SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “scale development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

An examination of three sets of MMPI-2 personality disorder scales.

Three sets of personality disorder scales (PD scales) can be scored for the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). Two sets (Levitt & Gotts, 1995; Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985) are derived from the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1983), and a third set (Somwaru & Ben-Porath, 1995) is based on the MMPI-2. There is no validity research for the Levitt and Gotts scale, and limited validity research is available for the Somwaru and Ben-Porath scales. There is a large body of research suggesting that the Morey et al. scales have good to excellent convergent validity when compared to a variety of other measures of personality disorders. Since the Morey et al. scales have established validity, there is a question if additional sets of PD scales are needed. The primary purpose of this research was to determine if the PD scales developed by Levitt and Gotts and those developed by Somwaru and Ben-Porath contribute incrementally to the scales developed by Morey et al. in predicting corresponding scales on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987). In a sample of 494 individuals evaluated at an Army medical center, a hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the Somwaru and Ben-Porath Borderline, Antisocial, and Schizoid PD scales and the Levitt and Gotts Narcissistic and Histrionic scales contributed significantly and meaningfully to the Morey et al. scales in predicting the corresponding MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) scale. However, only the Somwaru and Ben-Porath scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Controlled fed-batch fermentations of dilute-acid hydrolysate in pilot development unit scale.

Inhibitors formed during wood hydrolysis constitute a major problem in fermenting dilute-acid hydrolysates. By applying a fed-batch technique, the levels of inhibitory compounds may be held low, enabling high ethanol productivity. In this study, a previously developed fed-batch strategy was modified and implemented for use in pilot development unit (PDU) scale. The rate of total gas formation, measured with a mass flow meter, was used as input variable in the control algorithm. The feed rate in the PDU-scale experiments could be properly controlled based on the gas evolution from the reactor. In fed-batch experiments utilizing TMB 3000, an inhibitor-tolerant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, close to 100% of the hexoses in the hydrolysate was converted.

Acids↗

PubMed2004

The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties.

AIMS: The aims of this study are to develop and validate a measure to screen for a range of gambling-related cognitions (GRC) in gamblers. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 968 volunteers were recruited from a community-based population. They were divided randomly into two groups. Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation was performed on group one and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used on group two to confirm the best-fitted solution. MEASUREMENTS: The Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS) was developed for this study and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Motivation Towards Gambling Scale (MTGS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used for validation. FINDINGS: Exploratory factor analysis performed using half the sample indicated five factors, which included interpretative control/bias (GRCS-IB), illusion of control (GRCS-IC), predictive control (GRCS-PC), gambling-related expectancies (GRCS-GE) and a perceived inability to stop gambling (GRCS-IS). These accounted for 70% of the total variance. Using the other half of the sample, CFA confirmed that the five-factor solution fitted the data most effectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the factors ranged from 0.77 to 0.91, and 0.93 for the overall scale. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrated that the 23-item GRCS has good psychometric properties and thus is a useful instrument for identifying GRC among non-clinical gamblers. It provides the first step towards devising/adapting similar tools for problem gamblers as well as developing more specialized instruments to assess particular domains of GRC.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

The development of an adolescent life change event scale.

A questionnaire listing 31 personal, social and family changes believed stressful to adolescents was administered to 207 subjects aged eleven to eighteen. They were asked to rate the items on a scale of one to five to indicate how "upsetting" they believed the event was. They were also asked to indicate how many of the events they had actually experienced. The Adolescent Life Change Event Scale developed from this data is shown. It is recommended that the questionnaire be given to a much larger sample of adolescents from other socioeconomic, racial and cultural backgrounds before the final weightings are assigned to the scale. Once this has been done, the scale can be used to study relationships between life stress events and illness or other manifestations of stress in adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Development of scales measuring the capacity of community-based initiatives.

This article describes the development of two measures for the capacity of local public health initiatives. Data obtained from a qualitative study of eight community-based initiatives served as the basis for the development of a survey instrument. It was administered to a national sample of both leaders and nonleaders of 291 such initiatives. Because survey results for leaders and nonleaders differed, results could not be combined into a single data set for analysis. Results for each data set were analyzed by employing exploratory principal components and factor analyses. A 44-item, six-factor scale resulted for leaders and a 38-item, five-factor scale resulted for nonleaders. The high degree of overlap (22 items) between the two scales resulted in a combined 60-item instrument that can be administered to both leaders and nonleaders but analyzed separately.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1999

Preverbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS): development and early psychometric testing.

