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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Body composition in children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Changes in body composition are commonly reported in pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the effect of ALL and of its treatment on body composition in children in remission from ALL has not been fully examined with the use of a reference method. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the body composition and composition of fat-free mass (FFM) in children in remission from ALL. We also aimed to compare the effects that prednisolone and dexamethasone had on the body composition of an ALL survivor population. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study measured height, weight, body volume, total body water, and bone mineral content in 24 children in remission from ALL and 24 age-matched, healthy control subjects. Body composition and FFM composition were evaluated by using the 4-component model. RESULTS: The mean body mass index and fat mass index were significantly (P = 0.05 for both) higher in the ALL survivors than in age-matched control subjects. The composition of the FFM in the 2 treatment groups was not observed to differ significantly. Examination of the composition of FFM made it evident that children in remission from ALL had both significantly greater hydration (P = 0.001) and lower density (P = 0.0001) of FFM than did the control children. CONCLUSIONS: Children in remission from ALL may develop excess body fat. To measure body composition accurately in an ALL population, the high hydration and low density of FFM in this population should be taken into consideration.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1975

Body composition at menarche: The Frisch-Revelle hypothesis revisited.

Figures for height and weight and derived values for total body water and fat were assembled for groups of girls with a variety of disorders to examine their conformity to the hypothesis of Frisch and Revelle that menarche occurs at a "critical" weight associated with a decline in metabolic rate and achievement of a characteristic body composition. The groups examined included girls with unusually tall stature, central idiopathic precocity, precocity associated with hypothyroidism, girls with hypothyroidism but lacking signs of sexual maturation, one group with gonadal dysgenesis, and another of girls with obesity. Girls with tall stature significantly exceeded the "critical" weight of 47.8 kg before achieving menarche but had onset of menses in accordance with the body composition hypothesis. The body composition of girls with idiopathic sex precocity was altered toward that at menarche of normals although the patients were much smaller and younger. The same trend was exaggerated in girls in whom precocity was associated with hypothyroidism; equally hypothyroid girls showing no signs of adolescent development had body compositions similar to those of age-matched controls. Girls with gonadal dysgenesis showed an alteration in body composition paralleling that of normals between the ages when the latter begin the pubertal growth spurt and achieve menarche. Girls under 8 years of age with simple obesity had an even greater percentage of body fat than normal menarchal girls but showed no signs of puberty. It is concluded that menarche is not necessarily triggered by achievement of a critical body weight or lowering of metabolism. Neither are the rising levels of estrogen in adolescence solely responsible for the characteristic increase in body fat. Only the data on girls with obesity failed to accord with the generalization that, when the ovaries are competent, menarche is highly correlated with achievement of a characteristic body composition. The observations, particularly in gonadal dysgenesis, suggest the pituitary gonadotropins may play a role in determining body composition in menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Nutrition affects fat-free body composition in broiler chickens.

The independence of fat-free body composition from nutrition is assumed in most models that simulate animal growth. This assumption has not been investigated extensively. We studied the allometric relationships between water and ash with protein in growing broiler chickens and tested whether the amounts of water or ash at a given protein weight was affected by nutritional factors. Two experiments, each with a 2 x 9 factorial design, were conducted using male broiler chickens of two body weight ranges [200-800 g (expt. 1) and 800-1600 g (expt. 2)]. The treatment factors were two levels of feed intake and nine dietary ideal protein to protein-free energy ratios (PE-ratio). Protein was balanced for amino acid content. The allometric relationships of water and ash with protein were different for carcass and organs. The relationship between water and protein was not affected by nutrition, except for a 7% reduction in water weight at a fixed protein weight in the carcass in expt. 1 at the lowest compared with the highest PE-ratio (P < 0.001). The relationship between ash and protein was strongly affected by nutrition. The lowest PE-ratio increased ash weight at a fixed protein weight in the carcass by up to 28%, compared with the highest PE-ratio (P < 0.001). We conclude that, at least for modern meat-type animals, nutrition can significantly affect fat-free body composition at a certain fat-free body weight. The nutritional effects on fat-free body composition could be incorporated into models of the chemical body composition of growing animals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Body composition in adolescent athletes.

This article has set out to provide basic knowledge about body composition in athletic and nonathletic adolescents and young adults and to provide the practicing physician with methods of making body composition assessment. We suggest the physician approach the adolescent athlete who requests information about body composition in the following way: 1. Calculate the ideal body weight. 2. Estimate the percentage of body fat, realizing the errors associated with each method. If a body composition laboratory is available, use that equipment. In the absence of this equipment, we recommend the equations of Slaughter et al, given earlier. 3. The athlete should be given a range of percentage of body fat values measured in other athletes of the same gender and sport. Health and performance should be monitored as the athlete attempts to achieve or maintain body composition in this range. 4. If the athlete has an interest in altering body composition, then recommend the athlete seek the advice of a professional who has expertise in nutrition and physiology.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of body composition: practical guidelines.

