators and health outcomes is a complex problem. The authors' analysis uses descriptive canonical correlation, and their solution suggests that socioeconomic factors play a major role in health outcomes. The supply of primary care physicians has a lesser but still important role: canonical correlation suggests no apparent role in enhancing health outcomes among the elderly but a larger role in improving health among the young. The authors' analysis does support the notion that specialist physician supply has no correlation with a wide range of health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of Armillaria spp. from peach orchards in the southeastern United States using fatty acid methyl ester profiling.

Limited information is available regarding the composition of cellular fatty acids in Armillaria and the extent to which fatty acid profiles can be used to characterize species in this genus. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles generated from cultures of A. tabescens, A. mellea, and A. gallica consisted of 16-18 fatty acids ranging from 12-24 carbons in length, although some of these were present only in trace amounts. Across the three species, 9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid (9,12-C18:2), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), heneicosanoic acid (21:0), 9-cis-octadecenoic acid (9-C18:1), and 2-hydroxy-docosanoic acid (OH-22:0) were the most abundant fatty acids. FAME profiles from different thallus morphologies (mycelium, sclerotial crust, or rhizomorphs) displayed by cultures of A. gallica showed that thallus type had no significant effect on cellular fatty acid composition (P > 0.05), suggesting that FAME profiling is sufficiently robust for species differentiation despite potential differences in thallus morphology within and among species. The three Armillaria species included in this study could be distinguished from other lignicolous basidiomycete species commonly occurring on peach (Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma lucidum, Stereum hirsutum, and Trametes versicolor) on the basis of FAME profiles using stepwise discriminant analysis (average squared canonical correlation = 0.953), whereby 9-C18:1, 9,12-C18:2, and 10-cis-hexadecenoic acid (10-C16:1) were the three strongest contributors. In a separate stepwise discriminant analysis, A. tabescens, A. mellea, and A. gallica were separated from one another based on their fatty acid profiles (average squared canonical correlation = 0.924), with 11-cis-octadecenoic acid (11-C18:1), 9-C18:1, and 2-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid (OH-16:0) being most important for species separation. When fatty acids were extracted directly from mycelium dissected from naturally infected host tissue, the FAME-based discriminant functions developed in the preceding experiments classified all samples (n = 16) as A. tabescens; when applied to cultures derived from the same naturally infected samples, all unknowns were similarly classified as A. tabescens. Thus, FAME species classification of Armillaria unknowns directly from infected tissues may be feasible. Species designation of unknown Armillaria cultures by FAME analysis was identical to that indicated by IGS-RFLP classification with AluI.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1989

Developmental relations between the weight of internal organs and somatic features of fetuses and newborns.

The paper contains results of investigations on statistical developmental interrelations between the weight of brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands and thymus, and the total length, the crown-rump length and the body weight, and the circumference of head, shoulders, chest and abdomen of fetuses and newborns in the age from 17 to 43 weeks of life. The character and the force of the relations between the degree of the development of the weight of organs and the body dimensions was investigated by statistical methods on three levels. On the basis of the value of linear correlation coefficients, statistical relations were determined between the weight of the particular organs and the particular sometic features. The dependence between the particular organs and the complex of somatic features was determined on the basis on the multiple regression analysis. On the other hand the relation between two complexes of features, i.e. all organs and all somatic features was investigated with the help of canonical correlation coefficients. The analysis of results indicated that between the weight of internal organs and the somatic features in the fetal period there exists a statistical developmental relation. The developmental relations are most strongly marked between the 6th and the 10th months of intrauterine life, while in the 5th month of life and in postmature fetuses and newborns they are weaker.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2003

Hybrid canonical-correlation neural-network approach applied to nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (HEPT derivatives).

