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PubMed2002

Effect of Navy chaff release on aluminum levels in an area of the Chesapeake Bay.

The U.S. Navy uses aluminized glass chaff as a passive countermeasure for radar-guided threats to aircraft and surface ships. Over the last 25 years, several hundred thousand pounds of aluminized chaff have been released during flight operations over a training area on the Chesapeake Bay. There is concern that these releases have resulted in the accumulation of significant amounts of aluminum in the soil and sediment of this training area. This study compares the exchangeable and monomeric aluminum content of sediment within the affected area with that of samples taken from outside the training area. We found a less than twofold increase in the content of organic monomeric aluminum in samples taken from the affected area versus background samples, whereas inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations within the affected area were significantly lower than background. These results suggest that chaff releases have not resulted in a significant accumulation of aluminum in this training area.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2002

Radio frequency chaff: the effects of its use in training on the environment.

Chaff is a radiofrequency countermeasure released by military aircraft, ships, and vehicles to confuse enemy radar. Chaff consists of aluminum-coated glass fibers ranging in lengths from 0.8 to 0.75 cm and is released in packets of 0.5 to 100 million fibers. The Department of Defense has determined that use of chaff in training is required for maintaining proficiency in the use of this countermeasure. At least 500 tons of chaff is released annually during training within selected military operating areas in the United States. Concerns have been raised about impact on the environment and its potential toxicity to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Many of these concerns have been addressed or are being researched by the Department of Defense and other agencies, but much of the data are unpublished. Herein, the authors summarize the issues and review scientific data for the impact of chaff use on humans, animals, and the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Calcium functions as a transcriptional and mitogenic repressor in Syrian hamster embryo cells: roles of intracellular pH and calcium in controlling embryonic cell differentiation and proliferation.

We have investigated the role played by the growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-induced calcium ion second messenger signal in the control of cellular differentiation and proliferation in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Blocking the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced calcium ion signal with either extracellular/intracellular acidification or pharmacological agents resulted in increased immediate early gene expression and mitogenesis. The increase in immediate early gene expression resulted from a change in the level of immediate early gene transcription and not immediate early gene mRNA stability. Analysis of the promoter elements that control immediate early gene expression indicated that the calcium ion effect is mediated through the CaRE/CRE and AP1 promoter elements. The calcium signal-mediated reduction in PDGF A/B-stimulated SHE cell immediate early gene expression resulted in a reduction in PDGF A/B-induced cellular proliferation. These results demonstrate that in SHE cells, calcium functions to suppress mitogen-induced proliferation at the level of immediate early gene expression, an effect related to the control of cellular proliferation and differentiation by GDFs through the calcium ion second messenger.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies inhibit macrophage TNF messenger RNA synthesis in vitro.

Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) directly stimulates macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF, in turn, produces a constellation of adverse effects that includes hypotension, systemic acidosis, arterial hypoxemia, and death. Transcription of the TNF gene occurs within minutes of LPS stimulation and appears to be a critical control point in the synthesis and secretion of TNF protein by macrophages. We hypothesized that murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8G9 directed against Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS would provide protective capacity against an E. coli 0111:B4 bacterial challenge in vivo and would concurrently inhibit LPS-induced synthesis of TNF mRNA and secretion of TNF protein in vitro. E. coli 0111:B4 LPS was used to stimulate a macrophage-derived cell line (RAW 264.7) to produce TNF in the presence or absence of mAb 8G9. Media alone and LPS without 8G9 mAb served as controls against which the effect of 8G9 mAb was compared. Total cellular RNA was purified and analyzed by a Northern blotting technique utilizing a radiolabeled cDNA probe specific for TNF mRNA. TNF mRNA levels from each sample were quantitated by autoradiograph densitometry. Pretreatment with mAb 8G9 provided protective capacity against an intraperitoneal E. coli 0111:B4 bacterial challenge in vivo when compared with saline pretreatment alone (22% versus 90% mortality respectively, P < 0.05). Preincubation of LPS with mAb 8G9 resulted in a significant inhibition of LPS-induced TNF mRNA synthesis (63 +/- 20%, P < 0.01) and TNF protein secretion (88 +/- 10%, P < 0.001) in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidermal cytokinetics, DNA adducts, and dermal inflammation in the mouse skin in response to repeated benzo[a]pyrene exposures.