The measurement of body composition in the truest sense allows for the estimation of body tissues, organs, and their distributions in living persons without inflicting harm. It is important to recognize that there is no single measurement method that is error-free. Furthermore, bias can be introduced if a measurement method makes assumptions related to body composition proportions and characteristics that are inaccurate across different populations. Some methodologic concerns include hydration of fat-free body mass changes with age and differences across ethnic groups [73]; the density of fat-free body mass changes with age and differences between men and women [74, 75]; total body potassium decreases with age [73] and fatness [76] and differences between African Americans and Caucasians [77]; the mass of skeletal muscle differences across race group [63]; and VAT differences across sex [78] and race [67, 79, 80] groups, independent of total adiposity. These between-group differences influence the absolute accuracy of methods for estimating fatness or FFM that involve the two-compartment model approach. The clinical significance of the body compartment to be measured should be determined before a measurement method is selected, because the more advanced techniques are less accessible and more costly.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

[Relationship between pregestational body mass index and body composition in the immediate puerperium].

To determine the correlation between pregestational body mass index and certain body composition parameters measured by bioelectric impedance (percentage of fat weight, fat mass, and lean weight) and to compare the body composition of women in immediate puerperal period with non-pregnant women, a cross sectional study was done including 86 women in physiologic puerperal period and 90 healthy non-pregnant women, from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, in Chihuahua, Mexico, aged 16 to 40 years old. The variables considered were the body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, percentage of fat, fat mass, lean weight, total water and bio-resistance. Body composition was measured by bioelectric impedance (BIO) from 4 to 12 hours after delivery. Correlation coefFicient for BMI and percentage of fat was r = 0.66 (p < 0.01), and for BMI and fat mass, it was r = 0.74 (p < 0.01). In non-pregnant women the total water was 35.5 +/- 5 L and in women in the immediate puerperal period 38.5 +/- 5 L (p < 0.01). In conclusion, BMI before pregnancy is a suitable predictor for body composition in the puerperal period. However, it does not discriminate important variables such as total body water, so it may be convenient to use BIA for surveillance of body composition during pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Development of methods for body composition studies.

This review is focused on experimental methods for determination of the composition of the human body, its organs and tissues. It summarizes the development and current status of fat determinations from body density, total body water determinations through the dilution technique, whole and partial body potassium measurements for body cell mass estimates, in vivo neutron activation analysis for body protein measurements, dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, fMRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) for body composition studies on tissue and organ levels, as well as single- and multiple-frequency bioimpedance (BIA) and anthropometry as simple easily available methods. Methods for trace element analysis in vivo are also described. Using this wide range of measurement methods, together with gradually improved body composition models, it is now possible to quantify a number of body components and follow their changes in health and disease.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition.

A new device based on the plethysmographic measurement of body volume has been developed for the purpose of estimating human body composition. The device, the BOD POD Body Composition System, uses the relationship between pressure and volume to derive the body volume of a subject seated inside a fiberglass chamber. Derivation of body volume, together with measurement of body mass, permits calculation of body density and subsequent estimation of percent fat and fat-free mass. Critical issues which have hampered prior plethysmographic approaches are discussed. The present system's ability to measure the volume of inanimate objects was evaluated for accuracy, reliability, and linearity. Twenty successive tests of a known volume (50,039 ml) on two separate days produced values of 50,037 +/- 12.7 ml and 50,030 +/- 13.5 ml (mean +/- SD) for each day, respectively. The CV for these series were 0.025% and 0.027%. Further testing across a wide range of volumes approximating human size (25-150 1) produced the following regression equation where y = measured volume (1) and x = actual volume (1): y = 0.9998x - 0.0274, r2 = 1.0, SEE = 0.004 1. The resultant device is likely to enhance opportunities for the quick, simple and noninvasive measurement of body composition for both research and clinical applications.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Need for body composition information in elderly subjects.

The need for accurate body composition information in elderly subjects is becoming more important as greater numbers of people reach older ages. An overview is given to describe some of the practical reasons why body composition data are necessary in various applied settings. Major changes in the body mass components and body dimensions are described to provide an enhanced awareness of the utility and increased needs for body composition information in applied and research settings. These needs for additional body composition data in elderly subjects include the following uses: to prevent malnutrition in institutionalized persons: to screen for health risks; to plan intervention and evaluate therapy; to study mechanisms of fat pattern change and correlates of stature loss; to study associations among fat patterning and mortality; as a prognostic indicator for conditions receiving treatment; and to develop improved reference standards for ambulatory and nonambulatory elderly persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Relation between hormones and body composition, including bone, in prepubertal children.

