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PubMedDate not supplied

Stress, hostility, and disease parameters of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological factors such as stress are known to influence activity in the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, systems that in turn have been implicated in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Associations between psychological stress and prostate function have not been directly examined. The objective of this study was to examine associations among stress, hostility, and BPH disease parameters. METHODS: Eighty-three men diagnosed with BPH completed self-report and interview measures of stress and hostility followed by measures of urologic function. RESULTS: Higher lifetime stress was associated with lower prostate volumes and residual urine volumes (p's < .05). By contrast, high recent stress and hostility were associated with greater residual urine (p's < .05). Stress and hostility were not associated with self-report ratings of urologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Stress and hostility were associated with objective measures of urologic functioning among men with BPH. Results highlight the need for increased attention in research and clinical settings toward associations between psychological factors and urologic disease.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hostility scores are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in women undergoing coronary angiography: a report from the NHLBI-Sponsored WISE Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hostility-related personality traits assessed by the Cook Medley Hostility Inventory and to relate these to the occurrence of adverse cardiac events in women with suspected myocardial ischemia. METHODS: The cohort included 506 women with suspected coronary artery disease from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. We examined individual components of the Cook Medley Hostility Score (CMHS) measuring cynicism, hostile affect, and aggressive responding, and a total CMHS (sum of these three) and associations with adverse events (defined as hospitalization for angina, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure (CHF) other vascular events and death) during 3 to 6 years follow-up using Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS: Women with adverse events had higher total CMHS (10.6 +/- 5.5) than women without any of these events (9.2 +/- 5.1) p = .02. They also had poorer survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank p < .05). Unadjusted Cox models showed that the individual scores of cynicism and aggressive responding and the total CMHS were associated with more adverse events (all p < .05). Women with total CMHS above the median had a 35% increase risk of an adverse event in comparison to women with lower scores. In a risk-adjusted Cox model, the hazard ratio for an adverse event was 1.5 (p = .03) for women with total CMHS above the median. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of women with suspected myocardial ischemia, higher Cook Medley scores reflecting cynicism, hostile affect, and aggressive responding were associated with poorer 3 to 6 year event-free survival and a higher risk of adverse events. After adjusting for risk factors and CAD, the association with risk for adverse events increased.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Coronary prone behavior: components of the type A pattern and hostility.

Traditional and nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are discussed with special attention devoted to the Type A behavior pattern (TABP). Positive and negative epidemiological evidence bearing on the risk factors status of global TABP is reviewed. Results of the review suggest that component scoring of the multidimensional global TABP in attempts to uncover "toxic" components, particularly Potential for Hostility, is a profitable research strategy. Similarly, evidence is presented that suggests merit in component scoring of hostility, also a multidimensional construct. To explicate more fully the nature of Potential for Hostility and its categories, correlations between the SI-derived ratings and ratings of established dimensions of individual differences based on the five-factor taxonomic model of personality from subsamples of the MRFIT and WCGS studies are presented. Total Potential for Hostility and especially the Style of interaction category show highly significant relations to Low Agreeableness or Antagonism. High ratings of Potential for Hostility identify individuals who can be described as uncooperative, antagonistic, rude, disagreeable, unsympathetic, callous, and the like. Implications of the evolving concept of coronary-prone behavior, as distinguished from TABP, are briefly considered.

Anger↗

PubMed1997

Defensive hostility and anger expression: relationship to additional heart rate reactivity during active coping.

The main purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to assess the relationship between defensive hostility (high hostility/high defensiveness) and additional heart rate reactivity during active coping and (b) to determine if the construct of anger-out might lend additional sensitivity to the predictive power of the defensive hostility model. Forty individuals were randomly assigned to complete a mental arithmetic task with or without the threat of shock. Participants also completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory (Ho), the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC), and the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale. Defensive hostile subjects (high Ho/high MC) were significantly more reactive than any other subgroup. In addition, the combination of low Ho/high anger-out scores yielded a subgroup significantly less reactive than any other subgroup. These findings clarify the complex relationship of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

An association between hostility and poor adherence to treatment in patients suffering from depression.

