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PubMed1995

Pharyngeal airflow during sleep.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sleep and nasal resistance on pharyngeal airflow in a group of healthy male adults without complaint of habitual snoring. Twelve subjects aged 21 to 60 years were studied in a sleep laboratory during exclusive nasal breathing. Nasal and pharyngeal airflow variables were measured concomitantly at different stages of sleep. Awake pharyngeal resistance averaged 0.02-0.03 Pa/cm3/s in recumbency. In stage 2 sleep and quiet breathing resistance increased by a factor of 3-4 and by a factor of 7-8 during snoring. Increased nasal loading did not increase pharyngeal resistance further or induce snoring. Mostly, increased pharyngeal resistances were of similar magnitude in both phases of respiration, but in a few instances inspiratory resistance exceeded that in expiration, and in a similar number the reverse was found. Overall, compliance of the pharyngeal airway was not a prominent feature in this group of subjects. The relationship between transpharyngeal pressure and resistance should be studied further in order to simplify future studies of airflow during sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Tobacco consumption practices and risk of oro-pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study in Central India.

A hospital based, group matched case control study was conducted with the objective to assess the association between tobacco consumption practices and risk of development of oro-pharyngeal cancer in Central India. The study included 123 cases of oro-pharyngeal cancer, diagnosed on the basis of histopathology at three tertiary care centers in Nagpur city. Each case was matched for age and sex with two hospital controls: one selected from non-cancer patients and another from patients having cancer of other sites. Tobacco chewing (OR=7.98, 95% CI 4.11-13.58) and tobacco smoking (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.22-3.70) were found to be significantly associated with oro-pharyngeal cancer on unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis. Further analysis revealed a dose-response relationship between increasing frequency, duration and retention time of tobacco in mouth and risk of oro-pharyngeal cancer. Other risk factors which were also found to contribute significantly in the outcome of oro-pharyngeal cancer in the study population were: use of traditional/local substances (eg pan, betel nut, lime) with or without tobacco, use of tobacco containing material for teeth cleaning, type of smoking (eg bidi, chillum, cigarette) and outdoor occupations. High values of estimates of attributable risk percent (ARP) and population attributable risk percent (PARP) confirmed the positive impact of reduction or elimination of the tobacco consumption practices on reducing the risk of oro-pharyngeal cancer in the population of Central India.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Association between the shape alteration of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube and secretory otitis media].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the shape alteration of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube and secretory otitis media (SOM). METHOD: Two hundred and twelve pharyngeal ostiums of eustachian tube were observed by using rhinopharyngoscope and divided into two groups: the contrast's and the secretory otitis media's, and all the shape of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube were divided into triangular type, cravice type, elliptical type and bell type. RESULT: The shape of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube are remarkablely difference with the normal group and the diseased group. There are 84 cases triangular type (73%), 4 cases cravice type (3.5%), 17 cases bell type (8.7%) and 10 cases elliptical type (14.8%) in the former. There are 13 cases triangular type (13.4%), 68 cases cravice type (3.5%), 5 cases elliptical type (5.2%) and 11 cases bell type (11.3%) in the SOM group. CONCLUSION: The study suggest that there is a close association between the shape alteration of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube and secretory otitis media, meanwhile it offer a new index for exploring the new methods to cure the adult secretory otitis media how to resume the normal shape and the function of pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube as soon as possible early.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pharyngeal pH probe findings in patients with postnasal drainage.

BACKGROUND: Patients commonly present with complaints of postnasal drainage (PND). This study reports the pharyngeal pH probe findings in patients without rhinitis/rhinosinusitis who present with complaints of PND. METHODS: This is a prospective study of patients presenting with PND but no historical or endoscopic evidence of rhinitis/rhinosinusitis. Twenty-four-hour pharyngeal pH probe studies were done on 32 consecutive patients and compared with historical controls. RESULTS: There were a total of 32 patients with PND (mean age, 54 years) and 51 controls (mean age, 49 years). The proportion of patients with positive pH probe studies was higher in PND (28.1%) versus controls (17.6%) but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.27). However, when comparing the mean number of pharyngeal acid exposure events, patients with PND had significantly more events (1.6) than controls (0.3; p < 0.002). In addition, the mean acid exposure time was significantly higher in PND (0.18%) versus controls (0.01%; p < 0.004). CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients with PND displaying positive pharyngeal 24 pH probe studies is not significantly greater than controls. However, patients with PND do exhibit a statistically greater degree of pharyngeal acid exposure as compared with controls. Additional research is required to delineate the role of pharyngeal reflux in patients with PND.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1985

