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PubMed1993

[Pharmacokinetics of sulfamerazine after a single intravenous dose in healthy calves and calves with diarrhea of different severity with consideration of the influence of an existing kidney function restriction].

Blood levels of Sulfamerazine were examined in 16 calves with different severity of diarrhoea in consideration of kidney function and compared with the values of 5 clinically intact animals. Urea and creatinine levels in plasma as well as urea and creatine clearance were tested to check kidney function. A single dose of 60 mg Sulfamerazine/kg body weight was administered to all animals via catheter into the vena jugularis. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours. The mean concentration of Sulfamerazine in calves with severe diarrhoea was significantly higher 24 hours post application than in the healthy control group and in animals with low and middle intensive diarrhoea (healthy animals: 37.61 +/- 7.18 micrograms/ml; animals with severe diarrhoea: 57.3 +/- 7.5 micrograms/ml). Animals with severe diarrhoea showed significantly higher values of half life time of elimination t1/2 (healthy animals: 7.08 +/- 1.25 h; animals with severe diarrhoea: 11.39 +/- 2.11 h) and of area under the curve AUC (healthy animals: 2023.4 +/- 397.21 micrograms*h/ml; animals with severe diarrhoea: 2990.6 +/- 594.9 micrograms*h/ml) than the others. Low and middle intensive diarrhoea has no important influence on the pharmacokinetics of Sulfamerazine.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Kidney function of pyelonephritis patients with impaired renal function treated with mezlocillin.

Ten patients with pyelonephritis and impaired renal function were treated with 2.0 g mezlocillin (Baypen) 8-hourly. They all recovered from urinary tract infection and showed a distinct improvement of their kidney function measured by blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. No side effects were seen and the blood coagulation remained within normal limits. An overview of the literature on urinary tract infections treated in patients with impaired kidney function is given.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effect of rapamycin on kidney function in the Sprague-Dawley rat.

The effects of rapamycin (RAPA) on kidney function and histology were investigated in the Sprague-Dawley rat and compared with cyclosporine. Drugs were administered orally in a Cremophor-ethanol formulation for 14 days in two separate studies. RAPA, at 1 mg/kg, had no effect either functionally or histologically on the kidney. At 10 mg/kg, RAPA depressed the gain in body weight by 20% in the rat but had only minor functional disturbances on urine output, plasma creatinine, and creatinine clearance in the kidney. It did not induce any histomorphologic abnormalities. CsA, at 25 mg/kg, produced functional alterations in the kidney including elevated plasma creatinine and depressed clearance of creatinine as well as depressed body weight gain (17%). Histologically, CsA induced proximal tubule damage. These results demonstrate that RAPA (10 mg/kg) does not produce nephrotoxicity in the Sprague-Dawley rat at doses three times higher than its effective immunosuppressive doses established in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Unilateral catheterless determination of kidney function in hydronephrosis].

Whereas the value of quantitative separate determination of kidney functioning is undisputed for most urological and nephrological problems, its value for the judgement of hydronephrotic kidneys is doubted by various working groups. Using 15 mongrel dogs, the nuclide excretion at certain times, various calculation intervals and the results of separate functional analysis of hydronephrotic and non-hydronephrotic kidneys were compared. Due to the early nuclide excretion with an advanced secretion peak it is no longer acceptable to use a 2-minute calculation interval for hydronephrotic kidneys in dogs. If the upper limit of the calculation interval is prior to the secretion peak, there will be no overestimation of the hydronephrotic kidneys.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In hydronephrosis less than 10 % kidney function is not an indication for nephrectomy in children.