Direction of hostility, as measured by the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, was found to be associated with poor compliance during a treatment trial of a new tricyclic antidepressant. An association with other factors such as the type and severity of depression was not found. There are other studies in the literature which support these observations although some controversy surrounds the role played by personality variables in adherence to treatment. Hostility has been shown to be a possible factor in the aetiology of depression, an important factor in the classification of depression, and a symptom of depression which improves with treatment. Hostility may have a particularly large importance in compliance with treatment for depression or may have been overlooked in studies in compliance with treatment for non-psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Length of training, hostility and the martial arts: a comparison with other sporting groups.

Previous research has indicated that training in the martial arts leads to a reduction in levels of hostility. However, such research has only compared hostility within martial arts groups. The present research compares two martial arts groups and two other sporting groups on levels of assaultive, verbal and indirect hostility. Moderated multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between length of training in the respondent's stated sport and whether that sport was a martial art in predicting assaultive and verbal hostility. The form of the interaction suggests that participation in the martial arts is associated, over time, with decreased feelings of assaultive and verbal hostility.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Cardiovascular reactivity, hostility, and family history of hypertension.

This study was conducted to evaluate the relations between cardiovascular reactivity and two types of hostility, namely, overt expression of hostility in contrast to the covert experience of hostility. Diastolic blood pressure reactivity was associated with not overtly expressing hostility. For persons with a parental history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity was associated with low scores on the covert hostility measure of irritability, while for persons without a parental history of hypertension, SBP reactivity was associated with high scores for irritability. The results are discussed in light of research in the area of cardiovascular reactivity and stress-related cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular System↗

PubMed1996

Hostility and doctor-patient interaction in chronic pelvic pain.

BACKGROUND: Interaction in medical consultations is of interest for many reasons and has long been thought an important variable in determining outcomes. Relatively few methods or instruments exist that attempt to access this phenomenon. The design, validation and possible application of a simple instrument to assess doctor-patient interaction are reported. Rapport and hostility may be related and we hypothesised that interaction between doctor and patient would be related in part to hostility. METHODS: A simple instrument to assess doctor-patient interaction was designed based on 4 areas related to interaction and perception of 'the other'. These were the areas of communication, rapport, trust and sense of ease. The instrument was compared with an external previously validated measure of hostility. Data were obtained from 74 women attending initial and follow-up consultations for chronic pelvic pain during the course of a larger study. RESULTS: The instrument had acceptable reliability and a single-factor structure. Patients' assessment of the initial consultation as unsatisfactory correlated with inwardly directed hostility (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 0.30, p = 0.011). Patients' tendency to rate the consultation worse than the doctor was correlated with inwardly directed hostility (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Pain outcomes were not directly related to the variables studied. CONCLUSIONS: This instrument offers a simple method of assessing some interactional aspects of a medical consultation.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1993

A comparison of Type A behaviour pattern, hostility and Typus Melancholicus in Japanese and American students: effects of defensiveness.

A comparison of Type A behaviour pattern, hostility and Typus Melancholicus (TM) was examined in a sample of 228 Japanese and 121 American college students. It was found that: the Japanese students expressed Type A, especially hostility, less strongly than American ones; TM was seen to the same degree in both Japanese and American students; Type A was related to hostility and TM in both groups of students; and compared with American students, the Japanese students displayed the defensiveness more frequently, and there appeared to be a strong relationship between defensiveness and hostility. These results suggest the possibility that hostility, a component element of Type A, is manifested under the influence of defensiveness, which is partially related to a variety of different sociocultural contexts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Hostility, crime and drug dependence.