Beneficial antiviral HIV-1 chemotherapy is associated with adverse reactions. To optimize the desired actions and to lower the side effects of nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs), quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were studied by using a series of HEPT derivatives of NNRTIs. Hypothesis testing requires that certain assumptions are approximately satisfied in statistically based QSARs, however. A complementary approach is based on artificial neural network analysis. Model building can be made without the manifold assumptions of statistically based QSAR approaches but the problem is that the number of neural weights increase exponentially (danger of overfitting) under certain circumstances. A way to get more reliable results is to reduce the dimensionality of the two subsets (biological and chemical variables). A suitable method is the canonical correlation analysis. The two subsets of canonical variates are used as outputs (biologically derived variates) and inputs (chemically derived variates) of an optimized backpropagation neural network approach. The contribution summarizes the most recent results of this canonical-correlation backpropagation-neural network QSAR approach. It is shown that noncovalent interactions (lipophilic, steric, hydrogen-bonding, and inductive forces of the substituents) are responsible for the antiviral and cytotoxic actions. The outcome of this analysis produces an internally highly self-consistent result (model robustness). The predictive performance is tested. The butterfly-like conformation of the predicted compound is consistent with the butterfly-like model of other NNRTIs. Molecular simulation shows that the complexed drug interacts with the Tyr181 and Tyr188 residues of the RT. The uracil ring of the drug binds directly with Lys101, and the acyclic side chain (with an intact free hydroxyl function) binds with Lys103. The suggested noncovalent interaction forces are equivalent with that found by the QSAR analysis.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of thrombelastography with common coagulation tests.

Thrombelastography, although proven as a useful research tool has not been evaluated for its clinical utility against common coagulation laboratory tests. In this study we compare the thrombelastographic measurements with six common tests (the hematocrit, platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated thromboplastin time and fibrin split products). For such comparisons, two samples of subjects were selected, 141 normal volunteers and 121 patients with cancer. The data was subjected to various statistical techniques such as correlation, ANOVA, canonical and discriminant analysis to measure the extent of the correlations between the two sets of variables and their relative strength to detect blood clotting abnormalities. The results indicate that, although there is a strong relationship between the thrombelastographic variables and these common laboratory tests, the thrombelastographic variables contain additional information on the hemostatic process.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Bill colour and correlates of male quality in blackbirds: an analysis using canonical ordination.

Carotenoid-dependent plumage displays are widely assumed to be honest indicators of individual health or quality, which are used as cues during mate choice and/or agonistic signalling. Despite the fact that red, yellow and orange pigmentation of bills is common, and also variable between individuals, comparatively little is known about bill colouration as a condition-dependent trait. Furthermore, many studies of avian colouration are confounded by the lack of objective colour quantification and the use of overly simplistic univariate techniques for analysis of the relationship between the condition-dependent trait and individual quality variables. In this study, we correlated male blackbird bill colour (a likely carotenoid-dependent sexually selected trait) with body/condition variables that reflect male quality. We measured bill colour using photometric techniques, thus ensuring objectivity. The data were analysed using the multivariate statistical techniques of canonical ordination. Analyses based on reflectance spectra of male blackbird bill samples and colour components (i.e. hue, chroma and brightness) derived from the reflectance spectra were very similar. Analysing the entire reflectance spectra of blackbird bill samples with Redundancy Analysis (RDA) allowed examination of individual wavelengths and their specific associations with the body/condition variables. However, hue, chroma and brightness values also provided useful information to explain colour variation, and the two approaches may be complimentary. We did not find any significant associations between male blackbird bill colour and percent incidence of ectoparasites or cloaca size. However, both the colour component and full spectral analyses showed that culmen length explained a significant amount of variation in male blackbird bill colour. Culmen length was positively associated with greater reflectance from the bill samples at longer wavelengths and a higher hue value (i.e. more orange-pigmented bills). Larger males may have larger territories or be better at defending territories during male-male interactions, ensuring access to carotenoid food sources. Future studies should elucidate the relationship between bill colour and behavioural measures such as aggressiveness, territory size, song rate and nest attendance.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The application of a facet scale job satisfaction model for environmental health officers in Australia and Scotland.

The direction provided from published research emphasises that job satisfaction is multi-dimensional, and the associations with work related and non-work related predictor variables as being complex. The isolation of the discrete influence of individual predictor variables is therefore difficult. The application of multivariate analysis incorporating hierarchical stepdown protocols and interaction effects offers one approach that provides for the discrimination between the explanatory characteristics of these variables. Principal Axis Factoring with oblimin rotation and Structural Equations Modelling were applied to survey data to develop a Measurement Model comprising six latent constructs that characterised the job satisfaction of Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) in Australia. The model was successfully applied to data from the EHOs in Scotland. This paper presents the application of the Measurement Model to examine the association between selected work content and the demographic aspects of the EHOs in Australia and in Scotland, and their job satisfaction. The analysis protocol included Canonical Correlation, Multiple Linear Regression and Factorial Manova and Mancova. The unique variance explained by the work content factors and the demographic aspects of the job were similar. The linear representation of model pathways provided more comprehensive explanatory power than the curvilinear association. The presentation of evidence of multidimensional complexity, including interaction effects, underscored the need for caution before generalising on the influence of individual factors on job satisfaction. The analysis protocol presented in this paper can be applied to other situations in environmental health involving multivariate complexity.