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in body composition exist before puberty, but the reason for this phenomenon is unknown. The physical changes that occur during puberty are mediated, in part, through sex steroids, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and leptin. However, data are lacking that address the extent to which concentrations of these hormones influence body composition, bone mass, and density in prepubertal children. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of IGF-I, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex steroids on body composition and fat distribution and the effects of these hormones and leptin on total body bone mineral content (TBMC) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine (LS) in 255 healthy children (137 girls), aged 7-8 y. DESIGN: Body composition, fat distribution, TBMC, and vBMD were derived by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Association between variables was examined by using regression analysis. RESULTS: No sex differences were found in age, height, or weight. However, girls had significantly more total body fat, trunk fat, and higher LS vBMD but significantly less fat-free soft tissue, TBMC, and femoral neck vBMD than did boys. Girls also had significantly (P < 0.001) higher IGF-I, estradiol, testosterone, and leptin concentrations than did boys. Estradiol concentrations predicted percentage body fat, which supported an effect of estrogen on fat storage. Leptin had an independent effect on LS vBMD, which suggests a positive effect for leptin on trabecular bone. CONCLUSIONS: The hormones examined explained 3-17% of the variations in body-composition measures, fat distribution, and bone density, which suggests that other factors are important predictors of prepubertal sexual dimorphism.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Bedside methods versus dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurement in COPD.

The measurement of body composition is of value in the nutritional assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of the present study was to compare two bedside methods for the measurement of body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as a reference method. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured using DEXA, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfold anthropometry (SFA) in a cohort of 85 COPD patients accepted for pulmonary rehabilitation. Patients whose body mass index was >30 were excluded. Relative to DEXA, BIA underestimated FFM, whereas it was overestimated by SFA. There was a systematic increase in bias with mean FFM for both DEXA versus BIA and DEXA versus SFA, but this was almost eliminated when results were expressed as FFM index. Significant sex differences in the bias of BIA and SFA measurements of FFM were found. Forty-two (49.4%) patients were identified as nutritionally depleted using DEXA. Compared to DEXA, the sensitivity for detecting nutritional depletion was 86 and 74% for BIA and SFA, respectively, and the specificity 88 and 98%, respectively. There are significant intermethod differences in the measurement of body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The choice of measurement method will have implications for nutritional assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of body composition in the healthy adult.

Information obtained from body composition assessment can provide a foundation for the development of weight-loss and exercise guidelines. The ideal method for assessing body composition in the clinical setting should be relatively inexpensive, as convenient as possible for the individual, reproducible and accurate, and helpful in evaluation considerations (Lohman, 1992). It appears that skinfold thickness measurements could have specific advantages in the clinical setting when compared to bioelectrical impedance and traditional methods of using height and weight. Ideally, body composition assessment should be an integral component of the physical examination of the healthy adult.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Energy expenditure, body composition, and biochemical indicators in healthy community women.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on the associations between energy expenditure (EE), body composition (lean mass, fat mass, body mass index), and biochemical indicators (leptin, glucagon, insulin, cortisol, and triglycerides) among 17 sedentary African-American and Caucasian women living in the community (age, 40.7+/-6.0 years; body mass index, 32.8+/-9.0 kg/m2). Measurements included total, resting, and sleeping EE (via whole-room indirect calorimetery), body composition (via air-displacement plethysmography), body mass index, and biochemical indicators (leptin, glucagon, cortisol, insulin, and triglycerides). Analysis of associations between EE and body composition showed that EE increased with increasing body size, with lean mass explaining 79%, 71%, and 73% of the variability in total, resting, and sleeping EE, respectively. Analysis of associations between body composition and the biochemical indicators showed that leptin, glucagon, and insulin were positively correlated with increasing body size, whereas cortisol was negatively correlated with increasing body size. Analysis of associations between EE and biochemical indicators prior to controlling for body size showed that leptin was positively correlated with EE, and that the correlation between leptin and sleeping EE was significantly greater than the correlation between leptin and resting EE. After controlling for body size, the correlations between leptin and EE were no longer significant, and the partial correlation between leptin and sleeping EE was no longer significantly different from the partial correlation between leptin and resting EE. Glucagon was positively correlated with EE, but not after controlling for body composition. Future research should incorporate the use of sleeping EE in addition to resting EE, since clearly, for some biochemicals such as leptin and glucagon, this distinction is important. Methodological improvements may provide better insight into the effects of obesity modulating hormones.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Body composition in bulimia nervosa patients compared to healthy females.