In a study of male addicts attending a London drug dependence unit, it was found that convicted addicts tended to score more highly on measures of hostility than non-convicted subjects. The differences in hostility between the convicted and non-convicted groups were most clearly seen on the violent crimes variable, although addicts convicted of drug-possession and of non-drug crimes were also more hostile than non-convicted subjects. It is suggested that hostility acts as a personality factor which predisposes the individual towards criminal behaviour, and that the more hostile subjects may also be more likely to be apprehended and convicted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Posttraumatic stress disorder, hostility, and health in women: a review of current research.

A large body of evidence indicates that hostility is related to increased morbidity and mortality and evidence is growing that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poorer health outcomes. The majority of this research, however, has been conducted in male samples. As a result, the connections between PTSD and hostility and the ramifications of these variables on health in women are less clear. We review the current literature examining PTSD, hostility, and health in women and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between PTSD and hostility on health outcomes in the context of a proposed theoretical model. Although the current literature suggests that hostility and PTSD are related to health in women, more rigorous, focused research is lacking. A number of suggestions for future research are provided.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Hostility-guilt, guilt over aggression, and self-punishment.

48 men were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and partitioned at the median on hostility-guilt in a 2X2 factorial design. Subjects in the experimental condition were induced to aggress verbally by severely derogating a stranger in a study of first impressions. Before and after participating in the first impressions study, the subjects participated in a pain tolerance procedure involving receiving a series of increasingly painful electric shocks. Affect adjective checklists measured guilt and other affects at four times before and after each pain tolerance procedure. As expected, high-hostility-guilt men increased in affective guilt following participation in the experimental condition in which they unfairly distressed a stranger. As expected, the affective guilt of these same high-hostility-guilt men declined after submitting to a procedure measuring pain tolerance. Contrary to expectations, low-hostility-guilt men tolerated more pain in the experimental condition than did high-hostility-guilt men.

Affect↗

PubMed2001

Distinguishing narcissism and hostility: similarities and differences in interpersonal circumplex and five-factor correlates.

Narcissism and hostility are both characterized by dysfunctional social interactions, including tendencies to perceive slights, experience anger, and behave aggressively. The aim of this study was to examine the similarities and differences of narcissism and hostility, using 2 conceptual tools-the interpersonal circumplex and the Five-factor model. In a sample of 292 undergraduate men and women, composite measures of hostility (i.e., Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire [Buss & Perry, 1992] and Cook-Medley Hostility [Cook & Medley, 1954] total scores) were inversely correlated with affiliation and unrelated to dominance. In contrast, composite narcissism scores (i.e., Narcissistic Personality Inventory) were positively correlated with dominance and inversely correlated with affiliation. Examination of components of these traits revealed additional similarities and differences, as did associations with other dimensions of the Five-factor model. These findings suggest that the traits of narcissism and hostility are distinguishable by their interpersonal referents, as are their components.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Optimism, hostility, and adjustment in the first year of high school.

BACKGROUND: The period of transition to high school is marked by large variations in student adjustment patterns. Many students make successful adjustments but others do not and are at risk of developing hostile attitudes towards their school environment. AIMS: This study sought to investigate the role of optimism and pessimism in predicting the extent of hostility students express towards school. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 102 students who completed questionnaires at the beginning of the school year, and also in the last term of their first year at high school. METHODS: Students responded to questionnaires assessing their levels of (a) dispositional optimism and pessimism, (b) personal expectancies for the occurrence of specific negative events, and (c) depression and anxiety. Additional data concerning hostility to school, perceived classroom involvement, and student adjustment (self-reported and teacher-reported) to school measures were collected at the end of the year. RESULTS: In general, the girls reported greater levels of positive adjustment than boys. It was found that optimism together with expectations of negative events accounted for 21% of the variance in school hostility. In addition, optimism was significantly related to classroom involvement and to students' self-reported adjustment. Teachers' ratings of student adjustment were related only to gender. Only 15 (12 male, 3 female) of the 102 students were clearly hostile towards the school. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that young people are vulnerable to adjustment problems when levels of dispositional optimism are not sufficiently strong to counteract high expectations about the possibility of specific negative events occurring.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