PURPOSE: To reduce the incidence of nephrectomy or hydronephrosis in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 1998 to October 2000, we treated 58 patients with hydronephrosis; their ages ranged from 35 days to 11 years (mean age 4 years 7 months). All patients were subjected to a DTPA renogram with split function. In 12 patients (study group), kidney function was less than 10 % (range 0 - 10 %). Initially, nephrostomy was carried out in all 12 patients followed by Anderson-Hyne's pyeloplasty after 4 - 6 weeks. Postoperatively renal USG, urine r/m/e & c/s (routine and microscopic examination and culture and sensitivity test), blood urea, serum creatinine were assessed and DMSA scan and DTPA renogram with split functions were carried out in all patients. RESULTS: In the study group, all 12 patients showed improvement of renal function (more than 10 %) after nephrostomy and in all of them pyeloplasty was subsequently carried out within 4 - 6 weeks. There were no significant pre-, peri- or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to common practice we do not recommend nephrectomy for hydronephrotic kidneys which show < 10 % of renal function on renogram. The renal functional status improves significantly after a preliminary nephrostomy, thus avoiding the need for a straightforward nephrectomy in children along with all the possible long-term effects of a single kidney.

Child↗
PubMed1956

Distribution of blood in the functional kidney.

An attempt to measure the distribution of blood in the functional kidney of dogs was made. The method involved the injection of liquid latex rubber into the vascular system at physiologic pressures, fixation of the rubber in situ, and then, after corroding away all tissue, measurement of the volume of the rubber casts. The kidney contains, in its functionally distended state, 14 per cent blood. Of this, 4.5 per cent is apparently in the arteries and some 7 per cent in the veins. The functional engorgement of the cortical interlobular veins (about 4 per cent) is particularly striking, for they form a dense palisade of 40 to 300 micro vessels. These are not seen at the usual autopsy since they have drained out and collapsed. It is pointed out that attempts to describe the blood distribution in the kidney after it has been drained of blood are of dubious value. In the light of these data, also, the nature of the measurement of "intrarenal pressure," accomplished by inserting a needle into the renal parenchyma, may be better understood: it is suggested to be primarily a measure of interlobular venous pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Exogenous nitric oxide modulates the systemic inflammatory response and improves kidney function after risk-situation abdominal aortic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Renal impairment is a very frequent complication of aortic surgery requiring prolonged suprarenal clamping, especially if it is associated with previous hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial effect of the administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor on renal function through a modulation of the systemic inflammatory response in a model of abdominal aortic surgery. METHODS: Twenty-five minipigs were divided into five groups. Under anesthesia, the animals were subjected to suprarenal aortic-iliac clamping (for 30 minutes) and bypass with a Dacron-collagen prosthetic graft impregnated in rifampicin, with or without associated hemorrhage (40% of total blood volume). Prophylaxis with cefazolin was implemented. The five groups were (1) the sham group (only aortic dissection), (2) the clamping and bypass (C) group, (3) hemorrhage preclamping and bypass (H+C) group, (4) the same as group C but with the administration of the NO donor molsidomine (4 mg/kg intravenously) (C+NO group), (5) the same as the H+C group but with the administration of the NO donor molsidomine (4 mg/kg intravenously) (H+C+NO group). The following were determined: (1) kidney function (serum creatinine), (2) serum cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin-10 [IL-10]); (3) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) in the kidney, (4) oxygen free radicals (superoxide anion [SOA] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in the kidney, (5) serum nitrites, (6) soluble and kidney tissue cell adhesion molecule (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1], soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1]), (7) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the kidney, and (8) nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the kidney. Determinations were made during ischemia at 15 minutes post-reperfusion; at 24, 48, and 72 hours; and on day 7. RESULTS: The different insults used in the experimental model led to deterioration in kidney function and an increase in the systemic (and renal) inflammatory response at all levels investigated. Treatment with an NO donor, both with and without associated hemorrhage, reduced the inflammatory response at the systemic (TNF-alpha and IL-10) and kidney (MPO, SOA, and SOD) levels, normalizing kidney function. Likewise, exogenous administration of NO improved the excessive production of NO (nitrites) via iNOS. This was also reflected in a reduction in CAMs and of NF-kappaB expression. The hypotension induced by molsidomine was transitory and did not elicit hemodynamic repercussions. CONCLUSION: In our experimental model, prophylactic treatment with the NO donor molsidomine regulates the systemic inflammatory response and minimizes damage at the kidney level. Clinical Relevance The importance of this article resides in the fact that an experimental study that clarifies the effect of the donors of NO under circumstances as similar as possible to those of the human clinic, such as aortic surgery under hypovolemic shock (ruptured aortic aneurysm) have been little studied, most of these studies being performed in rodents without bypass. Using a model with one or two simultaneous insults (aortic clamping with/without previous hemorrhage) that is very similar to the human clinical situation (abdominal aortic rupture), we confirm the findings of previous work related to the beneficial effects of NO donors.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Residual kidney function after unilateral nephrectomy. Pre- and postoperative estimation by renography and clearance measurements.