The Pre-Verbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS) is conceptualized to measure the established pain response in toddlers, a pediatric group void of pain assessment scales. It consists of seven categories, each with weighted indicators. Scores can range from 0 to 26. Using a blinded, cross-sectional design, 40 children, aged 12 to 24 months, were videotaped throughout their postoperative stay in the postanesthesia care unit. Vignettes were randomly selected and viewed by four experienced pediatric nurses. Results indicated that the PEPPS was easy to use and demonstrated acceptable inter-rater and intrarater reliability. Early evidence of construct validity was established by statistically significant differences in premedication and postmedication pain scores.

Child Development↗

PubMed2005

The Asian American values scale--multidimensional: development, reliability, and validity.

The development of the 42-item Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional (AAVS-M) is presented. In Study 1, data from 163 Asian American respondents were subjected to a principal components analysis, which reduced the initial set of 180 items to 42 items divided into 5 components: collectivism, conformity to norms, emotional self-control, family recognition through achievement, and humility. The data also revealed initial evidence of the AAVS-M total and subscale scores' reliability and validity. In Study 2, data from 189 Asian American respondents were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, which supported a hierarchical factor structure underlying the AAVS-M. Additional reliability and validity evidence of AAVS-M total and subscale scores were found. In Study 3, data from 38 Asian American respondents yielded evidence of AAVS-M total and subscale scores' test-retest reliability.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2002

The Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS): development and psychometric properties.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and psychometric properties of the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS), a clinician-rated instrument for assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms associated with common DSM-IV anxiety disorders (social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder) in children. METHOD: As part of a multisite study of the efficacy of fluvoxamine, 128 children (aged 6-17) and their parents were interviewed weekly with the PARS. Data from multiple raters on a subsample of children (using live and videotaped interviews) were used to evaluate interrater reliability. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity (convergent, divergent) also were evaluated. RESULTS: The PARS showed high interrater reliability, adequate test-retest reliability, and fair internal consistency. Convergent and divergent validity were satisfactory. PARS scores were sensitive to treatment and paralleled change in other measures of anxiety symptoms and global improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The PARS is a useful clinician-rated instrument for assessing pediatric anxiety symptoms, severity, and impairment, particularly in treatment studies. Further study of the psychometric properties is warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Interobserver variation in the application of 2 disability scales in heart patients].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of the Rankin scale for the assessment of disability in patients with ischaemic heart disease. SETTING: University Hospital Utrecht. DESIGN: Prospective interobserver study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-two outpatients with heart disease (previous myocardial infarction, angina or both) were separately interviewed by four physicians (residents or specialists), viz., two cardiologists and two neurologists. The degree of disability was recorded by each observer on two different scales: the modified Rankin scale, a six-point scale developed from a neurological background, and the four-point scale developed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA). The agreement rates for the observers (23 in all) were corrected for chance (kappa-statistics; maximum 1.0). RESULTS: Total agreement on both scales was found for six of the participating 51 patients and for 10 and 11 patients when the Rankin scale and the NYHA scale were considered separately. Kappa values were 0.21 for the Rankin scale and 0.24 for the NYHA scale. The weighted kappa values were 0.56 and 0.47, respectively. The agreement among neurologists and cardiologists was comparable. CONCLUSION: The agreement rates of cardiologists and neurologists in the use of the Rankin scale and the NYHA scale in outpatients with heart disease are at best satisfactory. The good results of an earlier study with the Rankin scale in stroke patients were not achieved. This study indicates that the Rankin scale may be useful for the assessment of disability from heart disease particularly in patients with neurological disease, but there is room for further improvement.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed1990

Development of the Children's Health Ratings Scale.

