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[Problems of occupational-court proceedings].

Regulations concerning disciplinary jurisdiction for the professions belong to the legislative authority of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Comprehensive regulation of professional duties may be accepted, as far as professional conduct is concerned. For conduct outside one's profession however, such a global approach to regulation appears to be questionable. Local intersections of competence have to be dissolved according to the principles of the constitutional state under the rule of law. Has the conduct constituting the basis of the proceedings already been avenged otherwise, it is compulsory to appropriately take into consideration all punishments or measures already administered. Ascertainment of lack of professional dignity by professional disciplinary courts may be problematic due to jurisdictional conflicts.

Germany↗

Prevalence and factors related to smoking among secondary school students in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia.

Smoking among adolescent is a public health concern in Malaysia. Multiple studies on smoking prevalence and its related factors have been conducted in Malaysia, however, they were specific to either urban or rural areas alone. Studies in mixed settlement areas (urban, rural, land development area) had not been intensively investigated. This study reports the prevalence, demographic and factors related to smoking amongst form four students in the district of Kota Tinggi, Johor. A cross-sectional study of 16-year old secondary school students in Kota Tinggi district was conducted using two-stage stratified, proportionate sampling in July 2005. The study instrument used was a validated structured questionnaire on smoking and its related factors. Smoking prevalence was found to be 29.7%. More than 50% of male students were smokers. Prevalence was highest in FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority) settlement areas. Smoking was associated with having a brother or friend who smokes and poor academic performance. The study revealed that smoking prevalence was high, especially among male students in land development schemes. This situation will contribute to high smoking-related health problems in the future if proper preventive measures are not taken accordingly.

Adolescent↗

Effects of agricultural development policies on migration in peninsular Malaysia.

State planning plays a central role in Malaysia's social and economic development. The government's rural development policies are designed to promote agricultural incomes and help counterbalance ethnic inequalities. The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) implements one of the internationally most successful land development and resettlement programs. In this article, we quantify the impact of FELDA settlements on local out-migration rates, linking macro and micro approaches and using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey, national censuses, and other sources. A model of instantaneous migration rates specifies an individual's migration rate as a function of individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, the level of urbanization of the origin and destination, and the extent of rural development at the district of current residence. Our results show that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the existence of rural development centers in a district reduced the levels of out-migration to pre-1965 levels.

Agriculture↗

[Accompanying research of the major project of public health offices--AIDS: the status and future prospects].

The "Model project 'Public Health Departments' ", part of the West German government's AIDS Action Programme, supports the employment of an AIDS counsellor in every local public health department. The Institute for Health Systems Research Kiel designed a reporting system for the model project. After reaching an agreement with the State Authorities and the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, Women and Health, the reporting system was implemented. The purpose of the reporting system is to provide a comprehensive survey of the model process. The reporting system will be supplemented by further surveys. The evaluation of the programme elements will focus on the conceptual goals of the model project.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

[Clinical pharmacology and the selection of drugs].

Yugoslavia has a modern drug legislature and a selective drug market. With about 910 substances and 1250 brand names the number of drugs is among the lowest among the European countries. Most products on the market satisfy high criteria of safety to efficacy ratio. Still, the regional health insurance authorities of the Federal republics of Serbia and of Croatia limited the number of drugs to be reimbursed by the insurance scheme. The reason for this move and its justification is given by--the inertia of the complicated procedure of withdrawal from the market of a drug which is obsolete or considered today not possess the ascribed efficacy, existence of unjustly high expectations regarding the efficacy of certain drugs by both the medical profession and the layman and which lead to overprescribing (i.e. vitamin combinations, laxatives and drugs, cerebrovascular insufficiency), and--the responsibility of the public health administration for setting priorities in spending of the available funds. The allocation of funds available for medicinal drugs have been without any kind of regulation and control until now. The introduction of limitations in the reimbursement of price for certain drugs is the first measure initiated to stimulate the optimal use of drugs. As the optimal drug use is considered the therapy with the most favorable safety/efficacy and cost/efficiency ratios. The other measures available and which ought to be initiated are those based on the drug utilization studies. The prescriptions are already computerized im most settings, so the feedback of information ot the prescribing physicians could be possible after adequate analysis of the data. The team of clinical pharmacologist already active in drug utilization studies is available and ready to meet the challenge of improving therapeutic practices.