Few studies have investigated the chronic cytokinetic effects of carcinogen exposure in the mouse skin. We report two experiments involving the repeated application of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to the dorsal skin of female Ha/ICR mice. In the first experiment, the cytokinetic, inflammatory, and DNA adduct responses were studied daily over a 9-day period encompassing the fourth and fifth weekly applications of BaP at doses of 16, 32, and 64 micrograms. The second experiment involved the same cytokinetic measurements at 1, 3, 5, and 8 months, and the weekly BaP doses were 4, 8, and 16 micrograms. The first study showed that after each application of 32 or 64 micrograms BaP, there was a wave of slow DNA synthesis in the epidermis which peaked at 24 hr, in coincidence with a wave of BaP-DNA adducts, followed by the appearance of dead and damaged keratinocytes. For the first few days after BaP application there was a depression in the mitotic rate which recovered several days before the next BaP application. There was a predominantly monocytic dermal inflammation throughout the observation period. In the second experiment, at the lower BaP doses, there was proliferative depression at 1 month, without dermal inflammation. With continued exposure, the proliferative depression changed to a dose-dependent increase in the rate of proliferation and dermal inflammation. The level of BaP-DNA adducts was followed in the 4 micrograms/week dose group, which showed a threefold increase after 4 months with the appearance of inflammation and heightened cell proliferation. These results suggest that the delayed inflammatory reaction, possibly based on a cell-mediated immune reaction to BaP, might have been responsible for the late cytokinetic responses and the associated increase in the level of BaP-DNA adducts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Porous tantalum trabecular metal scaffolds in combination with a novel marrow processing technique to replace autograft.

INTRODUCTION: Interbody fusion requires a structural member to carry load while the autograft or osteoinductive agent stimulates bone formation. In the present study, we evaluated the potential use of extracted nucleated cells from bone marrow mixed in hyaluronic acid gel as an osteoinductive agent, in comparison to Collagraft loaded with nucleated cells or rhBMP-2 in the porous tantalum ring, in an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) in pigs. METHODS: Four 3-month-old female Danish landrace pigs were employed in the current study. Bone marrow was collected by means of aspiration, from the medullary cavity of the proximal tibia. The nucleated cells were isolated with a Ficoll step gradient centrifugation. The cell adhered rate after 24 hours of cultivation and ALP activity in the osteogenic medium following 4 days of cultivation were measured. Cell numbers in the porous tantalum discs were assessed by CyQuant measurement, and fluorescent live/dead cell staining in the porous tantalum discs was performed after periods of 24 hours and 7 days of cultivation. The nucleated cells mixed in hyaluronic acid gel were cultivated on slides for 24 hours, 7 days and 21 days. The live/dead cell staining, ALP staining or osteocalcin staining, were performed. A porous tantalum ring was loaded with nucleated cells in hyaluronic acid gel or packed with Collagraft strips also with nucleated cells or rhBMP-2. Immediately after preparation, one of three implants was inserted into L2-3, L4-5 or L6-7 respectively. The pigs were killed 3 months postoperatively. The lumbar spine specimens were prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS: The adhered rate, of the nucleated cells, was 2.26+/-0.56%. ALP activity was no different in the osteogenic culture compared to DMEM/10%FBS alone. Cell numbers and live/dead cells showed no difference in the porous tantalum discs. Histological appearance showed that nucleated cells mixed with hyaluronic acid gel, had more mature bone in the central hole of the porous tantalum ring, compared to Collagraft strips with nucleated cells or rhBMP-2. Bone volume fraction did not differ within the three porous tantalum rings; however, more marrow space in the central hole of the porous tantalum ring was present when nucleated cells mixed with hyaluronic acid gel (57.4%) compared to Collagraft strips with rhBMP-2 (29.7%). CONCLUSION: In the current study, we demonstrate that nucleated cells, which were isolated from bone marrow intraoperatively, could be used to replace autograft if nucleated cells mixed with hyaluronic acid gel or with Collagraft strips packed into the porous tantalum ring in the pig ALIF model.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ectopic bone induction by equine bone protein extract.

