SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Butorphanol”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed1988

Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol.

Butorphanol kinetics were studied in 8 young (23-34 years of age) and 9 elderly (65-79 years of age) healthy male subjects following a single, intravenous 2-mg dose of butorphanol tartrate. Plasma and blood concentrations collected over 24 h were analyzed by a second antibody radioimmunoassay for unchanged drug. Systemic blood clearance (21.29 +/- 7.18 ml/min/kg), apparent steady-state volume of distribution (9.02 +/- 2.40 liters/kg), distribution half-life (7.67 +/- 4.66 min), and the blood/plasma concentration ratio (1.21 +/- 0.36) in the elderly did not differ from those in the younger subjects. However, the terminal elimination half-life was significantly prolonged in the elderly (5.51 +/- 2.49 versus 3.67 +/- 0.52 h, p less than 0.05). Positive correlations between age and terminal elimination half-life and volume of distribution were noted. Our data suggest that young and old subjects attain similar plasma concentrations after single doses; however, longer dosing intervals may be necessary for multiple dosing in the elderly. The appropriate dosing interval for butorphanol needs to be assessed in elderly patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of hemodynamic effects of morphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine and pentazocine on ICU patients.

Morphine and narcotic agonist-antagonists have been used to assist ICU patients in adapting to mechanical ventilation. In this study, 10 mg of morphine and the equipotent doses of synthetic analgesics, 2 mg of butorphanol, 0.6 mg of buprenorphine or 30 mg of pentazocine were administered intravenously to 29 patients requiring a ventilator. Hemodynamic effects on the heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index, stroke index, left ventricular stroke work index, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were measured. The hemodynamic effects of the four drugs were mild and not statistically significant except for the reduction in PCWP and the increase in PVR after morphine and the increase in MAP and MPAP after pentazocine administration. These doses of the four drugs could be given safely even in critically ill patients. The hemodynamic effects of these analgesics showed a similarity between the administration of butorphanol and morphine, and between buprenorphine and pentazocine. This study demonstrates that morphine and butorphanol are preferred to the cases with hypertension, increased pulmonary arterial pressure or wedge pressure and that pentazocine and buprenorphine are more suitable for the cases with hypotension or hypovolemia.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Visceral analgesia: effects of xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine in horses.

The visceral analgesic, cardiorespiratory, and behavioral effects induced by xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine were determined in 9 adult horses with colic. Colic was produced by inflating a balloon in the horses' cecum. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output increased after cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine and butorphanol decreased the hemodynamic response to cecal balloon inflation. Meperidine and pentazocine had minimal effects on the cardiorespiratory changes induced by cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine produced the most pronounced visceral analgesia. The duration of visceral analgesia was longest with xylazine (approx 90 minutes) followed by butorphanol (approx 60 min) and then by meperidine and pentazocine (approx 30 to 35 min). Accurate assessment of the effects of visceral analgesics is dependent upon the use of objective tests to evaluate pain.

Analgesia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disposition of parenteral butorphanol in man.

The metabolism and elimination of 3H-butorphanol (levo-3, 14-dihydroxy-N-(cyclobutylmethyl)[15-3H]morhinan) tartrate were determined in man after therapeutic im (2 mg) and iv (1 mg) doses. As judged from urinary excretion of radioactivity, the im dose was completely absorbed. Butorphanol was rapidly distributed to tissues, had a plasma half-life of about 3 hr, and was extensively metabolized prior to elimination. The major route of elimination was renal, with fecal excretion being a minor route. Hydroxybutorphanol [3, 14-dihydroxy-N-(trans-3'-hydroxycyclobutylmethyl)morphinan] was isolated and identified as a major urinary metabolite and was also present in the plasma. The disposition of butorphanol is compared and contrasted to the disposition of morphine and pentazocine.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

The effects of morphine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol on adrenergic function in canine saphenous veins.