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in the pharyngeal flap operation.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether there was a relationship between the pharyngeal flap operation and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). From August 1982 to November 1983, 25 patients underwent pharyngeal flap procedures. They were compared to a control group made up of five patients who underwent major cleft lip revisions. Twelve of the twenty-five patients (48%) who underwent pharyngeal flap procedures had inappropriately elevated serum ADH levels, low serum osmolality, and hyponatremia in the postoperative period. There was a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) drop in the serum sodium levels in the pharyngeal flap group from the preoperative to postoperative period. There was neither a statistically significant change in the serum sodium levels nor inappropriate elevation of ADH levels in the control group. Two patients who underwent pharyngeal flap procedures developed SIADH. To our knowledge this complication has not been reported in association with the pharyngeal flap operation. No specific causes were found that would explain why SIADH developed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Effect of nasal occlusion on tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare tracheal and pharyngeal inspiratory and expiratory pressures achieved during 60 seconds of nasal occlusion in standing horses with pressures achieved in horses during intense exercise. ANIMALS: 5 Standardbreds. PROCEDURE: Tracheal and pharyngeal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were obtained from 5 horses during 60 seconds of nasal occlusion and compared with tracheal and pharyngeal pressures achieved during incremental treadmill exercise tests in which horses ran at 50, 75, and 100% of the speed that resulted in maximal heart rate (HRmax). RESULTS: Significant difference was not detected between peak tracheal inspiratory pressure during nasal occlusion and peak tracheal inspiratory pressure at HRmax Peak pharyngeal inspiratory pressure was significantly more negative, and peak tracheal and peak pharyngeal expiratory pressures were significantly more positive during 60 seconds of nasal occlusion than those observed in horses running at HRmax. CONCLUSION: During upper airway endoscopy in standing horses, 60-second nasal occlusion induced tracheal and pharyngeal inspiratory pressures that equaled or exceeded pressures achieved during high-intensity exercise. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nasal occlusion is useful to simulate upper airway pressures achieved during high-intensity exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Usefulness and limitation of crico-pharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal suspension after wide resection of the tongue or oropharynx].