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to anorexia nervosa there is a lack of research on body composition in bulimia nervosa patients. The aim of the study was to examine the body composition in underweight, normal-weight and overweight bulimia nervosa patients in comparison with healthy sedentary females, to assess the changes in body composition and subcutaneous fat after five months treatment, and to analyze the relation between body composition variables. DESIGN: The body composition of 138 female bulimia nervosa patients and 188 healthy sedentary females was studied using underwater weighing and skinfold measurements. RESULTS: A good agreement was found between the results obtained by underwater weighing and skinfold measurements. Normal-weight bulimics and control subjects did not differ significantly in body composition. In comparison with healthy controls, underweight and overweight bulimics showed a lower or higher percentage body fat, respectively. In underweight bulimics the fat mass increased after five months of treatment, whereas it decreased in normal-weight and overweight patients in comparison with control subjects. In bulimics more significant relations between body composition variables were found than in the controls. CONCLUSION: Body composition of bulimia nervosa patients may show great differences related to their (varying) body weight. Future research should take the patients' body weight into account.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory and field measurements of body composition.

OBJECTIVE: This background paper was prepared in response to a request to review the concepts related to measurement of body composition, to discuss laboratory and field methods of assessing body composition and to discuss the practical applications of the methods--how they might be used singly or in combination to provide data for a selected population. DESIGN: The common laboratory and field methods are described and discussed, with particular attention to the assumptions involved and the applicability of the methods to the different population groups. Most measurements of body composition are made in the field, at the bedside or clinic as opposed to in the laboratory. The laboratory methods have a role to play in their own right, in research into new concepts, models and methods. However, they are particularly important in establishing the accuracy of the field methods. SETTING: Field, bedside and laboratory studies. SUBJECTS: Children, adults, the elderly, ethnic groups. RESULTS: Laboratory estimates of body compositions are best performed by multi-component methods or by 2-component methods adjusted for to the populations under investigation. There is a scarcity of data for most of the populations in the world. CONCLUSIONS: Energy requirements based on body weight are an approximation since they do not take into account differences in body composition, which will better determine the true requirements. The measurement of body composition occurs in many branches of biology and medicine. It is used in the assessment of nutritional and growth status and in disease states and their treatment. Energy stores, skeletal muscle and protein content can be determined and changes monitored. In human energetics, body composition is widely used for the standardisation of other variables, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in the assessments of ethnic and environmental differences and of variability and adaptation to different levels of nutrition. Choosing a method is very problematic. Users want simple, inexpensive, rapid, safe accurate methods to measure body composition but speed and simplicity come at the expense of accuracy. Recommendations are made for age, sex, and in some cases, fatness and ethnic specific methods.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Pitfalls in the assessment of body composition in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

BACKGROUND: Body fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) in childhood are often estimated by conversion of a measured variable into compartmental body composition using constants or regression equations that have been previously derived in healthy individuals. Application of such constants or equations to children with disease states may lead to inappropriate conclusions since the "normal" relationships may become altered. AIMS AND METHODS: To test this hypothesis by taking measurements of body composition using dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as a "gold standard" method and calculating hydration and body potassium constants using isotopic water dilution and whole body potassium counting. Measurements of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) by two different analysers (RJL and Holtain) were also performed to allow comparison with body water measurements. RESULTS: Measurements were performed in 35 children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and compared to those in 21 children treated for a variety of other malignancies and 32 healthy sibling controls. The mean hydration and potassium content of FFM was significantly reduced in the ALL group compared to both other malignancies and controls. Application of equations derived from controls for the measurement of FFM derived from bioelectrical impedance led to an underestimation of 1.15 kg when compared to that derived from DEXA in children treated for ALL but not in other malignancies. For all groups combined, BIA was significantly different in the two analysers. CONCLUSION: Care needs to be taken in the application of equations derived from the normal population to body composition measurement in children treated for ALL.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1988

Quantitative parameters of body composition and theophylline disposition.

The BA-101 Body Composition Analyzer provides values for percent fat, percent and total body water, percent lean body weight, and the lean to fat ratio. In 16 healthy adult male subjects, the volume of distribution of theophylline was found to be strongly correlated with the lean/fat ratio (r = .767) and to the percent fat (r = (-)0.79). Knowledge of body composition, however, did not allow for a more accurate prediction of a starter dose of theophylline.

Adipose Tissue↗