Saphenous vein rings mounted in organ chambers containing Krebs-Ringer solution were used to determine if the venodilator effects of morphine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol are the result of interference with adrenergic neurotransmission or are caused by direct depressant actions on venous smooth muscle cells. Morphine (5 X 10(-5) M and 2 X 10(-4) M) caused a dose-dependent depression of the contractile response to transmural electrical stimulation. H1- and H2- histamine antagonists did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of morphine. Concentrations of morphine and nalbuphine lower than 5 X 10(-5) M had no effect, whereas 5 X 10(-6) M butorphanol significantly depressed the evoked tension response to electrical stimulation. The contractile responses of the veins to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) were not altered by morphine, indicating a presynaptic site of action rather than a direct action on the venous smooth muscle. Transmural electrical stimulation was used to evoke release of endogenous NE. Morphine (5 X 10(-5) M and 2 X 10(-4) M), nalbuphine (2 X 10(-4) M), and butorphanol (4 X 10(-6) M) significantly decreased release of NE. Naloxone did not alter NE release and did not attenuate the inhibition of NE release observed with the opiates, indicating that the effect of morphine on this neuroeffector junction is not mediated by a naloxone-sensitive opiate receptor. Blockade of presynaptic alpha receptors by phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine augments NE release caused by transmural electrical stimulation; morphine inhibited this augmentation. The results of these experiments indicate that high concentrations of morphine may decrease NE release, an effect that may contribute to the venodilation and hypotension observed following administration of high doses of morphine in humans. In the usual analgesic doses, the venodilatory effects of morphine cannot be explained by local action on either NE release or venous smooth muscle contractility.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed1983

[Physical dependence liabilities of butorphanol, a narcotic antagonist, and its main metabolites, norbutorphanol and hydroxybutorphanol].

After the intravenous injection of butorphanol or norbutorphanol in rats every 1 hr for 3 days, naloxone-induced body weight loss and withdrawal syndrome were observed to some degree. A slow-released emulsion containing each of the test drugs was injected subcutaneously in guinea-pigs, and naloxone was administered after 2 or 3 days. BT caused little jumping response even at a dose of 600 mg/kg, and the reaction was significantly weaker than that of pentazocine. No jumping responses were recognized in the cases of NB (600 mg/kg). In morphinized rats, the injection of BT or HB caused potent body weight loss, and these rats exhibited withdrawal syndrome which was more potent than that by pentazocine at the same dose. The body weight losses by the injection of NB and pentazocine were to the same degree, and these changes were significantly different from that of the saline control. BT inhibited the adenylate cyclase activity of the rat caudate nuclei, and the effect was weaker than that of pentazocine. NB showed a slight inhibition, and HB had no effect on the activity. These results suggest that the physical dependence liability of butorphanol is less than that of pentazocine, and the potent mu-antagonistic character of butorphanol is based on the liability. NB, a mu-agonist, makes dependence production possible. The ability of HB is negligible.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of butorphanol, nalbuphine, and fentanyl on intrabiliary tract dynamics.

The effects of equianalgesic doses of fentanyl citrate (100 micrograms; n = 20), butorphanol tartrate (2 mg; n = 20), and nalbuphine hydrochloride (10 mg; n = 16) on biliary tract dynamics were examined in patients anesthetized with enflurane-nitrous oxide. After removal of the gall bladder, the common bile duct or cystic duct remnant was cannulated with an 18-gauge catheter. Using a modified Caroli apparatus, control measurements of flow through the common bile duct into the duodenum over 60 sec and resting intrabiliary tract pressure were obtained. Patients then were given one of the drugs intravenously and measurements were repeated 5 min later. Flow rates decreased 35%, 21%, and 13% after fentanyl, butorphanol, and nalbuphine, respectively. Similarly, resting intrabiliary tract pressures increased by 23%, 12%, and 6%, respectively. All changes were statistically significant (P less than 0.05) except for the increase in intrabiliary tract pressure after nalbuphine. Likewise, the incidence of decreases in flow rate or increases in intrabiliary tract pressure more than 20% was greater after fentanyl than after either butorphanol or nalbuphine. Agonist-antagonist analgesics may be advantageous in patients with known or suspected biliary tract disease.

Bile↗

PubMed1983

Effect of Morphine and butorphanol on gallbladder emptying.