Drug Utilization↗

Tolerance setting process in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for setting tolerances for pesticide residues in food, under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The residue chemistry data required to set tolerances include metabolism in plants and animals, analytical methods, magnitude of the residue, and concentration in processed foods. A key aspect of tolerance-setting procedures is the identity of the residue in the matrix of concern; without knowledge of the chemical moieties that occur as residues, it is impossible to develop suitable methods or generate meaningful residue data. For new chemicals, EPA carries out a single-laboratory validation of the analytical method needed to generate residue data and to enforce tolerances. Tolerance enforcement methods need to be rapid and inexpensive and to use commercially available equipment and reagents. Methods are more complex for many newer pesticides, which are polar compounds that leave low levels of residue. EPA now requires that the registrants of older pesticides, for which methods are not acceptable by today's standards, must develop better methods.

Animal Feed↗

From Rogers to Rivers: the rights of the mentally ill to refuse medication.

Many individuals with mental illness wish to avoid psychotropic drugs, a type of treatment that may relieve their symptoms only at the risk of unpleasant, even permanent, side effects. In marked contrast to the widely-held view that most patients may refuse any treatment and that even patients with mental illness may reject other psychoactive interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery, the courts and legislatures have been slow to recognize any right to refuse psychotropic drugs. This Article demonstrates that many of the justifications offered for forcing patients to take unwanted medications are inadequate and that unless treatment refusals are reviewed outside mental institutions, patients' rights will rarely receive appropriate deference. The author analyzes the federal and state litigation to determine whether the courts have fashioned meaningful relief for the mentally ill. The Article concludes that two recent United States Supreme Court decisions have made it impossible for the federal courts to provide adequate protection. By contrast, several state courts have responded to the needs and rights of patients with mental illness.

Federal Government↗

Cochlear implants: overview of safety and effectiveness. The FDA evaluation.

Under authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended in 1976, the Food and Drug Administration requires manufactures of new medical devices, such as cochlear implants, to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of their devices before marketing them. This article describes the FDA review process and the kinds of data the FDA is looking for in premarket approval applications for cochlear implants. It also discusses some of the issues surrounding the premarket approval applications which have already been approved.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

Pathological gambling and criminal responsibility.

There exists significant interdisciplinary support for eliminating the volitional component of the insanity defense. Somewhat in contrast to this trend is the presentation of pathological gambling as a potentially exculpatory condition in criminal trials. The authors discuss three federal appellate court decisions on this attempted inappropriate usage of psychiatric diagnostic nomenclature. All have upheld convictions, and thereby rejected contentions that such an impulse disorder can form the basis for a valid plea of lack of criminal responsibility. It is suggested that the public interest will be served by statutorily making disturbances of behavioral control insufficient to raise a defense of insanity.

Crime↗

[Movement, play and sports in the treatment of drug addicts].

In 1992 a campaign was initiated to bring to attention new ways for drug prevention in adolescents for health promotion in addicts and for therapy and follow-up of ex-addicts. By this broad base the Swiss Health Authority and the Federal Sports Institute at Magglingen together with partners from Swiss sport and addiction-care organizations try to contribute to a reduction of drug-related problems in Switzerland. The following article bases mainly on experiences with long-term therapy of the 'Drogenhilfe Aebihus' in Leubringen.

Adolescent↗

Ethnography and AIDS: a methodology for identifying culturally relevant risk-reducing behaviors.

As the AIDS pandemic enters its second decade, persons most at risk for developing the disease are low-income African-American women and their children. This group has been extremely difficult to reach with traditional "top-down" risk reduction programs developed by the federal government. The authors describe an ethnographic case study strategy, appropriate for and within the reach of many community-based organizations. This strategy can be used to identify barriers to risk-reducing behaviors; ultimately this strategy can be used to assist organizations to develop culturally relevant intervention programs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Chemistry and biology of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L.

Ginkgolic acid and related alkylphenols constitute major components of the lipid fraction of the fruit pods of Ginkgo biloba L. In addition, this class of substances is present in Ginkgo leaves which are widely used to prepare extracts for the treatment of peripheral or cerebral circulatory disorders, as well as vascular and Alzheimer type dementia. The present paper reviews the literature on chemical and biological aspects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo with special reference to their allergic and other undesired properties. As these compounds are present in crude leaf extracts, their completest possible removal has therefore to be guaranteed for therapeutically used extracts by the production process. Technically this does not imply any problem and most preparations available on the market fulfil the requirements of the Monograph of the Commission E of the former Federal German Health Authority (Bundesgesundheitsamt, BGA) requesting a maximal concentration of 5 ppm ginkgolic acids.

