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PubMed2000

Special postpartum dietary practices of Hong Kong Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: A 'ginger vinegar soup' and other special dietary practices have been traditionally recommended for postpartum Chinese women. This paper describes these practices in the first 6 weeks postpartum, and details of the calcium and iron content of the 'ginger vinegar soup'. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Results of this paper were generated from a longitudinal study on the nutritional status of Hong Kong Chinese postpartum women. 'Ginger vinegar soup' samples were collected at the 2 week home visits. Calcium and iron content were measured by the combination of dry ashing method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results were compared with other types of soup and food sources. A food frequency questionnaire was completed at the 6 week interview to assess the special dietary practices during this period. RESULTS: Fifty-one subjects completed the food frequency questionnaires. Twenty-two ginger vinegar soup samples and six other soup samples were collected. Consumption of special food items such as ginger, pig's trotters, egg and chicken varied greatly among subjects. More poultry and similar amounts of egg were consumed by our subjects as compared with the Hong Kong general population. Chicken soup and ginger vinegar soup were commonly consumed. Median calcium and iron contents of the ginger vinegar soup were 4.65 and 0.84 mg/dl, respectively. This calcium content was higher than that of the other six soup samples, but was low as compared with other calcium-rich foods. Iron content of ginger vinegar soup was higher than that of the other six samples and was comparable to some iron-rich foods. CONCLUSIONS: Hong Kong Chinese postpartum women followed traditional dietary practices to different degrees. These practices were characterized by an increased poultry consumption. Iron content of ginger vinegar soup was comparable to some iron-rich foods.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of Zingiber OfficinaleRosc on lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemia rats].

Zingiber Officinale Rosc(ginger) is the food of rhizoma species as well as Chinese traditional medicine and has various pharmacological effects. The last researches showed that ginger not only reduced plasma lipid levels but also the mouse atherosclerotic lesion areas. The ginger antioxidative effect maybe pay an important role in attenuation of development of atherosclerosis. Antioxidative effect of Zingiber Officinale Rosc on hyperlipidemia rats have been studied and the changes of GSH-Px and LPO in their blood have been observed in this paper. Male adult Wistar rats were grouped into control, preventive and curative teams. The experimental teams were respectively fed on the test diet containing 2% ginger and 5% ginger, in order to measure the changes of plasma lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH-Px) after the experiment. The results show that ginger increased GSH-Px and reduced LPO in the rats' blood. Ginger could inhibit and/or scaving radicals of rat body in different degrees.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms experienced in early pregnancy, with nausea affecting between 70 and 85% of women. About half of pregnant women experience vomiting. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of different methods of treating nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of any treatment for nausea and/or vomiting in early pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed and data were extracted independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty trials were included. These trials were of variable quality. Nausea treatments were different anti-histamine medications, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), the combination tablet Debendox (Bendectin) and P6 acupressure. For hyperemesis gravidarum two trials were identified using treatments with ginger root and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) injections. Based on 13 trials, there was an overall reduction in nausea from anti-emetic medication (odds ratio 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0. 13 to 0.21). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Anti-emetic medication appears to reduce the frequency of nausea in early pregnancy. There is some evidence of adverse effects, but there is very little information on effects on fetal outcomes. Of newer treatments, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) appears to be more effective in reducing the severity of nausea. The results from trials of P6 acupressure are equivocal. The results of the trial using adrenocorticotropic hormone to treat hyperemesis gravidarum show no evidence of benefit. Ginger may be of benefit, but the evidence so far is weak.

Antiemetics↗
PubMed1995

Effect of irradiation on the microbiological status and flavouring materials of selected spices.

Spices from Egyptian local markets were irradiated with different recommended doses (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kGy). The spices tested included dried leaves of marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench), rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and powdered hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.). The study included the isolation and identification of micro-organisms in spices following their irradiation, as well as gas chromatographic (GLC) chemical analysis for the presence and structure of volatile oils, pungent and pigment materials. The results showed that hot pepper was contaminated more (9.2 x 10(5)/g) than marjoram (4.2 x 10(3)/g) and ginger (14.3 x 10(3)/g) with respect to total aerobic bacterial content. The total contents of moulds were 4.8 x 10(3)/g, 5.7 x 10(3)/g and 19 x 10(3)/g in the same spices, respectively, but the pathogenic moulds and bacterial strains differed according to the type of spice. Irradiation at 10, 20 and 30 kGy caused complete elimination of micro-organisms, whereas 5 kGy was less effective. With the GLC method chosen 18 and 50 compounds could be detected in the extracts of marjoram and ginger, respectively; gamma-terpinen and zingiberen being the major compounds in marjoram and ginger, respectively. A noticeable reduction was observed in the amount of terpenes present in irradiated marjoram; they were converted to monoterpenesalcohols. Ginger was more sensitive to irradiation, especially at high doses, but moderate changes were detected at low doses (5 and 10 kGy). A slight, but significant effect on the capsaicin (pungent compound) in hot-pepper was observed following irradiation, whereas no changes in total pigments resulted at any dose. These results prove that 10 kGy is a sufficiently high dose to eliminate the micro-organisms in spices, causing only slight changes in the flavouring materials.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