Following pilot testing, the 17-item Children's Health Ratings Scale was group administered to approximately 1,200 fourth- through sixth-grade students. The internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity of the scale were examined utilizing various statistical methods, including calculation of the alpha coefficient, factor analysis, and other correlational techniques. The scale was found to be reliable with an alpha coefficient of .83. Concurrent validity was supported by the finding that higher scale scores were associated with higher ratings on a single, general health item and with lower ratings on single items concerning pain, health worry, and the presence of sickness. Correlations between scores on the Children's Health Ratings Scale and sex, grade level, and a measure of response bias were of low magnitude and presented no serious threat to instrument validity. Five factors were identified for interpretation during factor analysis. A post hoc validity study compared the mean scale scores of a group of asthmatic children and a subsample from the scale development study. Suggestions for further study are presented.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1997

Development of a scale to measure symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general UK population: the psychiatric symptom frequency scale.

OBJECTIVES: The psychiatric symptom frequency (PSF) scale was developed to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression (i.e. affective symptoms) experienced over the past year in the general population. This study aimed to examine the distribution of PSF scores, internal consistency, and factor structure and to investigate relationships between total scores for this scale and other indicators of poor mental health. PARTICIPANTS: The Medical Research Council national survey of health and development, a class stratified cohort study of men and women followed up from birth in 1946, with the most recent interview at age 43 when the PSF scale was administered. MAIN RESULTS: The PSF scale showed high internal consistency between the 18 items (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). Ratings on items of the scale reflected one predominant factor, incorporating both depression and anxiety, and two additional factors of less statistical importance, one reflecting sleep problems and the other panic and situational anxiety. Total scores were calculated by adding 18 items of the scale, and high total scores were found to be strongly associated with reports of contact with a doctor or other health professional and use of prescribed medication for "nervous or emotional trouble or depression," and with suicidal ideas. CONCLUSIONS: The PSF is a useful and valid scale for evaluating affective symptoms in the general population. It is appropriate for administration by lay interviewers with minimal training, is relatively brief, and generates few missing data. The total score is a flexible measure which can be used in continuous or binary form to suit the purposes of individual investigations, and provides discrimination at lower as well as upper levels of symptom severity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Control of craving for methamphetamine: development of scales for dependence and search for medicines for treatment].

Methamphetamine dependence presents a serious problem not only for patients but also for society. Medical treatment has mainly targeted psychotic symptoms such as hallucination and delusion, and ignored the symptoms of craving, which are the major cause of dependence. Therefore, the risk of lapse into methamphetamine reuse remains very high. Although development of both medicines and programs for treatment of craving is needed, progress has been hampered by the lack of appropriate scales for assessing the severity of dependence and craving. On the other hand, recent breakthroughs in genomic sciences and molecular medicine have made it possible to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying craving in animals. This paper reviews studies on the development of scales for assessing the severity of methamphetamine dependence and craving, together with recent data on candidate medicines for craving treatment in animals. The reliability and validity of the revised Addiction Severity Index -Japanese version (ASI-J) was confirmed after its administration to 100 drug abuse patients. The Craving Index was also newly developed, and its validity for prediction of relapse was confirmed. In animal experiments, fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was recognized as a candidate medicine for treatment of methamphetamine dependence.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

An interval scale for development of children aged 0-2 years.

Measurement of development is often less precise than that of height and weight. Developmental scores are typically based on passing one or more developmental markers, but do not have interval scale so calculating differences between scores can be nonsensical. Age-specific standardized scores are sometimes used, but fail to have a common metric that allows comparison of developmental scores across age. The goal of this study is to develop a quantitative developmental score (D-score) with improved measurement characteristics. The basic assumption of the D-score is the existence of a common continuous scale for the development. Scores of 2151 children between 0 and 2 years on a Dutch developmental instrument were analysed. Application of the Rasch Model resulted in excellent reliability and satisfactory fit. This indicates that the new quantitative D-score succeeds in representing outcomes of the instrument on a common interval scale. Age-conditional reference values for the D-score were derived by means of the LMS method. The definition of the D-scores is not specific to age, so the D-score of a measured person can be compared to the D-score of another person of a different age. Difference scores between sessions can be used to evaluate developmental velocity on the individual level. To our knowledge this is the first developmental scale for children with such properties.