Demineralized bone matrix from horse has been reported to be osteoinductive. However, its performance was inferior to autogenous bone graft in terms of new bone formation. In the present experiment, an equine bone protein extract-COLLOSS E was investigated for its osteoinductivity in a rat model. At the mean time, carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) was tested as a potential carrier for the protein extract. 18 male Wistar rats (8 weeks) were employed in the experiment. Each rat was implanted randomly with the 2 of the following implants, one on each side of the abdominal muscle. 1) COLLOSS E lyophilisate. 2) PEEK ring holder. 3) 3% or 10% CMC .in gel or lyophilized form 4) COLLOSS E lyophilisate with 3% CMC, implanted as gel or in lyophilized form. 5) COLLOSS E suspension with 10% CMC, implanted as gel or in lyophilized form. The rats were followed up for 21 days. After termination, samples were subjected to macroscopic examination, plain radiograph, micro-CT and histological evaluations. The results showed that PEEK ring or CMC alone could not induce ectopic bone formation. COLLOSS E lyophilisate has a slightly higher (6 out of 7) positive bone formation rate over COLLOSS E/3% CMC (3 out of 5, both gel and lyophilized form), however, the difference is non-significant (p=0.36, Fisher's exact test). 10% CMC with COLLOSS E did not show ectopic bone formation when implanted as gel form (0/8), while 1 positive bone formation was found when implanted as the lyophilized form (1/4). Bone tissue volume ranged from 0 mm(3) to 23.1mm(3) for COLLOSS-E lyophilisate alone and 0 to 29.7mm(3) for COLLOSS E/3%CMC (gel or lyophilized form). We concluded that equine bone protein extract has the ability to induce ectopic bone formation in the rat model. CMC could be a potential carrier, however, further studies are needed to verify the proportion and efficacy.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular mechanism of osteochondroprogenitor fate determination during bone formation.

Osteoblasts and chondrocytes, which derive from a common mesenchymal precursor (osteochondroprogenitor), are involved in bone formation and remodeling in vivo. Determination of osteochondroprogenitor fate is under the control of complex hormonal and local factors converging onto a series of temporospatial dependent transcription regulators. Sox9, together with L-Sox5 and Sox6, of the Sox family is required for chondrogenic differentiation commitment, while Runx2/Cbfa 1, a member of runt family and Osterix/Osx, a novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor play a pivotal role in osteoblast differentiation decision and hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests beta-catenin, a transcriptional activator in the canonical Wnt pathway, can act as a determinant factor for controlling chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Here we focus on several intensively studied transcription factors and Wnt/beta-catenin signal molecules to illustrate the regulatory mechanism in directing commitment between osteoblast and chondrocyte, which will eventually allow us to properly manipulate the mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation on bone and regeneration of cartilage tissue engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Optimizing viral and non-viral gene transfer methods for genetic modification of porcine mesenchymal stem cells.

