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CONTEXT: The legislative and fiscal influences of Congress, as well as the continuing overall growth in health care spending as a portion of the gross domestic product, make congressional representation by physicians important because physicians have unique expertise in the impact of legislation on patient care and medical practice. OBJECTIVES: To describe physician representation in the US Congress between 1960 and 2004 and relate the results to past representation of physicians in Congress. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective observational study of members of the US Congress from all 50 states and all represented territories, who served from January 1960 to April 2004 (including 108th Congress), using data available in public access databases and congressional biographical records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physician representation in Congress, including occupation before taking office, state/territory of representation, sex, party affiliation, and time served. RESULTS: During the past 44 years, 25 (1.1%) of 2196 members of Congress were physicians. Physicians in Congress were more likely to be members of the Republican Party (60% vs 45.1% of all members, P = .007) and were similar to other members of Congress in mean years of service (9.2 years for physicians vs 12.3 years for all members, P = .09) and in sex distribution (4.0% female physicians vs 6.8% all female members, P = .57). Physicians in Congress represented 17 states, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. CONCLUSIONS: Physician representation in Congress is low and is in stark contrast with physician roles during the first century of the United States. However, the 8 physicians currently serving in Congress may be indicative of a shift toward more direct influence of physicians in national politics.
BACKGROUND: The usage of the Internet in live-broadcasting ophthalmological lectures might be helpful in the education of eye doctors. The purpose is to report first experiences of a live-broadcasted congress. METHOD: The congress "Autonomic Innervation and Microcirculation of the Eye--Implications in Glaucoma Pathophysiology", held in the Department of Ophthalmology of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg at the 27th January 1999 was live-broadcasted via Internet by the electronic journal "Online Journal of Ophthalmology" (www.onjoph.com). The congress was organized by the "Sonderforschungsbereich 539, Glaukome, einschliesslich PEX" of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg. The original sound of the lectures was digitized by 8000 Hz and coded with 14 bit. Using the free software "Real-Audio-Player" the user could hear the speech of the lecturer in radio quality. Two live-pictures from two digital video cameras and the digitized slides were available at the screen within two frames. Two weeks before all 6576 ophthalmologists in Germany were informed about the event by conventional mail. RESULTS: The live-broadcasted congress was followed by 899 online-participants (899/6576 = 13.6%). 238 of 899 participants were able to hear the original sound. 154 of 6576 (2.3%) ophthalmologists answered by FAX. 18% of the answering eye doctors have followed the congress by Internet. Mainly all (98%) of them were very interested in live-broadcasted lectures or congresses and wanted to be informed about the next lecture or congress broadcasted by means of Internet. The lectures-on demand of this congress with sound and pictures are now available under the address http:/(/)www.onjoph. com/global/livewrk1/Default.htm. CONCLUSION: The major part of eye doctors in Germany seems very interested in live-broadcasted lectures for online-education. In the first national-wide trial 899 of 6576 informed eye doctors followed the congress.
The 9th International Congress on Genes, Gene Families, and Isozymes marked a historic transition in the series formerly known as the International Congress on Isozymes. The name of the congress was changed to reflect the broadened scope of this field and the new directions in which it is moving. To recognize and promote this transition, a number of new features were incorporated into this congress. Accordingly, the broad-based program featured preeminent biologists from 29 different countries. A total of 350 people attended the congress. A special new feature of this congress was the Student/Fellow Program, which was designed to enhance participation by advanced undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. This congress celebrated the progress that has occurred during the past 40 years beginning with studies of isozymes and leading into studies of specific genes and gene families. As we move into the next millennium, it is clear that our field is strongly positioned and will continue to be the focus of exciting and important new research.
International Congress provide the impetus to facilitate the presentation and discussion of a wide spectrum of opinions, which then lead to the development of a broad perspective of understanding. The format chosen is usually designed to accomplish three general aims: the critical review of rapidly advancing and important fields, the integration of cutting edge information considered to represent new pathways of understanding, and the presentation of exciting and provocative preliminary data. The meeting in Fukuoka, Japan held on October 21-25 2002 served these purposes well. In addition, this meeting created unique synergy imparted by the joining of two previously independent congresses, the International Congress on Hormonal Steroids (ICHS) and the International Congress on Hormones and Cancer (ICHC). This joint congress continued a long tradition since it represented the 11th ICHS and 7th ICHC meetings. The marriage of these two congresses was timely and reflected the increasing understanding that hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines all work through receptors and influence cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as differentiated function. By providing a forum to summarize recent data from several disparate areas, this combined congress weaved a fabric of interlocking information based upon evolving principles of cellular biology and clinical intervention.