The residual kidney function was predicted from preoperative renography and determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 57 patients undergoing unilateral nephrectomy for cancer, postrenal obstruction or renovascular hypertension. Postoperative GFR measurements were carried out 6-36 months after the operation. In eleven patients where the kidney removed had no function, no significant difference was found between pre- and postoperative GFR values. In 46 patients where the kidney removed had some function, the preoperative estimate was a little too high in only two patients. In this group, the postoperative GFR on an average amounted to 42% above the preoperatively predicted value. We conclude that the combination of 51Cr-EDTA clearance and renography is a reliable, non-invasive method for determination of the minimum residual kidney function before unilateral nephrectomy is carried out.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Differential effect of swelling and anoxia on kidney function and its consequences on the mechanism of action of intracellular organ preservation solutions.

In order to differentiate the effects of swelling and anoxia on kidney function, a canine experimental model is used. After complete liberation of kidneys and their vessels from adjacent tissues, each kidney is submitted to 10 min of hypotonic flushing, or to 60 min of normothermic anoxia. Swelling resulting from these two procedures are equal and permit the study of the consequences of anoxia independently from swelling. Edema is determined by water content and renal blood flow is measured. Kidney function is studied by time of restoration of urinary flow, creatinine, and inulin clearances and fractional water reabsorption. The results show that nonanoxic edema is much less damaging than anoxic edema and consequently that anoxic injury is not the simple consequence of spatial disruption of cell architecture. Since many works have shown the beneficial effects of intracellular organ preservation solutions and consequently that anoxia is better tolerated in the absence of swelling, it can be deduced that injuries induced by anoxia and by swelling are cumulative and that the efficiency of intracellular solutions cannot be attributed solely to the preventive effect on swelling, considered as lethal for the cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of planar and SPECT 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy in calculating differential kidney function.

An extensive study to compare planar and single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) determination of differential kidney function (DKF) has been carried out. The study has demonstrated that it is possible to use SPECT differential kidney function in place of that obtained using planar scintigraphy. The SPECT DKF value correlated with the planar DKF value. Gradient shaded three-dimensional surface images, reoriented transaxial, sagittal and coronal slices were produced during the same processing method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Kidney function in the severely jaundiced dog.

An attempt was made to prepare experimental models of jaundice in order to study the relation between jaundice and kidney function. Choledochal ligation and surgical division as a conventional means of achieving this aim proved useless in satisfying our requirements. The use of the choledochocaval shunt technique that we devised resulted in successful preparation of models of severe jaundice with a resultant total bilirubin value of 19.2 +/- 8.0 mg/dl at 1 week and 23.9 +/- 8.7 mg/dl 3 weeks postoperatively. Through these models the relation between jaundice and kidney function and the resultant histopathologic features of the kidneys were studied. In the animal models a significantly lower value was obtained for both glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow at 1 and 3 weeks postoperatively than in the other groups (undergoing choledochal ligation with division and unilateral nephrectomy, respectively). Histopathologic examination of the kidneys of these animals revealed no marked changes in the glomeruli or Bowman's capsule. Characteristic histopathologic features of the kidneys included swelling and exfoliation of epithelial cells because of reabsorption of bile in the proximal tubules and disintegration of the cell membrane.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Elucidation of kidney function by micropuncture: an historical perspective.

