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PubMed1997

Eight centuries of Madurese migration to East Java.

"Over the past eight centuries in Indonesia, a substantial and ceaseless stream of out-migration has been flowing from the tiny island of Madura, poor and overpopulated, to the slightly better-off, but just as overpopulated...island of Java. This out-migration to East Java of the Madurese--Indonesia's third largest ethnic group--is one of the group's most notable features. Over the centuries, this out-migration has taken diverse forms as it has responded to varied impetus and reflects Indonesia's diverse migratory currents, past and present. This article, which is the first to be done on the subject, explores a little known aspect of Madurese history and society."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Transience and settlement: Singapore's foreign labor policy.

"Foreigners constitute 15 percent of the population and over 20 percent of the labor force in Singapore.... This large foreign labor force is managed by a comprehensive and highly selective foreign labor policy, which is described in this paper. The strict enforcement of a guestworker policy of transience on the one hand, and the liberal encouragement of settlement on the other, are the twin pillars of this policy. Seen originally as a dispensable appendage to a labor-scarce economy, foreign labor has now become integral to the economic and increasingly, population policy of the country, as evidenced by the recent announcement of a national policy to ¿attract foreign talent'."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Quantitative international migration data for Thailand: an overview.

"This paper reviews the main characteristics of migration data for movements into and out of Thailand. It considers only international migration and it covers the following areas: (1) who collects and disseminates international migration data for Thailand; (2) what sorts of data are available; and (3) what are the major characteristics of these data. It is designed as a guide for persons using Thai migration data to help them interpret these data more clearly.... The paper concludes with some brief suggestions about how to improve migration data collection and dissemination in Thailand."

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Kinship networks and child fostering in labor migration from Ilocos, Philippines to Italy.

"This paper is an attempt to analyze the process of contemporary overseas labor migration from a village in the Ilocos region in the Philippines to Italy. As such, it will seek to outline the basic characteristics of the process of migration and examine them in relation to the local social structure. It will demonstrate how the Ilocanos responded to new opportunities of migration by manipulating existing social relations. Particular attention will be given to the process of constructing kinship networks among the migrants and the practice of fosterage in the homeland community, both of which are considered as adaptive processes to the new migration opportunity."

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Individual aspiration or family survival: rural-urban female migration in Malaysia.

"This paper analyzes the determinants of female migration to export processing zones (EPZs) in Malaysia. A comparison of the individual and household migration models reveals interesting and important contrasting results. First, the role played by the expected net income gains is opposite in the two models: negative in the individual model, positive in the household model. Second, family migration experience is significant in the individual model but not in the household model. Third, attitudes matter to the household decision on a daughter's migration but not in the individual model. These contrasting results suggest that explaining the daughter's migration decision may require more than separation of the individual motives and familial needs."

Asia↗
PubMed1984

Regional income differences and the definition of income: the case of Malaysia.

"Data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey are used to examine the sensitivity of urban/rural income differentials to the definition and measurement of income. Measured income differentials vary with the extent to which nonmarket activities are included in the scope of income, how the distribution of income is summarized, and whether one adjusts for differences in hours of work, household size and composition, ethnic composition, and other sociodemographic characteristics. For example, depending on the measure chosen, estimates of the amount by which urban income exceeds rural income in Malaysia range from 9 percent to 141 percent."

Asia↗
PubMed1999

Migrant labor takes a holiday. Reworking modernity and marginality in contemporary Thailand.

This paper examines the practice of working-class group excursions in Thailand, organized by and for rural labor migrants in Bangkok. These trips involve traditional forms of Buddhist ceremonial as well as more self-consciously "modern" sightseeing activities in distant regions of the country. More than just a welcome respite from the drudgery and discipline of factory jobs, these excursions allow labor migrants to make important claims about their experiences as members of the Thai nation-state. As tourist-consumers, migrant workers appropriate powerful signs and symbols of modern Thai identity and status, in doing so they contest (and at least partly rework) their material and ideological marginalization within contemporary Thai society.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Households, gender and rural-urban migration: reflections on linkages and considerations for policy.

"The aim of this paper is to argue the importance of considering ¿the household' in analyses of gender and rural-urban migration, both in respect of how it shapes the gender selectivity of migrant flows and how, in turn, the latter contributes to household diversity across rural and urban areas.... [It] examines the impacts of gender differentiated demographic mobility on contemporary household forms in rural and urban areas including reference to case study evidence from my own research in Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender relations and housing: a cross-community analysis.

Housing is not only a technological product, it is also a product of culture and gender relations. Gender differentiation in the means adopted to meet basic needs, access to religious spaces, social interaction, ownership and inheritance systems is reflected in built technology, affecting housing elements like the quality and size of space. And just as gender differentiation affects the structure of the house, so also the structure of the house reveals existing hierarchies and perpetuates different access to opportunities. It adds to difficulties in sharing household responsibility and comes in the way of efficiently running the household, affecting women's health and reinforcing existing gender relations. This paper studies gender relations as they affect housing in the case of the Newar community of Khokana village in Nepal. To highlight key points, illustrative examples are taken from a Karen and an Isan village in Thailand.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women in science, engineering and technology (SET): a report on the Indonesian experience.

This paper presents the preliminary results of a study by the Gender Working Group, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, on women's contribution to, and benefits to women from, science, engineering and technology (SET), specifically the benefits accruing to disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas in Indonesia. Previous studies on the participation of women in SET have shown the under-representation of women in all SET activities, including decision-making and advisory positions. However, some studies have shown that if gender perspectives are included in the design and implementation of development activities, disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas could greatly benefit from SET in development projects. The two case studies in North Sulawesi and Central Lombok provinces show that the projects have enabled the expansion of employment opportunities for women and thus increased their technical skills and income. In addition, the projects have also contributed to enhancing women's self-confidence, self-reliance and communication skills.

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Drug problem in southeast and southwest Asia.

In 2002, the drug problem in Southeast and Southwest Asia was serious, particularly in the production of opium and heroin in Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Laos, the three largest producers of illicit opium in the world. The increasing illicit manufacture of ATS, particularly methamphetamine, in Southeast Asia, mainly in China and Myanmar, was also a major concern. Some reports indicated that ephedrine, used for illicitly producing methamphetamine in Southeast Asia, is diverted and smuggled out of China and India, whereas caffeine, the adulterant used for producing methamphetamine tablets, is mainly smuggled into Myanmar through its border with Thailand. Seizure data showed a dramatic increase in trafficking in MDMA through Southeast Asia. In terms of the drug epidemic, in 2002, cannabis remained overall the main drug of abuse in all of the countries of Southeast and Southwest Asia. Opiates, mainly opium and heroin, were also the drugs of choice except in Thailand, where opiate abuse declined, but ATS was the main drug of abuse due to its low cost and availability. A significant increase in ATS abuse, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA among the youth who smoked, sniffed, and inhaled them was reported in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand. Injecting drug use among opiate abusers has been identified as the prime cause of the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and Southwest Asia.

Asia, Southeastern↗