The effects of alcohol intoxication and gender on the social information processing of hostile provocations involving male and female provocateurs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute alcohol intoxication and gender on the social information processing of hostile provocations involving male and female provocateurs. METHOD: A sample of 82 participants (50% women) was randomly assigned to either an alcohol, placebo or control group. Participants completed a baseline assessment and a social information processing protocol. The protocol consisted of 12 videotaped provocation scenarios with gender of provocateur and level of hostility (hostile versus nonhostile) crossed (three scenarios for each combination). Note: Female participants viewed 12 scenarios that presented a female target and male participants viewed 12 scenarios that presented a male target. Participants viewed each scenario separately and responded to questions from an interviewer via an intercom. Questions tapped the social information processing domains of encoding, response representation, goal selection, response generation, response evaluation and response selection. RESULTS: Analyses showed a pattern of results whereby intoxicated men evidenced a greater degree of hostile response representation, a greater proportion of aggressive goal selection, greater aggressive response generation and greater aggressive response selection than all other group-by-gender combinations. These results were found most often for scenarios where the intent was hostile and the provocateur was male. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of findings was consistent with past research on the relationship between alcohol, social information processing and aggression as well as with behavioral studies of the alcohol-aggression link. The social information processing model used in this study appears to be useful for the study of cognitive processes in the causal link between acute alcohol intoxication and aggressive behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Relationship of hostility and white space responses on the Rorschach.

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between hostility and white space responses on the Rorschach. The Rorschach was administered individually to 80 volunteer students on the university campus. 71 subjects were undergraduates and 9 were graduates. The mean age for the group was 24 yr. Among the males, 19 were white and 4 were non-white; among the females, 49 were white and 8 were non-white. Level of hostility was determined by Elizur's scoring of content and by adding all the weights for each subject's protocol. Percent was obtained for each subject by dividing the total of such responses by R or total number of responses. A significant correlation of .20 was obtained between level of hostility and white space responses. A correlation of .46 between total responses and white space responses was also significant. Gender and level of hostility correlated -.33. A multiple regression analysis gave an r of .51 for the combination of gender and total responses and level of hostility.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Development of covert and overt hostility scales from the Buss-Durkee Inventory.

The purpose of this study was to develop covert and overt hostility scales from the Buss-Durkee Inventory. First, 22 covert hostility and 29 overt hostility items were identified by the authors. Second, an item analysis was done to assess the content saturation of the individual items on these scales. This analysis yielded the final form for 7 items for covert hostility and 14 for overt hostility. Cronbach alphas for the covert and overt scales were .67 and .77, respectively, and their intercorrelation was .08. Correlations for these Buss-Durkee scales with several existing measures of anger expression were consistent with expectations.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Case study: topographical brain mapping in hostility following mild closed head injury.

Previous research suggests that right frontal and temporal lobe arousal may inhibit and elicit hostility, respectively. For example, emotional lability (including rage) has resulted from lesion of the bulbar motor nuclei, and neocortical upper motor neurons in particular (Lieberman & Benson, 1977). Ablation of hypothalamic sites has resulted in sham rage (Flynn, Cummings & Tomiyasu, 1988; Sachdev, Smith, Matheson & Last, 1992; Tonkonogy & Geller, 1992) suggesting that these frontal pathways may inhibit hostility. In the present study, a patient with hostility management problems secondary to closed head injury from a motor vehicle accident was evaluated using topographical brain mapping and quantitative electroencephalograph (QEEG) techniques. Comparisons of beta magnitude were performed between frontal and temporal sites at the right and left cerebrums. The results support the contention of an oppositional anterior to posterior mediation of hostility. The present electroencephalagraphic research supports the predominant neuropsychological theory that the right orbital-frontal region inhibits the right amygdaloid bodies, thereby decreasing hostility level (Kolb & Wishaw, 1990).

Adult↗