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide an excellent source of pluripotent progenitor cells for tissue-engineering applications due to their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. Genetic modification of MSCs with genes encoding tissue-specific growth factors and cytokines can induce and maintain lineage-specific differentiation. Due to anatomical and physiological similarities to humans, porcine research models have been proven valuable for the preclinical testing of tissue engineering protocols in large animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate optimized viral and non-viral ex vivo gene delivery systems with respect to gene transfer efficiency, maintenance of transgene expression, and safety issues using primary porcine MSCs as target cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCs were purified from bone marrow aspirates from the proximal tibiae of four 3-month-old Danish landrace pigs by Ficoll step gradient separation and polystyrene adherence technique. Vectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were transferred to the cells by different non-viral methods and by use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated and retroviral gene delivery. Each method for gene delivery was optimized. Gene transfer efficiency was compared on the basis of eGFP expression as assessed by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated flow cytometry. BMP-2 gene expression and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by realtime quantitative RT-PCR and histochemical detection of alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. RESULTS: Non-viral gene delivery methods resulted in transient eGFP expression by less than 2% of the cells. Using high titer rAAV-based vector up to 90% of the cells were transiently transduced. The efficiency of rAAV-mediated gene delivery was proportional to the rAAV vector titer applied. Retroviral gene delivery resulted in long-term transgene expression of porcine MSCs. A 26-fold increase in percentage of eGFP expressing cells (1.7%+/-0.2% versus 44.1% +/-5.0%, mean +/-SD) and a 68-fold increase in mean fluorescence intensity (327.4+/-56.6 versus 4.8+/-1.3) was observed by centrifugation of retroviral particles onto the target cell layer. Porcine MSCs that were BMP-2 transduced by optimized retroviral gene delivery demonstrated a significant increase in BMP-2 gene expression and showed increased osteogenic differentiation. Retrovirally transduced porcine MSCs were furthermore tested free of replication-competent viruses. DISCUSSION: The non-viral gene transfer methods applied were significantly less efficient compared to the viral methods tested. However, due to advantages with respect to safety issues and ease of handling, improvement of non-viral gene delivery to primary MSCs deserves further attention. The high efficiency of rAAV-mediated gene delivery observed at high titers can be explained by the ability of rAAV vector to transduce nondividing cells and by its tropism towards porcine MSCs. rAAV-mediated gene delivery resulted in transient transgene expression due to lack of stable AAV genome integration. MLV-mediated retroviral gene delivery can be considered a safe method for long-term transgene expression by porcine MSCs, and is therefore particularly attractive for advanced tissue engineering strategies requiring extended transgene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Conformational analysis of human dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor complexes: crystal structure determination of wild type and F31 mutant binary and ternary inhibitor complexes.

These structural studies reveal unusual intermolecular interactions for the binding of inhibitors and cofactor in ternary complexes with both wild type and F31 mutant recombinant human DHFR and show that these inhibitors have flexibility in occupying the active site. These studies also possibly indicate the first structural data for a ternary complex with a folate inhibitor and a polyglutamate side chain. However, further refinement of this data is necessary before this can be confirmed. In contrast to the ternary complexes of folate and MTX, the lipophilic antifolate PTX binds with its methoxybenzoyl ring oriented toward the cofactor nicotinamide ring, while that of TMQ it is bound closer to the Phe-31 position. Furthermore, the nicotinamide ring makes a close contact to the N10 amine of TMQ, significantly different from its binding site interactions in MTX complexes. These data also reveal that the conserved contacts between the cofactor carboxyamide with the enzyme backbone residues Ala-9 and Ile-16 are dictated by the enzyme and that changes in the orientation of the structural elements requires only subtle changes in the secondary structural units in which they are contained. Therefore, only by careful analysis of a series of enzyme complexes can the mechanisms of binding action be delineated.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1994

The 13C chemical shifts of amino acids in aqueous solution containing organic solvents: application to the secondary structure characterization of peptides in aqueous trifluoroethanol solution.