UNLABELLED: To prevent post-surgical dysphagia in oral or oropharyngeal cancer patients, crico-pharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal suspension are recommended; however, its indication has been controversial. When it was though that patients would lose the mechanisms of laryngeal elevation or mechanisms to produce oropharyngeal pressure we opted for crico-pharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal suspension: total or subtotal glossectomy with bilateral resection of suprahyoid muscles, and wide resection of the oropharynx including the tongue base. In this paper, we report the usefulness and limitation of crico-pharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal suspension after wide resection of the tongue or oropharynx. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 1992 to January 1996, 19 patients received circo-pharyngeal myotomys and laryngeal suspensions along with their initial operation for oral or oropharyngeal cancer. Their ages ranged from 28 to 69 years. Fourteen had tongue cancer and 5 had oropharyngeal cancer. We examined the relationship between the ability to have an oral diet and the extent of mobile tongue resection, extent of tongue base resection, and extent of resection of the lateral wall of the oropharynx, reconstruction method, and age. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 19 patients (68%) could have an oral diet when they were discharged. The extent of tongue base resection (more than 50%) and age (> or = 60) significantly affected post-surgical aspiration. Two patients who had total glossectomy with total tongue base resection could have an oral diet. They were 41 and 51 years old. One 35-year-old patient who had total glossectomy with wide tongue base resection (80%) was able to have the same diet as his family. On the other hand, 4 elderly patients (> or = 60) who had wide resection of the tongue base (> or = 50%) could not have an oral diet at all. CONCLUSION: A crico-pharyngeal myotomy and a laryngeal suspension can contribute to the prevention of post-surgical dysphagia. However, if an elderly patient (> or = 60) has had wide tongue base resection (> = 50%), he may not be able to have an oral diet. In these cases, we have to opt for additional methods, such as total laryngectomy, to prevent aspiration.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation and treatment of pharyngitis in primary care practice: the difference between guidelines is largely academic.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines from the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of America differ with respect to the use of clinical criteria and microbiologic testing to identify adults with pharyngitis who are likely to have group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. METHODS: To measure the rate of adherence to 3 strategies, we performed a retrospective analysis of visits to Boston, Mass, area primary care clinics by adults with a diagnosis of pharyngitis (n = 2097). RESULTS: The 4-point Centor criteria recommended by the American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America were not predictive of streptococcal testing (results for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 criteria were 79%, 81%, 79%, 80%, and 74%, respectively; P = .63) but were predictive of a positive streptococcal test (8%, 13%, 22%, 31%, and 30%, respectively; P<.001) and of antibiotic prescribing (25%, 34%, 63%, 80%, and 89%, respectively; P<.001). Clinicians were adherent to the American College of Physicians' empirical strategy in 12% of visits, the American College of Physicians' test strategy in 30% of visits, the Infectious Diseases Society of America's strategy in 30% of visits, and adherent to none of these strategies in 66% of visits. The most common reason for nonadherence to any strategy was testing or antibiotic prescribing to patients at low risk of streptococcal pharyngitis (1076 visits; 78% of the visits in which physicians were nonadherent to any strategy), patients for whom the guidelines agree. CONCLUSIONS: The major problem in the testing and treatment of adults with pharyngitis is not which guideline to follow, but that clinicians usually fail to follow any guideline. Interventions should focus on an area where the guidelines agree: avoiding testing and antibiotic prescribing to patients at low risk for streptococcal pharyngitis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effect of a standardized pharyngitis treatment protocol on use of antibiotics in a pediatric emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Pharyngitis is a common complaint in pediatric patients. If clinical parameters are used alone, bacterial pathogens will be wrongly implicated in many cases. A nonstandardized approach to the treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting may lead to inappropriate empirical therapy, contribute to increased bacterial resistance, and result in adverse events related to the treatment provided. OBJECTIVE: To implement evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting and thereby influence practices of prescribing antibiotics. DESIGN AND METHODS: An evidence-based guideline for the evaluation and treatment of patients with pharyngitis was developed and implemented in our emergency department. Preintervention and postintervention patient cohorts were identified by a search of the emergency department's clinical repository. A medical record review was performed using a standardized data abstraction form (history and examination data, diagnostic testing, and therapy provided). Treatment decisions were judged as appropriate if the diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci was based on confirmatory microbiological testing rather than on the history and physical examination findings alone. RESULTS: We included 443 patients for study (219 preintervention and 224 postintervention). In the preintervention group, 97 (44%) of 214 received appropriate treatment. In the postintervention group, 204 (91%) of 224 received appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based clinical guideline can influence and improve practices of prescribing antibiotics by pediatric emergency physicians in a teaching hospital setting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a single dose of oral dexamethasone in reducing the pain associated with moderate to severe pharyngitis in pediatric patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Large, urban pediatric emergency department between March 2002 and November 2003. PATIENTS: Children aged 5 to 18 years with moderate to severe pharyngitis (odynophagia or dysphagia, moderate to severe pharyngeal erythema or swelling, and a McGrath Facial Affective Scale score of 0.75 or higher [scale 0.0-1.0]). INTERVENTIONS: Study patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 dose of either oral dexamethasone suspension (0.6 mg/kg with a maximum of 10 mg) or placebo of the same volume. All participants were tested for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis and treated accordingly. Daily telephone follow-up was conducted until complete resolution of sore throat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome variables included hours to initial relief of sore throat and time to the complete resolution of pain. Secondary outcome variables included changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score at 24 and 48 hours, persistence of associated symptoms, use of anti-inflammatory or antipyretic medication, and subsequent use of medical resources for dehydration or pain. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 150 patients was randomized to receive either dexamethasone (n = 75) or placebo (n = 75). Twenty-five patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 125 patients available for data analysis; 57 received dexamethasone and 68 received placebo. Patients who received dexamethasone reported earlier onset of pain relief (9.2 vs 18.2 hours; P<.001), fewer hours to complete resolution of sore throat (30.3 vs 43.8 hours; P = .04), and larger changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score in the first 24 hours (-0.58 vs -0.43; P = .002). Children who tested negative for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci had greater pain relief with dexamethasone compared with placebo (onset of pain relief, 8.7 vs 24 hours; P = .001), less time to complete resolution of sore throat (37.9 vs 70.8 hours; P = .006), and greater changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score in the first 24 hours (-0.50 vs -0.21; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Children with moderate to severe pharyngitis had earlier onset of pain relief and shorter duration of sore throat when given oral dexamethasone.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of the effect of smoking and alcohol drinking between oral and pharyngeal cancer.

