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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Linking mechanical injury to multiple non-communicable diseases: a hypothesis.

Expelling materials forcefully from any of the body orifices during coughing or Valsalva manoeuvre (straining) on defaecation generates a sudden rise in pressure in the head, chest and abdomen simultaneously with compression of structures contained therein, resulting in a widespread crushing effect. Clinical observations that provide instances of major focal injuries due to this mechanical factor, evoke an argument that other, minor, concealed, recurrent injuries exist. The cumulative effects of these recurrent mechanical injuries and the body responses to them cannot be totally chaotic and are bound to result in focal and/or systemic effects resembling those due to common non-communicable diseases. On the other hand, major environmental risk factors of common non-communicable diseases are found to be responsible directly or indirectly for forceful expulsion of materials from body orifices. Thus, because of the observed non-random pattern of relationships which are unlikely to be due to chance it is tempting to speculate that mechanical injury may be an important common pathway linking diverse environmental risk factors with common non-communicable diseases.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

Shelters for battered women and their children: an under-recognized source of communicable disease transmission.

A survey of 73 full-time government-funded shelters for battered women and their children from five geographic regions in 15 states provided information on communicable disease problems and control measures (focusing on diarrheal illness). Outbreaks of diarrheal illness involving more than 10 persons were reported by 12 per cent (9/73) of shelter directors. Less than half reported screening potential residents for communicable diseases before admitting them, and the majority reported that most of their staff are trained in basics of first aid, principles of hygiene, and experienced in day care work. More than half of the staff in the majority of shelters are counselors, but only 5 per cent (4/73) of shelters have health care workers. Less than one-fourth of the shelters have areas designated for diapering infants and less than half of the shelter directors knew of specified health regulations applying to their shelter. For most shelters, limitations on staff size, training, and funding may restrict the types of disease control measures they can apply. However, basic hygienic practices, such as strict handwashing and identification and cohorting of sick clients, may be effective in disease prevention.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2000

Non-communicable diseases: is their emergence in industrialized societies related to changes in neuroendocrine function?

This hypothesis suggests that industrialization alters the human neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine changes come about because of changes in environmental stimuli. It is further proposed that changes in neuroendocrine function can account for the contrasting pattern of non-communicable diseases in traditional and industrialized societies. The hypothesis is based on subtle clinical differences in traditional and industrialized societies, and the evolving concept of neuroendocrine regulation of physiological processes. Compared to traditional societies, individuals from industrialized communities tend to have lower pain tolerance, slower gastrointestinal transit-time, and a greater chance of having a calcified pineal gland. These changes parallel the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases in industrialized societies. There is sufficient reason to suspect the variations in pain tolerance, gastrointestinal transit-time and pineal gland calcification represent changes in neuroendocrine function. Programming of the neuroendocrine system by environmental events early in life is one possible mechanism whereby these changes might be effected. Understanding the physiological changes that occur with industrialization, and how environmental stimuli interact with the developing neuroendocrine system might lead to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1998

CDR review's editorial process in 1997 and the introduction of blinded peer review prepare the way for Communicable Disease and Public Health.

Openness about a journal's editorial process fosters confidence among its authors and readers. The time taken to accomplish steps in the Communicable Disease Report (CDR) Review's editorial process to be accomplished is described for papers published in 1997, and compared with similar data on papers published in 1995 and 1996. Over half of the papers published in 1997 had been submitted less than six months earlier. The introduction of blinded peer review was associated with an increase in quality of reviewers' reports. Communicable Disease and Public Health will follow the same procedures.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

Sensitivity of the Swedish statutory surveillance system for communicable diseases 1998-2002, assessed by the capture-recapture method.

To assess the sensitivity of the Swedish surveillance system, four notifiable communicable diseases in Sweden were examined during 1998-2002 with the two-sources capture-recapture method, based on parallel clinical and laboratory notifications. The sensitivity (proportion of diagnosed diseases actually being notified) was highest for salmonellosis (99.9%), followed by meningococcal infection (98.7%), and tularaemia (98.5%). For penicillin-resistant pneumococci, introduced as a notifiable disease in 1996, the overall sensitivity was 93.4%--increasing from 86.5% in 1998 to 98.5% in 2002. The system benefited from parallel reporting, with a sensitivity of clinical and laboratory notifications alone (all diseases combined) of 91.6% and 95.9% respectively. The sensitivity of both clinical and laboratory notifications was markedly higher in counties using the national electronic reporting system, SmiNet. Thus, sensitivity was higher for diseases with a long tradition of reporting, and there is a run-in period after a new disease becomes notifiable.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1998

[Surveillance of communicable diseases in Europe; more than just a means of communication among national institutes].

The re-emergence of infectious diseases as a threat to the health of the public has led to the initiation of several surveillance programmes in the European community. The impact of these Europe-wide surveillance programmes, including the surveillance of antibiotic resistance, will depend on the ability of the epidemiologists involved to gather validated data that accurately reflect the trends in the occurrence of infectious diseases and of antibiotic resistances. The results of surveillance should be communicated not only between the national institutes but should also reach the medical communities and the public at large in the participating countries.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1999

[Communicable diseases in the countries of the former Soviet Union].

The reasons for the breakdown of control of communicable diseases in the countries of the former Soviet Union are discussed. The national and international response to the threat to public health is outlined. The factors behind the breakdown are complex and related both to inherent features of the old system and a failure on the part of the public health authorities to respond quickly in a situation of financial and societal unrest. In collaboration with the international community, the Russian authorities have managed to prevent some 560,000 new cases of diphtheria and 15,000 probable deaths from 1994 to 1998 by concerted action through the Interagency Immunization Coordination Committee.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1992

Electrocardiographic abnormalities and associated factors in Chinese living in Beijing and in Mauritius. The Mauritius Non-Communicable Disease Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities and to evaluate the association between these abnormalities and the levels of coronary heart disease among Chinese living in different environments. DESIGN: Cross sectional surveys. SETTING: Beijing, China, and the island of Mauritius. SUBJECTS: Random samples of people aged 35-64 years in Beijing (621 men, 642 women) in 1984 and in Mauritius among Chinese (137 men, 130 women) and non-Chinese (1265 men, 1432 women) in 1987. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities suggesting coronary heart disease and of associated risk factors. RESULTS: Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities suggesting coronary heart disease was significantly lower in Beijing (4.0%) than in Mauritian Chinese (24.3%) and Mauritian non-Chinese (24.5%). Mean serum concentrations of total and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in Beijing Chinese than in Mauritian Chinese, but smoking and hypertension were slightly more prevalent. Overall, men with electrocardiographic abnormalities had higher risk factor levels than those with a normal electrocardiogram regardless of ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of coronary heart disease and associated risk factors was different among Chinese living in two different environments: in Beijing in the People's Republic of China and in Mauritius. Chinese, who traditionally have a very low frequency of coronary heart disease, are by no means protected against coronary heart disease and other non-communicable diseases. Therefore, primary prevention of coronary heart disease is a major challenge for preventive medicine in China, as well as in many other developing countries.

Adult↗