The 13C chemical shifts for all of the protonated carbons of the 20 common amino acid residues in the protected linear pentapeptide Gly-Gly-X-Gly-Gly have been obtained in water at low pH as well as in aqueous solution containing 10, 20 and 30% acetonitrile or trifluoroethanol. Dioxane was used as an internal reference and its carbon chemical shift value was found to be 66.6 ppm relative to external TMS in water. Comparison of the different referencing methods for 13C chemical shifts in organic cosolvent mixtures showed that an external standard (either TMS or TSP capillary) was the most appropriate. In the present study, external TSP was chosen to define the 0 ppm of the 13C chemical shift scale. When the difference in referencing the dioxane carbon resonance is taken into account, the carbon chemical shift values of the amino acids in aqueous solution are similar to those previously reported (Richarz and Wüthrich (1978) Biopolymers, 17, 2133-2141; Howarth and Lilley (1979) Prog. NMR Spectrose., 12, 1-40). The pentapeptides studied were assumed to be in a random coil conformation and the measured 13C chemical shifts were used as reference values to correlate carbon chemical shifts with the secondary structure of two well-characterized peptides, bombesin and the 1-29 amino acid fragment of Nle27 human growth hormone-releasing factor. In both cases, the C alpha chemical shifts exhibited a characteristic positive deviation from the random coil values, which indicates the presence of alpha-helices.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Phase II trial of cisplatin and etoposide in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Fourteen patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with cisplatin and etoposide by bolus intravenous infusion daily for 5 consecutive days each month. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and twelve for response. Eight patients were treated with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 and etoposide 100 mg/m2 daily. Because of excessive myelosuppression, the daily dose of etoposide was reduced to 75 mg/m2 in the remaining six patients. There were no major responses among 12 evaluable patients (major response rate less than or equal to 24% with 95% confidence). The median time to progression was one month. One patient with a liver metastasis had a minor response lasting 6+ months. The combination of cisplatin and etoposide in these doses and schedule lacked sufficient clinical efficacy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Vibration-evoked reciprocal inhibition between human wrist muscles.

Reciprocal inhibition of the voluntarily contracting wrist extensor (extensor carpi radialis, ECR) evoked by proprioceptive afferent input from the flexor (flexor carpi radialis, FCR), was studied in healthy human subjects. Vibration of the FCR tendon was used to elicit Ia-dominated afferent discharge whilst inhibition of ECR was assessed as the reduction in asynchronous, on-going EMG. A small early phase of inhibition (I1) was evident in 25% of trials. The latency (ca. 25 ms) of this component suggested that it was mediated by an Ia oligosynaptic. possibly 'classical' disynaptic, inhibitory pathway. A later and apparently separate phase of reduced activity (I2, ca. 40 ms) was, however, far more consistently observed (96% of trials) and of greater magnitude. The I2 component was usually followed, some 20 ms later, by a phase of elevated activity (E1, 72% trials). Reductions in simultaneously recorded net extensor torque commenced at about 60 ms following the onset of flexor tendon vibration, i.e. some 20 ms after the main I2 EMG component. These mechanical responses must have almost exclusively resulted from reciprocal inhibition of extensor EMG since vibration of the relaxed FCR evoked minimal excitatory flexor activity. The reflex pattern, in any individual subject, was relatively unaffected by altering the duration of the vibration train between one and nineteen cycles (125 Hz). This suggests that the entire response complex resulted largely from the initial afferent volley. The sizes of both the I1 and I2 reductions in ECR activity increased with increasing voluntary extensor contraction so that their depths remained constant proportions of background EMG. Very similar results were obtained when reciprocal inhibition of FCR was produced by vibration of the belly of ECR. Thus, reciprocal inhibition between wrist muscles is mainly expressed as a rather stereotyped, short duration reduction in EMG whose depth is determined by the pre-existing level of motor activity. Some functional implications of this form of reflex behaviour are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cortical control of human soleus muscle during volitional and postural activities studied using focal magnetic stimulation.