In the search for the most appropriate analgesic for patients with biliary tract and pancreatic pain, the authors compared the effect of morphine and the opiate agonist-antagonist butorphanol on gallbladder contraction and emptying stimulated by cholecystokinin octapeptide. Morphine markedly inhibited gallbladder emptying while butorphanol only slightly delayed it. Compared with morphine, the effect of butorphanol was minimal; the latter, therefore, seems to be a suitable analgesic for the treatment of pain of biliary tract or pancreatic origin.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Hemodynamic effects of butorphanol-oxygen anesthesia in dogs.

The cardiovascular effects of two intravenous rates of butorphanol infusion (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg/min) were measured in 32 dogs breathing oxygen and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Sixteen dogs were premedicated with atropine and the other 16 were unpremedicated. Of the dogs receiving the higher dose infusion rate, 25% moved with a tail-clamp stimulus whereas 75% moved with the lower doses. Butorphanol produced significant but similar cardiovascular depression with the two rates of infusion irrespective of the presence or absence of atropine medication. Addition of nitrous oxide resulted in further cardiac depression in all groups studied. The data suggest that butorphanol is not an attractive alternative to morphine or fentanyl as a narcotic anesthetic.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol tartrate in horses.

The cardiopulmonary and behavioral effects of butorphanol were evaluated in pain-free adult horses. Butorphanol tartrate was administered IV in doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg to the same horses on 3 separate occasions. There were no significant (P less than 0.05) changes in heart rate, mean and diastolic arterial pressure, mean and diastolic pulmonary arterial blood pressure, or cardiac output recorded in the horses given these doses. Systolic arterial blood pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in only the horses given the 0.2 mg/kg dose. Significant (P greater than 0.05) changes in electrocardiographic intervals, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas values, or pH were not recorded. Increasing IV doses of butorphanol resulted in varied behavioral changes, but were predominantly excitatory.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Cardiorespiratory effects of glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-xylazine combination, with and without nasal administration of oxygen in dogs.

Cardiopulmonary consequences of IV administered glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg of body weight), followed in 11 +/- 2 minutes by butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg), were evaluated in 6 dogs, with and without nasal administration of oxygen (100 ml/kg/min). Glycopyrrolate caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and cardiac index and significant (P < 0.05) decreases in stroke index. Subsequent administration of butorphanol and xylazine was associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PaCO2, venous admixture, oxygen extraction ratio, and hemoglobin concentration. It caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in cardiac index, stroke index, breathing rate, minute volume index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption. Mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, tidal volume index, and minute volume index were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs were breathing room air. The arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2, and venous oxygen content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and the arterial and venous pH, and oxygen consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) lower when oxygen was administered. Pulsus alternans and S-T segment depression were observed in dogs of both groups. Ventricular premature contractions were observed in 1 dog breathing room air. All dogs were intubated briefly 15 minutes after administration of butorphanol and xylazine. Time to first spontaneous movement was 45 minutes. All dogs remained in lateral recumbency without physical restraint for 60 minutes.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Transnasal butorphanol.

Transnasal administration of systemic medication offers a convenient alternative to intravenous and intramuscular routes. Butorphanol, a noncontrolled, synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic is available in a nasal spray formulation. Transnasal butorphanol appears to be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of moderate to severe postoperative and migraine headache pain. Side effects include sedation, nausea and confusion; transnasal butorphanol also has the potential to induce abstinence syndromes in opioid-dependent patients.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of analgesia and cardiorespiratory effects of epidurally administered butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine variations in minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of lumbosacral epidural administration of 0.25 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight in dogs. ANIMALS: 16 healthy male dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane alone. Eight dogs received butorphanol (group B) and the others an equal volume of isotonic saline solution (group S) administered by a catheter inserted in the lumbosacral epidural space. Isoflurane MAC was determined before and 30 minutes after the epidural injection, along with noxious stimulation to the fore- and bind limbs. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded prior to and until 120 minutes after epidural administration. At that time, isoflurane anesthesia was ended, and nociception (toe pinch and pin-prick responses) was evaluated for 7 hours. Dogs were observed for 3 days to determine presence of neurologic side effects. RESULTS: For group-B dogs, isoflurane MAC decreased by 31 +/- 8.6% after butorphanol was administered Cutaneous insensitivity (to pin-prick nociceptive test) persisted for 3 hours after the end of isoflurane anesthesia in group-B dogs. No response was observed to toe pinch stimulation for 80 minutes after anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural administration of 0.25 mg of butorphanol/kg in dogs was safe; minimal cardiorespiratory and no neurologic side effects were observed, and analgesia and an isoflurane-sparing effect were apparent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The short duration of action of epidurally administered butorphanol limits its value for clinical practice.