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the publication in MEDLINE-indexed journals of articles derived from free presentations at the Twentieth Congress of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology (SEDAR) (Anestesia 92) held in 1992. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two of the authors independently investigated the publication of research presented at Anestesia 92 in MEDLINE-indexed journals, carrying out a search of authors' names between 1990 and 1998 with no restrictions on language or type of publication. We obtained year of publication and names of journals and extracted the abstracts, then analyzing the number and order of authors, content and time elapsing between the congress and publication. RESULTS: Eighty-four articles (17.1%) were published based on 491 congress presentations, with a mean time to publication of 1.8 years (range -2 to 6). Journals specializing in anesthesiology published 79.8%, and Revista Espanola de Anestesiología y Reanimación published 59.5%. Different authors were listed for published articles and congress presentations in 92.9% and the first author had changed in 35.7%. The content of a published article was similar to that of the congress presentation in 46% and scope was reduced for publication in 35.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Few publications were derived from free presentations at Anestesia 92 and major changes were made in authors and content between congress presentation and publication.
INTRODUCTION: Commissioned by the Wisconsin Medical Society in 2003, the Wisconsin Citizen Congress project aims to get at least 5000 physicians and 100,000 citizens in a partnership for health and health care improvement in Wisconsin. The power of activated citizens and a citizen-physician partnership is one of few hopeful answers to current policy failures in health care. Citizen Congress II aimed to validate and extend the results of Citizen Congress I. METHODS: Citizens and physicians were recruited locally, aiming for an optimally-sized group that reasonably represented the diverse people and regions of Wisconsin. A weekend of dialogue with expert facilitators used state-of-the-art methods and sought common goals and a plan of action for health care policy improvement in Wisconsin. RESULTS: Fifteen hours of dialogue validated the results of Citizen Congress I by producing trusting and high-energy dialogue and very similar characteristics of ideal health and health care. As progress from Congress I, advocacy opportunities for local and state health policy improvement were explored and written plans produced. There was strong support for continuing Congress work, aiming toward a strong and focused advocacy group. CONCLUSION: Citizen-physician dialogue and partnership is a hopeful innovation in the area of health policy and community health improvement. Its power comes from a partnership of organized voters and organized medicine. It has the potential to promote change longed for by many. It is strongly consistent with the quality and access initiatives of the new Wisconsin Medical Society strategic plan.
The first congress of the south Slav physicians was held in Belgrade in 1904 and was entitled the First Congress of the Serbian Physicians and Naturalists under the presidency of Dr. Jovan Danić, the president of the Medical Society of Serbia. The Congress was attended by 433 active participants, and the work was organized in sessions: medico-pharmaceutical, physico-chemical and mathematical, biological and abiological, veterino-agronomical. Papers were printed in extenso in the proceedings and were published in the native language of the lectureres (Serbian, Croatian, Bohemian, Slovenian and Bulgarian). Out of these papers 56 were presented in the medico-pharmaceutical session. The Congress was appraised very successful by the attenders and its honorary president, Prof. Dr. Jaroslav Hlava from Prague who concluded at the end of the Congress ".. the First Serbian Congress has prepared material for the future faculty of medicine".
The 2005 Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) took place in Istanbul on October 15-19, under the chairmanship of Professor Hatice Durak. The programme was of excellent quality and represented a further step towards the achievement of a standardized EANM congress structure. A large industrial exhibition demonstrated the latest technological innovations and developments within the field. The congress was a great success: there were more than 4,000 participants, and 1,670 abstracts were received. Of these, 1,399 were accepted for oral or poster presentations, with a rejection rate of 16.2%. The original investigations presented were related to different areas of nuclear medicine, and addressed particularly advances in instrumentation and data processing, progress in radiochemistry and pharmacy, novel diagnostics and therapeutics, and new insights in well-established areas of clinical application, such as oncology, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, endocrinology, paediatrics, nephrology, and infection and inflammation. It is noteworthy that a number of studies presented at this congress focussed on the quantitative interpretation of the imaging data and on pragmatic endpoints, such as adverse outcomes, and identified when nuclear medicine procedures achieved clinical effectiveness for patient care and management. These and many other studies presented at the congress demonstrate once more the crucial role that nuclear medicine has to play in contemporary medicine. This highlights lecture is only a brief summary of the large amount of data presented and discussed, which can be found in much greater detail in the congress proceedings book, published as volume 32, supplement 1 of the Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging in September 2005.
The sixth International Congress of Pharmacology in Helsinki, July 1975, was held on a campus area 5 km from the nearest hospital. The congress was attended by 2 600 active participants and one thousand social members, traveling from 54 countries. The equipment at the Congress first aid station allowed for all kinds of emergency treatments, ranging from the care of minor complaints to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A mobile intensive care unit was kept outside the station throughout the day and was also available at the major social events in the evening. The great majority of the symptoms necessitating a visit to the station were minor complaints. Most participants received their medication direct from the first aid station, the most common drugs being mild analgesics, anticholinergics and antibiotics. According to our experience, at a congress with 3 500 participants it is sufficient to have one physician present at the first aid station, or at least on call, and one to three additional first aid assistants. In general, it is of utmost importance to make adequate plans for the provision of medical as well as dental care at large congresses.