Australia↗
PubMed2002

Differences between winning and defeated top quality basketball teams in final tournaments of European club championship.

The goal of this research was to identify parameters among the 12 indicators of situation-related efficiency that differentiated between the winning and defeated top quality teams which played in final tournaments of the European club championships from 1992 to 2000. The differences were confirmed by discriminant analysis, although the canonical correlation was here somewhat lower than in the previous similar research studies done on the so-called regular season games. The probable reason for the smaller differences obtained in the present study may be found in almost equal (high) quality of the teams competing in Final Fours. The highest discriminative power was obtained in the variable defensive rebounds, then in the variables field goal percentage and free throw percentage, whereas the variable assist had evidently smaller impact with regard to the referent studies. The obtained results suggested that the winning teams showed more of tactical discipline and responsibility in controlling inside positions for defensive rebounds, as well as in controlling play on offense and the ball until the required open shot chance, which considerably reduced game risks and resulted in a lower number of turnovers and in a higher shooting percentage. Such a type of decision-making in play require a high degree of reciprocal help of players on both defense and offense and a higher level of concentration and self-confidence when shooting field goals and free throws. The common denominator of the winning teams was a lower number of imbalanced states in their play (the organized style of play on defense and offense implied) and a higher level of collective outplaying the opponents with the controlled system of play, which enabled entire potential of the victorious teams to be expressed.

Basketball↗
PubMed2003

Groningen Active Living Model (GALM): stimulating physical activity in sedentary older adults; validation of the behavioral change model.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of older adults in The Netherlands do not participate regularly in leisure-time physical activity. The Groningen Active Living Model (GALM) was developed to change this situation for the better. Longitudinal results of the validation of the GALM behavioral change model are presented. METHODS: We obtained data on potentially mediating variables of physical activity behavior change (self-efficacy, social support, perceived fitness, and enjoyment) from 96 participants in a prospective study during the 18 months the GALM strategy lasted. RESULTS: Prospective analyses revealed significant differences in several potentially mediating variables, although some of these differences were contrary to our hypothesis. Discriminant analysis resulted in canonical correlations of 0.50 after 6 months and 0.66 after 18 months of program participation between adherers and nonadherers, respectively; 73.8 and 80.0% of the subjects were classified correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it can be concluded that we partially succeeded in manipulating the potentially mediating variables by means of our GALM strategy. Several mediating variables were identified that reliably discriminated long-term adherers from nonadherers, expanding the generalizability of social cognitive theory-driven variables to a Dutch population.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Clinical memory tests and everyday memory.

This study examined the relationship between clinical memory tests and everyday memory abilities. Fifty older adults were given clinical memory tests, a battery of everyday tasks and a self-report questionnaire of memory problems. The interrelationships among these groups of memory assessment measures were studied using Pearson correlations and multivariate canonical analysis. The resulting intercorrelations and canonical variate loadings were low to moderate in overall magnitude. The self-assessment of memory problems had a much lower relationship to everyday and clinical memory tasks. The self-assessment of memory for reading material had the strongest relationship to clinical memory tests. In general, these results moderately support the use of clinical memory tests to predict everyday memory ability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Rigid-body motions of sub-units in DNA: a correlation analysis of a 200 ps molecular dynamics simulation.

A 200 ps molecular dynamics simulation of the B-form double stranded self-complementary octanucleotide d(CTGATCAG) is analyzed in terms of correlated motions using the canonical analysis approach. Each nucleotide is decomposed in three sub-units corresponding to the base, the sugar ring and the backbone respectively. The correlation between the full dynamics of two sub-units was found to decrease as their mutual distance increases. The interpretation of the full dynamics of sub-units as the superimposition of rigid-body motions (translation and orientation) and deformation shows that the main source of correlation is rigid-body motions. Correlation between sub-units deformation is weak and practically vanishes for sub-units belonging to non-adjacent nucleotides. It is also shown that the correlation is much more important for sub-units of the same strand than of opposite strands. We conclude that the internal dynamics of the octanucleotide may be well described by rigid-body motions, the sub-units deformation having only local influence whereas sub-units translation and rotation have repercussion to long distances. The results presented in this study suggest how the number of degrees of freedom may be reduced for simulating long-time dynamics of oligonucleotides.

Computer Simulation↗