Analgesia, Epidural↗

PubMed1997

Use of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in ratites.

Anesthetic effects of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane in ratites (9 emus, 3 rheas, 6 ostriches) were determined. Anesthetic treatments included 4 regimens: induction and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, preanesthetic tranquilization with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, induction of anesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane, and preanesthetic tranquilization with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction of anesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane. None of the birds developed irreversible adverse effects, but 2 developed brady cardia (1 was treated with atropine and responded) and 2 others developed transient apnea. Intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam produced rapid and smooth induction of anesthesia in adult ostriches.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

PubMed1997

Anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ), alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats undergoing laparotomy for embryo collection. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial with crossover design. ANIMALS: 9 adult female goats. PROCEDURE: Goats were anesthetized twice: once with TZ (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight, i.v.) and once with tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], i.v.). Additional doses of TZ (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg [0.23 to 0.45 mg/lb], i.v.] were administered as needed to maintain a surgical anesthetic plane. Time to sternal recumbency was recorded, and quality of induction was scored. Arterial pressures, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 minutes; arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes. Oxygen was insufflated if estimated saturation of hemoglobin in peripheral arterial blood with oxygen was < 90%; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was performed if goats became apneic. Muscle relaxation, quality of anesthesia, and eye signs were scored every 15 minutes during anesthesia. Anesthesia time was recorded, and quality of recovery and degree of postoperative analgesia were scored. Plasma cortiso concentration was measured before induction, immediately after extubation, and 2 hours after extubation. RESULTS: Induction was rapid and smooth. Five goats regurgitated, 3 required supplemental oxygen, and 1 required intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, but none of the goats became hypotensive. Muscle relaxation and quality of anesthesia were adequate. Goats recovered from anesthesia without complications. We did not detect any significant differences between anesthetic regimens for any of the variables measured, except bicarbonate concentration and base excess. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: TZ at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg was satisfactory for anesthetic induction in goats; additional doses can be given to extend anesthesia time, but addition of butorphanol at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to this regimen does not seem to provide any measurable benefit. An oxygen source and a means of assisting ventilation should be available.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1978

Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of morphine and butorphanol.

The hemodynamic effects of butorphanol, a potent synthetic narcotic-antagonist analgesic, were investigated and compared with those of morphine. A total of 20 patients were studied (8 butorphanol, 12 morphine) at the time of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Butorphanol decreased pH, PCO2, and systemic artery pressure and increased PCO2, cardiac index, and pulmonary artery pressure. Morphine caused similar changes in pH, PO2, systemic artery pressure, and PCO2 but much smaller changes in cardiac index and no change in pulmonary artery pressure. The clinical implications and possible mechanisms are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Analgesic evaluation of butorphanol in patients with postoperative wound pain.

Two agonist/antagonist analgesics, butorphanol tartrate (test) and pentazocine hydrochloride (standard), were compared in volunteer informed patients experiencing postoperative wound pain. The relative potency (p) is 0.04 (1 mg butorphanol equals 24.3 mg of pentazocine lactate) with upper and lower confidence limits of 0.01 and 0.07 respectively. Butorphanol tartrate in the higher dose appears to have longer duration of effect. The side effects were comparable in the population studied.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1984

Serum concentrations of PRL, GH, LH, FSH, TSH and cortisol after single administration to man of a new synthetic narcotic analgesic butorphanol.

The i.m. administration to 6 healthy adult male volunteers of 2 mg butorphanol, a potent synthetic opiate analgesic, resulted in a significant rise in serum PRL level, without affecting GH, LH, FSH, TSH or cortisol secretion. These effects indicate that in man butorphanol exerts an opiate agonist rather than an opiate antagonist effect at the hypothalamic and/or pituitary level.

Adult↗