Zingiber officinale Rosc. modulates gamma radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the neurobehavioral protective efficacy of a hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in mitigating gamma radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Administration of Zingiber extract 1 h before 2-Gy gamma irradiation was effective in blocking the saccharin avoidance response for 5 post-treatment observational days, both in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with 200 mg/kg b.w. i.p. being the most effective dose. Highest saccharin intake in all the groups was observed on the fifth post-treatment day. The potential of ginger extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by radiation (2 Gy) and ascorbate-ion stress in brain homogenate and its ability to scavenge highly reactive superoxide anions were evaluated. The 1000-microg/ml and 2000-microg/ml concentration of ginger extract showed the highest efficiency in scavenging free radicals and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The lipid peroxidation and superoxide-anion scavenging ability of the extract further supports its radioprotective properties. The results clearly establish the neurobehavioral efficacy of ginger extract and the antioxidant properties appear to be a contributing factor in its overall ability to modulate radiation-induced conditioned taste aversion. Ginger extract has tremendous potential for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation-induced emesis in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inhibitory effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe derived components on aldose reductase activity in vitro and in vivo.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) continues to be used as an important cooking spice and herbal medicine around the world. Scientific research has gradually verified the antidiabetic effects of ginger. Especially gingerols, which are the major components of ginger, are known to improve diabetes including the effect of enhancement against insulin-sensitivity. Aldose reductase inhibitors have considerable potential for the treatment of diabetes, without increased risk of hypoglycemia. The assay for aldose reductase inhibitors in ginger led to the isolation of five active compounds including 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (2) and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanoic acid (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were good inhibitors of recombinant human aldose reductase, with IC50 values of 19.2 +/- 1.9 and 18.5 +/- 1.1 microM, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds significantly suppressed not only sorbitol accumulation in human erythrocytes but also lens galactitol accumulation in 30% of galactose-fed cataract rat model. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that the applicable side alkyl chain length and the presence of a C3 OCH3 group in the aromatic ring are essential features for enzyme recognition and binding. These results suggested that it would contribute to the protection against or improvement of diabetic complications for a dietary supplement of ginger or its extract containing aldose reductase inhibitors.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed2000

Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices.

Spices and vegetables possess antioxidant activity that can be applied for preservation of lipids and reduce lipid peroxidation in biological systems. The potential antioxidant activities of selected spices extracts (water and alcohol 1:1) were investigated on enzymatic lipid peroxidation. Water and alcoholic extract (1:1) of commonly used spices (garlic, ginger, onion, mint, cloves, cinnamon and pepper) dose-dependently inhibited oxidation of fatty acid, linoleic acid in presence of soybean lipoxygenase. Among the spices tested, cloves exhibited highest while onion showed least antioxidant activity. The relative antioxidant activities decreased in the order of cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, garlic, mint and onion. Spice mix namely ginger, onion and garlic; onion and ginger; ginger and garlic showed cumulative inhibition of lipid peroxidation thus exhibiting their synergistic antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of spice extracts were retained even after boiling for 30 min at 100 degrees C, indicating that the spice constituents were resistant to thermal denaturation. The antioxidant activity of these dietary spices suggest that in addition to imparting flavor to the food, they possess potential health benefits by inhibiting the lipid peroxidation.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2003

Anti-inflammatory effect of the hydralcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes on rat paw and skin edema.

Plant extracts have been used for centuries as a popular mode of treatment for several health disorders. Over the last ten years, the study of those extracts has attracted attention in different fields of the biological sciences. Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), is a commom constituent of diet worldwide and it has been reported that its extracts present some pharmacological activities. Here we investigate the effects of the crude hydralcoholic extract of ginger rhizomes on the classical models of rat paw and skin edema. The carrageenan-, compound 48/80- or serotonin-induced rat paw edema were inhibited significantly by the intraperitoneal administration of alcoholic ginger extract. Ginger extract was also effective in inhibiting 48/80-induced rat skin edema at doses of 0.6 and 1.8 mg/site. Rat skin edema induced by substance P or bradikinin was not affected by treatment with Z. officinalle extract. The intraperitoneal administration of ginger extract (186 mg/kg(-1) body wt.) 1 h prior to serotonin injections, reduced significantly the serotonin-induced rat skin edema. Our results demonstrated that crude extract of Zingiber officinale was able to reduce rat paw and skin edema induced by carrageenan, 48/80 compound and serotonin. The antiedematogenic activity seems to be related, at least partially, to an antagonism of the serotonin receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dai-kenchu-to enhances accelerated small intestinal movement.