The surface-recorded electromyographic (EMG) responses evoked in the ankle musculature by focal, transcranial, magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex were studied in healthy human subjects. Such soleus evoked motor responses (EMRs) were characterised over a wide range of background levels of motor activity and using different stimulus intensities. EMRs were recorded during predominantly (1) volitional and (2) postural tasks. In the former task subjects were seated and voluntarily produced prescribed levels of soleus activation by reference to a visual monitor of EMG. In the latter task subjects assumed standing postures without EMG feedback. Comparison of the EMRs of soleus, traditionally considered a slow anti-gravity extensor muscle, during these tasks was used to evaluate its cortical control in primarily volitional versus primarily postural activities. The form of soleus EMRs produced by single magnetic cortical stimuli comprised an initial (approx. 30 ms) increase and subsequent (approx. 50 ms) depression of EMG. Cortical stimulation could elicit substantial excitatory soleus EMG responses; for example, responses evoked by mild, magnetic stimuli (125% threshold for inducing a response in the relaxed muscle) as subjects exerted full voluntary plantarflexor effort averaged almost 20% of the maximum M-wave which could be elicited by an electrical stimulus to the posterior tibial nerve. Excitatory EMRs could be elicited in the voluntarily relaxed soleus muscle of the majority of subjects during sitting. The amplitude of soleus responses, induced by threshold stimuli for the relaxed state or approximately 125% threshold intensity, increased approximately linearly with background EMG over a wide range of volitional contraction levels. By contrast, there was no systematic change in the latency of excitatory soleus EMRs with increasing voluntary effort. The excitatory responses evoked in the voluntarily relaxed soleus of seated subjects by magnetic stimulation were regularly facilitated by incremental, voluntary contraction of the contralateral ankle extensors in a graded manner. However, such facilitation of responses was not observed when subjects voluntarily activated the muscle in which EMRs were elicited. The pattern of the responses elicited in soleus by magnetic stimulation during the postural task generally resembled that found during the volitional task. The amplitudes of excitatory soleus EMRs at a given stimulus intensity, obtained when subjects stood quietly, leaned forwards or stood on their toes to produce differing levels of ankle extensor contraction, increased with background EMG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An in vivo and in vitro trial of aclarubicin in metastatic breast cancer: a novel approach to the study of analogs.

Aclarubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic that differs from doxorubicin in its structure, mechanism of action, and preclinical toxicity profile, especially its reduced cardiotoxicity. We therefore conducted a side-by-side in vivo and in vitro trial of this agent in metastatic breast-cancer patients and their biopsied tumor specimens, respectively. Aclarubicin (100 mg/m2) was given by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks to 22 patients with objectively measurable metastatic breast cancer, 15 of whom had not previously received doxorubicin. The dose-limiting toxicity consisted primarily of leukopenia and severe nausea and vomiting. No objective response was observed in the 19 evaluable patients. After disease progression, 10 of the 15 doxorubicin-naive patients were treated with doxorubicin; 6 patients achieved a partial response, including 4 who responded to doxorubicin alone and 2 who responded to doxorubicin in combination with thiotepa and vinblastine. Tumor specimens were obtained from 14 of the 22 patients prior to the start of therapy and were tested for in vitro sensitivity to aclarubicin and doxorubicin using a soft agar colony-forming assay. Adequate colony growth occurred in 9 of 14 cultured tumor specimens. All 9 specimens, including 3 obtained from doxorubicin-naive patients, demonstrated in vitro resistance to aclarubicin. In all, 1 of 3 specimens taken from doxorubicin-naive patients demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to doxorubicin, whereas 6 tumor specimens obtained from patients who had undergone prior doxorubicin therapy demonstrated in vitro resistance. The patient whose tumor demonstrated in vitro doxorubicin sensitivity responded to a doxorubicin regimen after failing aclarubicin treatment; in vitro doxorubicin resistance correlated with clinical resistance in all cases. We conclude that aclarubicin is inactive in metastatic breast cancer at the dose and schedule used. Side-by-side in vivo and in vitro trials are feasible and could be useful in the development of investigational agents with activity greater than that of aclarubicin and, particularly, in the evaluation of analogs of clinically active drugs.

Aclarubicin↗
PubMed1990

Behaviors, beliefs, and intentions in skin cancer prevention.

This study investigated knowledge, behaviors, and health beliefs of Australian university students (n = 312) regarding skin cancers and evaluated the effects of videotaped presentations. Students' knowledge and health beliefs were assessed, and they then viewed either an informational video, an emotionally involving video, or a control video. Knowledge and beliefs were assessed immediately and 10 weeks later. Postvideo skin protection intentions increased significantly from prevideo assessment among the two intervention groups compared to the controls. Maintenance of skin protection intentions was higher with the emotional video. Health belief variables, particularly perceived barriers, were significant predictors of knowledge, intention, and behavior. However, other variables such as skin type and previous experience with skin cancer were more important. Females had greater knowledge and stronger intentions to prevent skin cancer than males but reported fewer high-risk behaviors.

Adult↗