Animals↗

[Practice of precocious diagnosis for prostate cancer among professors of the school of medicine, Minas Gerais Federal University- Brazil].

BACKGROUND: The authors studied the practice of precocious diagnosis for prostate cancer among 289 professor-physicians of the School of Medicine, Minas Gerais Federal University, Brazil. METHODS: Replies on these preventive practices were received from 135 professor-physicians through a confidential questionnaire administered. RESULTS: Results show that 20.7% of the professor-physicians "fifty-one years old or more" never had a prostate preventive exam and 36.2% never had a rectal touch. CONCLUSIONS: This data suggests the need for additional investigation and the attention of the health services.

Adult↗

[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 3rd Communication: 1972 Annual Report (author's transl)].

2273 Salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1972 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 13.3% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 37.5% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 3.1% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 57% for S. panama. 79.8% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 303 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 87.4% to tetracyclines, in 37.2% to ampicillin, in 15.8% to chloramphenicol, in 4.6% to kanamycin, in 0.9% to furazolidone, and in 1.3% to nitrofurazone. 16 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 95.0% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. Resistance patterns differed considerably from one serotype to another.

Ampicillin↗

[The development of antibiotics resistance among slamonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 4th Communication: 1973 Annual Report (author's transl)].

2894 salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1973 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 24.4% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 63.9% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 6.5% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 51% for S. panama. 81.3% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 708 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 92.9% to tetracyclines in 27.9% to ampicillin, in 22.0% to chloramphenicol, in 13.6% to kanamycin, in 1.4% to furazolidone, and in 1.7% to nitrofurazone. 20 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 90.9% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. As in the preceding years, there was a clear difference of resistance patterns from one serotype to another.

Ampicillin↗

Mortality of men versus women in comparable high-level jobs: 15-year experience in the Federal Women's Study.

The authors investigated exposure to high-level occupations in relation to the well-known survival advantage of women compared with men of the same age. Women in the federal workforce in positions of General Schedule 14 and above in 1979--1993 (n = 4,727) were each matched with three men (n = 14,181) by age, General Schedule level, and supervisory role. Fifteen-year mortality rates were compared between men and women and against expected 15-year mortality from the US general population. Despite similar job demands, women experienced markedly lower 15-year mortality than did men. However, men in these positions had nearly 50% lower mortality compared with age-matched men in the general population; the comparable reduction for women was 38%. The simultaneous substantial, but unequal by gender, improvement in mortality resulted in a reduced male/female mortality ratio, from 1.67 in the general population to 1.40. The reduced male/female mortality ratio was especially prominent for cancer and was not evident for heart disease mortality. Survival was nominally higher in non-White than in White participants. In summary, high-level employment is associated with substantially reduced mortality in both men and women. The relative improvement in survival is greater in men despite a comparable reduction in risk of heart disease mortality by gender.

Administrative Personnel↗

Speed of improvement in sleep disturbance and anxiety compared with core mood symptoms during acute treatment of depression in old age.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the relative speed of improvement in sleep disturbance and anxiety symptoms compared with core mood symptoms in acute treatment of late-life major depression. METHOD: The authors conducted secondary analysis of acute treatment data in 470 older patients treated in three federally funded studies. The authors compared rates of improvement in three Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression symptom clusters after stratification by study. RESULTS: Anxiety symptoms improved more slowly with antidepressant monotherapy and with combined pharmacotherapy/psychotherapy, whereas sleep symptoms improved at a similar rate as core mood symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety symptoms tend to persist in patients with late-life depression.

Aged↗

Bombing and psychopathy: an integrative review.

A review of the research on the motivations and behaviors of bombers is presented. The methodology consisted of a computer search of eight databases, book reviews, and telephonic interviews with local and federal law enforcement. The data were then compared to the substantial research on psychopathy. The authors conclude that a federally funded research effort is necessary, and should incorporate various structured interviews, history gathering, and psychological and physiological tests of incarcerated bombers, theoretically guided by the concordance between the known motivations and behavior of bombers and the concurrent and predictive validity of the construct, psychopathy.

Criminal Psychology↗