To compare the separate and combined effects of alcohol drinking and smoking between the 2 sites, we evaluated 274 men with oral cancer, 364 with pharyngeal cancer and 1,254 controls, frequency-matched for age and area of residence, from Italy and Switzerland. Extremely elevated risk increases for oral cancer (odds ratio, OR = 228) and pharyngeal cancer (OR = 100) were found for the highest joint level of drinking (>/=77 drinks/week) and smoking (>/=25 cigarettes/day). Ratios of ORs between oral cancer and pharyngeal cancer vs. controls, obtained by polytomous logistic regression, suggested that the risk increase for oral cancer was about 2-fold greater than that for pharyngeal cancer at each combined level of smoking and drinking, except at low levels of drinking in smokers. A clear departure from risk difference additivity was present for both oral and pharyngeal cancer in individuals heavily exposed to both factors versus non-smoking abstainers/light drinkers. Our findings thus help explain observations from descriptive epidemiology that, if smoking level in a population does not change substantially, but alcohol consumption increases, increase in oral cancer would be greater than at any other site in the upper aero-digestive tract, including cancer of the pharynx.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The impact of patient and professional diagnostic delays on survival in pharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancers of the head and neck still are detected mostly at an advanced stage, especially pharyngeal cancers. METHODS: To study the impact of patient and professional delay on survival, the authors collected the data from 84 patients with pharyngeal cancer. In addition to clinical data from the tertiary care center, the authors evaluated the data from the first medical visit in primary care before the diagnosis of malignancy had been made. RESULTS: The patients who had a patient delay of 2 months or more had a significantly higher relative hazard of death (HR; HR, 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39-4.38) compared with the patients with less than 2 months of patient delay. This risk was significant among the patients with oropharyngeal (P = 0.008) and nasopharyngeal cancer (P = 0.03), but not in those with hypopharyngeal cancer (P = 0.56). In contrast, there was no relation between professional diagnostic delay and prognosis. Advanced stage (International Union Against Cancer [UICC] TNM; Stage IV vs. Stage I-III; HR, 3.19; CI, 1.61-6.35) and age (> or = 65 vs. < 65 years; HR, 2.47; CI, 1.32-4.62) also were associated with an impaired prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Shortening of patient delay would substantially improve survival in pharyngeal cancer, but this goal seems difficult to attain because symptoms emerge late in pharyngeal cancer, and no specific symptoms or patient characteristics were related to a long patient delay. Professional delay does not have an impact on survival in pharyngeal cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Fiber intake and the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer.

The relation between various types of fiber and oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted between 1992 and 1997 in Italy. Cases were 271 hospital patients with incident, histologically confirmed oral cancer, 327 with pharyngeal cancer and 304 with esophageal cancer. Controls were 1,950 subjects admitted to the same network of hospitals as the cases for acute, nonneoplastic diseases. Cases and controls were interviewed during their hospital stay using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were computed after allowance for age, sex, and other potential confounding factors, including alcohol, tobacco consumption, and energy intake. The ORs for the highest vs. the lowest quintile of intake of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer combined were 0.40 for total (Englyst) fiber, 0.37 for soluble fiber, 0.52 for cellulose, 0.48 for insoluble non cellulose polysaccharide, 0.33 for total insoluble fiber and 0.38 for lignin. The inverse relation were similar for vegetable fiber (OR = 0.51), fruit fiber (OR = 0.60) and grain fiber (OR = 0.56), and were somewhat stronger for oral and pharyngeal cancer than for esophageal cancer. The ORs were similar for the two sexes and strata of age, education, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and total non-alcohol energy intake. Our study indicates that fiber intake may have a protective role on oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1991

Location of the motoneurons supplying the rabbit pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the peripheral course of their axons: a study using the retrograde HRP or fluorescent labeling technique.

The location of the motoneurons supplying the rabbit pharyngeal constrictor muscles (the superior and the middle constrictors, and the thyropharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus; the last two collectively compose the inferior constrictor) was investigated with intramuscular injection of HRP or the fluorescent tracer nuclear yellow into the individual muscles. Moreover, the peripheral course of their axons was investigated by injection of HRP into all of the pharyngeal constrictors in conjunction with intracranial severing of either the vagus or the glossopharyngeal nerves. The pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons were ipsilaterally located within a subdivision of the nucleus ambiguus which is formed by a compact arrangement of the smallest neurons of the nucleus and situated in the rostral half of the nucleus. We named that subdivision the compact cell group (CoG). Axons of the pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons traversed the vagal rootlets. The rostrocaudal extent of the pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons covered almost the entire length of CoG at a level from about 500 to 2,900 microns rostral to the obex, with their number being most numerous in the middle one-third level of the CoG. Although the motoneurons of the superior constrictor, those of the middle constrictor, and those of the thyropharyngeous and the cricopharyngeus overlapped considerably in location, they tended to be arranged rostrocaudally in that order. At the middle one-third level of the CoG, where the CoG is subdivided into dorsomedial and ventrolateral subgroups of neurons, the superior and the middle constrictor motoneurons were confined to the medial portion of the dorsomedial subgroup, while the inferior constrictor motoneurons were distributed throughout its entirety.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Diet and pharyngeal cancer.