Child Development↗

PubMed1999

Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate a scale for measurement of postoperative pain in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, prospective study, with positive- and negative-control groups. ANIMALS: 36 dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and 12 dogs undergoing general anesthesia without surgery. PROCEDURE: A pain assessment scale was developed for dogs, which incorporated physiologic data (heart and respiratory rates) and behavioral responses (response to palpation, activity, mental status, posture, and vocalization). This pain scale was then applied to a study in which dogs were allocated to 2 groups, depending on the type of medication administered (acepromazine maleate only or acepromazine and butorphanol) before induction of general anesthesia. The 36 dogs that had ovariohysterectomy were allocated to 3 groups, members of which received butorphanol, carprofen, or no analgesic after surgery. Dogs were scored for signs of pain and videotaped at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours after surgery by an assessor who was blinded to the groups. Results were analyzed for significant differences in pain scores for single categories and total pain scores among groups. Video segments were scrambled and then scored by a second external assessor to test the repeatability of the results, using the pain assessment scale. RESULTS: Mean total pain scores were significantly different between the group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia only and each group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia and surgery. Pain scores for the analgesic-treatment groups reflected the known onset and duration of action of the analgesic used. Agreement between the internal and external assessors was excellent and indicated high precision between the 2 assessors for the population of dogs as a whole. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Behavioral and physiologic measurements can be used reliably to evaluate degree of pain in dogs during the postoperative period and their response to analgesics.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed1992

Testing systems for assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

To compare methods of measuring negative symptoms, eight rating scales were employed to retrospectively assess and subtype 187 patients with schizophrenia from the Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study. These included Andreasen's Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome, Kay and Opler's Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, the scales developed by Krawiecka et al and Crow's modification of them, the Negative Symptom Scale developed by Lewine et al, Pogue-Geile and Harrow's Negative Symptom Scale, and Abrams and Taylor's Emotional Blunting Scale. The overlap and concordance, temporal stability, and predictive validity of these instruments are described. When rated from detailed medical records, the reliability of all scales was fair to good. Despite their inclusion of different items, there were high positive correlations between the scales when used to rate negative symptoms dimensionally. When used to classify individual patients as having the negative or deficit syndrome, however, concordance among criteria was low. Using the broadest criteria (Pogue-Geile and Harrow), 75 (40%) patients were diagnosed as having negative syndrome; the narrowest criteria (Andreasen and Olsen) yielded 11 (6%) diagnoses of negative syndrome. Narrower definitions tended to be subsets of broader ones. Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome focus on primary enduring negative symptoms and show the greatest temporal stability. Broader criteria, which diagnose the deficit or negative syndrome independent of severity of positive symptoms, had the greatest predictive validity.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Comparing acculturation scales and their relationship to cancer screening among older Mexican-American women.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic women in the United States are less likely to participate in breast and cervical cancer screening than women of other racial and ethnic groups. To plan appropriate interventions requires an understanding of the barriers to participation, including those of acculturation and assimilation. Few studies have examined the effects of acculturation and assimilation on the cancer-screening behavior of Mexican-American women. PURPOSE: Because of the extensive use of the Cuellar acculturation scale and the more recent use of the Hazuda scale, we explore the utility of these two measures to predict Pap smear and mammography screening. Using a population-based sample of Mexican-American women aged 40 years and older, we compare the two scales with each other and describe their relationship to sociodemographic factors and to participation in cancer screening. METHODS: The data are from baseline surveys in El Paso and Houston, Tex., conducted before the implementation of community interventions to improve Pap smear and mammography screening in low-income Mexican-American women. Study subjects were 923 randomly selected Mexican-American women aged 40 years and older living in 16 El Paso census tracts and seven Houston census tracts. Personal interviews solicited information on age, martial and employment status, household annual income and size, education, health insurance coverage, Pap smear and mammogram history, and a series of acculturation dimensions. Acculturation was measured using the abbreviated version of the Cuellar scale developed for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984, and the Hazuda scale developed for the San Antonio Heart Study. The eight-item Cuellar acculturation scale assessed the extent to which Spanish and English were spoken, preferred, read, and written; the ethnic identification of the respondent and her parents; and generational status in the United States. The Hazuda scale assessed the following dimensions of acculturation: adult proficiency in English, adult pattern of English versus Spanish language usage, value placed on preserving Mexican cultural origin, attitude toward traditional family structure and sex-role organization, and adult interaction with members of mainstream society. RESULTS: The Cuellar scale was highly correlated with Hazuda's two language dimension. The Hazuda scale dimensions, Mexican cultural values and traditional family attitudes, correlated the least with Cuellar's scale. All the acculturation dimensions, Cuellar's and Hazuda's, were strongly associated with education and health insurance coverage. With the use of multiple logistic regression to adjust for education, health insurance, and other variables, English proficiency was a predictor of both a recent Pap smear and a recent mammogram. No other language-based acculturation dimension was associated with a recent screening with adjustment for education, health insurance, and other variables. However, in controlling for these factors, we found that a woman's attitude toward traditional family structure was related inversely to mammogram screening. That is, women who held the strongest traditional Mexican family attitudes were more likely to participate in mammography screening. CONCLUSION: This study shows the importance of separating the effects of acculturation on cancer screening from those due to social and economic conditions. Results suggest that the Hazuda scale provides a more multidimensional approach than the Cuellar scale and is a superior measure of the acculturation process. Traditional Mexican family attitudes positively influence mammogram-screening behavior, and this finding has implications for cancer control interventions in this population.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1990