The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of Dai-kenchu-to on accelerated small intestinal movement. We evaluated the effects of Dai-kenchu-to and its constituent herbs (dried ginger root, ginseng, zanthoxylum fruit, and malt sugar) on carbachol-accelerated mouse small intestinal transit, and contractions induced by low-frequency electrostimulation (ESC), KCl, or acetylcholine (ACh) using isolated guinea pig ileum. Dai-kenchu-to (10-300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved carbachol-accelerated small intestinal transit in a dose-dependent manner. Using a concentration with the compounded rate for Dai-kenchu-to 300 mg/kg, carbachol-accelerated small intestinal transit was also significantly improved with a single dose of dried ginger root or ginseng. At a concentration of 3 x 10(-5) g/ml or less, Dai-kenchu-to, dried ginger root, and ginseng all inhibited ESC but not KCl- or ACh-induced contractions. However, at a higher concentration of Dai-kenchu-to (10(-4) g/ml) or zanthoxylum fruit (10(-5) g/ml or more) the ESC were enhanced. Both Dai-kenchu-to and dried ginger root at 10(-3) g/ml remarkably inhibited the KCl-induced contractions. These results indicate that Dai-kenchu-to improves accelerated small intestinal movement and that dried ginger root and ginseng may be involved in this effect. It is also thought that the mechanisms mainly involve the direct inhibition of smooth muscle but with a contribution from neural inhibition.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2002

Antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger) Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on four respiratory tract pathogens. DESIGN: A prospective study based on laboratory investigations. SETTING: Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea. Throat swabs were collected from 333 individuals with running nostrils, cough and/or catarrh in three localities of Buea namely Bokwango, Molyko and Bolifamba. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were isolated from the specimens using standard microbiological procedures. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of ginger and bitter kola, were investigated on these pathogens using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. RESULTS: The extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against the pathogens. The MIC of extracts ranged from 0.0003 microg/ml to 0.7 microg/ml for ginger and 0.00008 microg/ml, to 1.8 microg/mL for bitter kola, while MBC ranged from 0.1.35 microg/ml to 2.04 microg/ml for ginger and 0.135 microg/ml to 4.2 microg/ml for bitter kola. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that extracts of ginger root and bitter kola may contain compounds with therapeutic activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats.

A few common spices or their active principles were examined for their possible influence on digestive enzymes of pancreas in experimental rat. Groups of animals were maintained for 8 weeks on the following spice diets: curcumin (0.5%), capsaicin (15 mg%), piperine (20 mg%), ginger (50 mg%), cumin (1.25%), fenugreek (2%), mustard (250 mg%) and asafoetida (250 mg%). Dietary curcumin, capsaicin, piperine, ginger, fenugreek and asafoetida prominently enhanced pancreatic lipase activity. Curcumin, capsaicin, piperine, ginger, cumin and asafoetida also stimulated pancreatic amylase. Trypsin was significantly stimulated by curcumin, capsaicin, piperine, ginger and cumin, while chymotrypsin was stimulated by all the spices tested except mustard. This stimulatory influence of test spices on the pancreatic digestive enzymes was however not observed when their intake was restricted to a single oral dose. The positive influences on the pancreatic digestive enzymes exerted by a good number of spices consumed in diet could be a factor contributing to the well recognised digestive stimulant action of spices.

Amylases↗
PubMed2003

Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish.

Immunostimulant effects of the dietary intake of various medicinal plant extracts on fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were investigated. For this purpose fish were fed with diets containing aqueous extracts of mistletoe (Viscum album), nettle (Urtica dioica), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Food containing lyophilized extracts of these plants as 0.1 and 1% was used at a rate of 2% of body weight per day for three weeks. At the end of the experimental period, various parameters of non-specific defence mechanisms, including extracellular and intracellular respiratory burst activities, phagocytosis in blood leukocytes and total plasma protein level were examined. Specific growth rates (SGRs) and condition factors (CFs) of the fish were also measured. Plant materials tested for immunostimulatory food additives caused an enhanced extracellular respiratory burst activity (P<0.001) compared to the control group. Especially the rainbow trout fed with a diet containing 1% aqueous extract of powdered ginger roots for three weeks exhibited a significant non-specific immune response. Phagocytosis and extracellular burst activity of blood leukocytes were significantly higher in this group than those in the control group. All plant extracts added to fish diet increased the total protein level in plasma except 0.1% ginger. The highest level of plasma proteins was observed in the group fed with 1% ginger extract containing feed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1993

Zingiber officinale does not affect gastric emptying rate. A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

The effect of the powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger root) on the gastric emptying rate was investigated. In a double-blind crossover trial, 16 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to receive either 1 g of ginger or placebo. Gastric emptying was measured using the oral paracetamol absorption model. Ingestion of ginger did not effect gastric emptying. The antiemetic effect of ginger is not associated with an effect on gastric emptying. No adverse effects were noted.

Acetaminophen↗