A population-based case-control study was conducted to examine the effect of ingestion of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol on risk of pharyngeal cancer. Data were available from 166 cases of pharyngeal cancer or their next-of-kin, and from 547 controls similar in age and sex to the cases. Odds ratios (ORs) relating consumption of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol from foods and vitamins C and A from supplements to risk of pharyngeal cancer were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. After adjustment for smoking and alcohol consumption, a significant increase in risk associated with low intake of vitamin C from foods was observed. Compared to the highest quartile, the OR for the lowest quartile of intake was 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.2). No overall effect of dietary carotenoid or retinol consumption was noted after adjustment for smoking and alcohol. Decreasing use of either vitamin C or vitamin A supplements was associated with increasing cancer risk among the case group as a whole. However, the effect of vitamin C supplement use was substantially lower when next-of-kin respondents were excluded from analysis. Also, the OR for use of vitamin A supplements is based on a very small number of cases reporting use, and must be viewed with caution. The results of our study suggest that intake of vitamin C may be protective against pharyngeal cancer, and are consistent with the results of previous studies which reported a decreased risk of pharyngeal cancer associated with intake of fruits and vegetables.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effect of cricopharyngeus myotomy on postlaryngectomy pharyngeal contraction pressures.

After total laryngectomy, the cricopharyngeus muscle, when intact, appears to inhibit the free flow of saliva and secretions past the pharyngeal repair into the upper esophagus. The authors hypothesize that cricopharyngeus myotomy reduces sphincteric pressure, thereby diminishing forces against the pharyngeal suture line. Peak pharyngeal pressures were recorded in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with and without cricopharyngeus myotomy. In patients without concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures were all greater than 60 mm Hg. With concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures averaged less than 40 mm Hg. Concurrent myotomy carries with it the potential for minimizing postoperative fistulization, eliminating dysphagia of cricopharyngeus spasm, and improving the acquisition of alaryngeal speech.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Pharyngeal motoneurones: respiratory-related activity and responses to laryngeal afferents in the decerebrate cat.

In decerebrate, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats, we recorded the discharge of 64 motor axons supplying the pharyngeal muscles. Filaments containing motor axons, with discharges related to the respiratory cycle (phrenic nerve activity), were teased from the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Most units (n = 41) fired only during expiration and exhibited a steady, a decreasing or a late augmenting discharge pattern. These units were found only in vagal filaments. Twenty three units discharged during inspiration and exhibited a steady, a late augmenting or a tonic discharge pattern. The inspiratory-related units were present in both the vagus (n = 13) and glossopharyngeal (n = 10) nerves. Nineteen of 20 pharyngeal inspiratory-related units tested were activated at short latency (range 3.4 to 8.0 ms) by stimulation of afferents in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). In 13 of these, such stimulation also suppressed their spontaneous activity, SLN stimulation elicited in all 17 pharyngeal expiratory-related units tested a short latency (range 0 to 8 ms) reduction of activity, followed in 7 units by an increase in activity. SLN stimulation occasionally evoked single or rhythmic multifibre bursts in the vagal pharyngeal filaments. These bursts, involving expiratory-related units, likely correspond to the buccopharyngeal stage of swallowing.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1997

Lateral pharyngeal wall motion during swallowing using real time ultrasound.

B-mode ultrasound imaging has been used primarily to detect temporal and spatial movements of the tongue during the oral preparatory and oral stages of swallowing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of M-mode (motion mode) ultrasound imaging as a method to quantify the duration and displacement of single regions along the lateral pharyngeal wall during swallows of two bolus volumes and during three swallow maneuvers (supraglottic, super-supraglottic and Mendelsohn maneuver). In 5 normal subjects, simultaneous B/M-mode images were captured at two regions along the lateral pharyngeal wall. Computer-assisted video analysis of each swallow sequence provided spatial coordinates and durational measures. Results indicated no significant differences in displacements of the lateral pharyngeal wall across bolus volumes, swallow maneuvers, or recording sites. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in lateral pharyngeal wall duration occurred as a function of volitional swallow maneuvers. Greater durations (p < 0.05) were found for the Mendelsohn and super-supraglottic swallow maneuvers. The data demonstrate that B/M-mode ultrasound imaging provides a simple, noninvasive method to visually examine movements of the lateral pharyngeal wall and may provide a clinical method for assessing the effects of direct swallowing therapies at the level of the mid-oropharynx.

Adult↗