[Quality of life of middle aged persons who have cancer].

This descriptive study was under taken to explore relationships among the quality of life, health locus of control and perceived state of health persons with cancer to contribute theoretical understanding about these phenomenon of interest to the quality of nursing care. The subjects of this were 200 persons with cancer (100-in patients and 100-out patients), both male and female, between 30 and 59 years of age. Data were obtained using a convenience sample technique from two university hospitals in seoul from August, 1989, to June, 1990. The instruments used for this study were the Quality of life scale developed by Ro, You-Ja and the Health Locus of Control scale developed by Wallston & Wallston. Data were analyzed using a SAS program for ANOVA, t-test, Schefffé test, Pearson Correlation Coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The scores on the quality of life scale ranged from 95 to 191 with as mean of 147.85 (range 47 to 235). The Mean scores (range 1-5) on the different dimensions were family relationships 3.50, relationships with neighbours 3.48, self-esteem 3.17, physical state and function 2.99, economic life 2.93 and emotional life 2.91. 2. Significantly higher scores on the quality of life and demographic characteristics were as follows: the quality of life for women (t = 2.80, p = .006), for those without complications (t = 2.54, p = .013), and for those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 4.85, p = .009). Higher scores on quality of life were correlated with the following: 1) emotional state and the age group 50-59 (F = 3.43, p = .34). 2) economic life and higher income (F = 6.72, p = .002), those without complications (t = 2.68, p = .00), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 3.11, p = .05). 3) self-esteem and marriage (F = 3.64, p = .028), those without complications (t = 2.18, p = .03), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 7.72, p = .000). 4) physical state and function and the age group 30-39 (F = 4.65, p = .010), those without complications (t = 2.00, p = .05), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 3.38, p = .04). 5) family relationship and those who live with their spouse (t = 2.82, p = .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The catatonia rating scale I--development, reliability, and use.

The study objective is to present reliability data on the Catatonia Rating Scale (CRS). The CRS is a 21-item clinician-administered rating scale. Items are individually defined and are scored from 0 (absent) to 4 (severe). A definition for each degree of severity is provided for each item. The diagnostic threshold for catatonia is 4 symptoms rated at least 2 (moderate). The CRS requires, at most, 45 minutes to administer. Reliability data were evaluated in a sample of 120 inpatients, 71 of whom were catatonic. Ratings were performed by 4 pairs of raters. Interrater reliability was high (Pearson correlation coefficient = .91 to .99, intraclass correlation coefficient = .94 to .99). Internal consistency was very good (Cronbach's alpha = .8890). Analysis of individual items showed that all were frequently endorsed and occurred across a wide range of severity. The CRS is a reliable rating scale for the diagnosis of catatonia. Advantages of the scale, areas of use, and clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