An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of kidney function awaited the advent of micropuncture techniques. The initial micropuncture study by Wearn and Richards in 1924 presented the first direct evidence that the initial step in urine formation was the process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus and that certain solutes were reabsorbed in the renal tubules. Subsequent micropuncture studies and the development by Burg and colleagues for in vitro perfusion of surviving tubular segments have provided an enormous amount of information about glomerular function and the transport characteristics of all nephron segments in the normal and diseased kidney.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

One-year posttransplant renal function is a strong predictor of long-term kidney function: results from the Neoral-MOST Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Peritransplant risk factors influence short-term and long-term graft survival, and 1-year serum creatinine is known to predict long-term graft survival. To examine interrelationships between risk factors, renal function at 1 year, and long-term graft function in patients maintained on cyclosporine, we analyzed data collected from 10,692 de novo or maintenance renal transplant recipients in an ongoing international, prospective, observational study--Neoral-MOST (Multinational Observational Study in renal Transplantation). The effect of donor age, delayed graft function, acute rejection, donor type, panel-reactive antibodies, and previous graft on 1- and 5-year renal function and their relationship to 1-year serum creatinine was assessed. RESULTS: Donor age, delayed graft function, acute rejection, and donor type significantly increased the risk for serum creatinine > 130 micromol/L at 1 year posttransplant, and 1-year serum creatinine was the strongest predictor of 5-year renal function. After adjustment for 1-year serum creatinine, an ongoing influence was observed for donor age, donor type, and previous graft. Delayed graft function and acute rejection had a significant effect on serum creatinine at year 1 but no additional impact on long-term graft function. CONCLUSIONS: Serum creatinine at 1 year is influenced by risk factors known to affect overall graft survival and is predictive of 5-year renal graft function. The effects of delayed graft function and acute rejection appear to be limited to their influence on serum creatinine at 1 year, whereas donor type and previous graft predominantly affect later stages of graft life.

Creatinine↗
PubMed1989

Mesangial expansion as a central mechanism for loss of kidney function in diabetic patients.

Diabetic nephropathy leading to kidney failure is a major complication of both type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, and glomerular structural lesions (especially expansion of the mesangium) may constitute the principal cause of decline in kidney function experienced by a significant fraction of diabetic patients. Although the biochemical bases of these mesangial abnormalities remain unknown, an understanding of the natural history of diabetic nephropathy from a combined structural and functional approach can lead to greater pathophysiological insight. Work in animals has supported the concept that the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus cause diabetic nephropathy, with structural and functional lesions prevented or reversed with improved or normalized glycemic control. Additional research must address this fundamental issue in humans, especially the response of advancing mesangial lesions to improved glycemic control. Factors not directly related to the metabolic perturbations of diabetes may serve to accelerate or diminish the pathophysiological processes of diabetic nephropathy. The elucidation and management of these factors, when coupled with improved glycemic control, may moderate the development or progression of diabetic kidney lesions in humans.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed2007

Giant renal calculus in a solitary functioning kidney.

We report a case of giant renal calculus 230 x 140 mm in size and weighing 1,350 g in a solitary functioning kidney treated by nephrolithotomy. A 47-year-old man presented with right lumbar pain, abdominal mass and microscopic hematuria. Physical examination revealed a stony hard mass on the right side of the abdomen, extending from the subcostal region to the iliac crest. A giant renal calculus in his right kidney and atrophic nonfunctioning left kidney was diagnosed by ultrasonography, IVP and CT scan. Right nephrolithotomy was performed. Analysis revealed a calcium phosphate stone. This case is the largest and the heaviest stone reported in the literature in a solitary functioning kidney.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1991

Electric modification of kidney function. The excretion of radiographic contrast media and adriamycin.

The body consists of systems of conductive pathways for ionic flow of current induced by metabolic or injury potentials among tissues and cells. In vivo electrophoresis in biologically closed electric circuits (BCEC) are coupled to the mechanical transports of blood and lymph. Connections also exist with conductive media such as cerebrospinal fluid, bile, and urine. Artificial induction of current was applied over the kidneys in order to study modification of kidney function. It is thought that studies of this kind will increase our understanding of kidney function from a new angle of view and possibly add new therapeutic possibilities. In anesthetized pigs, one kidney was made anodic (electropositive) and the other cathodic (electronegative). Current was applied between electrodes in each ureter. Intravascularly injected, electronegatively charged aminotrizoate and ioxaglate were excreted mainly by the anodic kidney. Nonionic iohexol was urographically excreted by both kidneys. Excretion of electropositively charged Adriamycin by the cathodic kidney was identified macroscopically and by chemical analysis. Functional effects on the kidneys can be induced electrophoretically without causing injury.

Animals↗