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PubMed1989

[Use of modern gene technology in forensic medicine].

Modern DNA technology has had a great impact upon the practice of forensic genetics. Recently developed methods have disclosed different types of genetic variability in human DNA. Typing of genetic DNA polymorphisms based on point mutations represents an alternative to the blood and protein systems developed before. However, the discovery of the so-called hypervariable regions (HVR) in the genome, which represent grossly rearranged areas of DNA, has, revolutionised the field. "Fingerprints", nearly specific for each individual in the population, can be developed by employing specific probes, restriction enzymes and Southern blot technique. We present some results of the application of these techniques in criminal cases investigated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Oslo. In future, the sensitivity of the methods may be increased through amplification procedures (PCR reaction).

DNA Probes↗
PubMed1996

Mental disorder and criminality. Male alcoholism.

This study investigated the lifetime prevalence of criminal behavior in a population of 360 Research Diagnostic Criteria alcoholics. The same number of control subjects were drawn from the general population of the same catchment area and matched with the patients with regard to sex, age, marital status, occupational level, and community size. The full account of conviction records in a criminal register was used as a measure of criminal behavior. Altogether, 68% of patients vs. 37% of controls had any criminal record. Higher rates were found for alcoholics than for controls for all types of crime; differences were especially pronounced in crimes against property and in violent crimes. We conclude that alcoholism contributes to criminal behavior to a considerable degree, independently of sociodemographic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Clinical findings in the medico-legal investigation of arsonists.

Criminal and pathological arson is often committed with the help of fire accelerants. The formation of an explosive gas/air mixture may lead to an explosion whose extent and fierceness is often underestimated by the offenders. This explosion causes typical heat changes on exposed persons: * Singeing of eyelashes, eyebrows and hair growing near the frontal hairline * Singeing of the beard * Singeing of body hair in regions not covered by clothing (e.g. back of the hand) * In severe cases, skin burns of varying degree (back of hand, face). Such heat-related changes can sometimes be detected weeks after the offence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Will the law come running? The potential role of "brain fingerprinting" in crime investigation and adjudication in Australia.

A major feature of the Australian criminal justice system is that jurors assess witness credibility and are the ultimate finders of fact. Recognising the occasional fallibility of humans in detecting truth and deception, the jury's function may be assisted by highly regulated expert evidence about a variety of scientific techniques. A recent scientific development has been the invention of "brain fingerprinting" (BF) by Dr Larry Farwell in the United States. Brain fingerprinting measures brainwave functioning to detect awareness of crime-relevant information in order to distinguish between guilty and innocent suspects. This article considers whether BF could be used for crime investigation and adjudication in Australia. By examining the rules of expert evidence and the principles relating to "novel scientific evidence", the admissibility of BF in the various Australian jurisdictions is evaluated. The utility of BF in criminal investigations and counter-terrorism initiatives is also canvassed. The authors conclude that, at the present time, it is unlikely that expert testimony on BF will be admitted in Australian criminal trials. However, the technique potentially offers other benefits to the criminal justice system, thereby warranting its consideration as a "criminal and investigative tool of the future".

Australia↗
PubMed1998

[Billing fraud from the viewpoint of the federal health insurance society].

During the past ten years, there has been a controversy among the German registered physician about settlement fraud-then outraged, now calling for criminal proceedings and an investigation by the public prosecutor. This is due to the fierce competition in a system of dense medical representation. Economically, any settlement fraud in the compulsory health insurance damages the colleagues, not the health insurance. An assessment of remuneration settlements under criminal law reveals the following: there is only one premeditated, punishable settlement fraud. Before demanding criminal proceedings which result in investigations by the public prosecutor, the society of panel doctors has to decide whether there is a case of premeditation or negligence. The society must be aware of the consequences for the physician. Types of deficit settlement: (1) settlement of services not rendered; (2) settlement of services not rendered personally; (3) false settlement of services rendered; (4) uneconomical settlement of services. Whether the latter can lead to criminal investigation, is still controversial. Within the medical profession, however, disciplinary action as well as proceedings for the cancellation of the licence can be requested.

Fees, Medical↗
PubMed2001

The concentration of offenders in families, and family criminality in the prediction of boys' delinquency.

The main aims of this study were to investigate inter-relationships among offending by three generations of relatives (fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, uncles, aunts, grandfathers and grandmothers) and the concentration of offending in families. This study also investigates how far criminal relatives predict a boy's delinquency. The parents of 1395 Pittsburgh boys aged 8, 11 or 14 reported arrests by all relatives. Parent reports of boys' arrests predicted their later referrals to juvenile court, demonstrating predictive validity. Offenders were highly concentrated in families; if one relative had been arrested, there was a high likelihood that another relative had also been arrested. Arrests of relatives were compared with arrests of the boy, court petitions of the boy, and the boy's reported delinquency (according to the parent, boy and teacher). Arrests of brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, grandfathers and grandmothers all predicted the boy's delinquency. The most important relative was the father; arrests of the father predicted the boy's delinquency independently of all other arrested relatives. Studies of explanatory variables suggested that having a young mother, living in a bad neighbourhood, and low guilt of the boy may be links in the causal chain between arrested fathers and delinquent boys.

Adolescent↗