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PubMed1989

[Theoretical patterns of the panel D-15 test in congenital red-green dichromats as a function of the chromaticity coordinate of the convergence points].

In order to determine whether or not the patterns of the panel D-15 test for congenital red-green dichromats change when the convergence point is changed, a simulation experiment was attempted assuming that dichromats arrange the color caps in the order of the slope of the line between the chromaticity coordinates of the color cap and the convergence point. For this procedure, chromaticity coordinates of the color cap were calculated using both the spectral distribution of standard illuminant C and the daylight fluorescent lamp (Toshiba-EDL). For this prediction, the chromaticity coordinates of the convergence points were changed according to y = 1-x. The results show several different patterns for both protanopia and deuteranopia under both illuminants. The range of the x chromaticity coordinates common to both illuminants was 0.6868 to 0.8552 when the protanopic patterns were obtained, while the range of the x chromaticity coordinates common to both illuminants for deuteranopic patterns was 1.0878 to infinity and minus infinity to -1.8153. As a result, it was suggested that the patterns of the panel D-15 test for red-green dichromats change according to the convergence points. Therefore, it was considered that this test cannot be used as a dependable measurement for color discrimination ability in cases showing dichromatic patterns.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1975

Predictive validities of several clinical color vision tests for aviation signal light gun performance.

Scores on the American Optical Company (AOC) test (1965 edition), Dvorine test, Farnsworth Lantern test, Color Threshold Tester, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, Farnsworth Panel D-15 test, and Schmidt-Haensch Anomaloscope were obtained from 137 men with color-defective vision and 128 men with normal color vision. The validity of each of these tests in predicting scores on the aviation signal light gun was assessed by using daytime and nighttime administrations of the light gun as the criteria. Two "best sets" of plates from the AOC and Dvorine tests were selected by calculating a multiple regression equation in a stepwise manner with the nighttime and then the daytime administration of the signal light gun test as the criteria. Based on a graphic presentation of the miss and false alarm rates for each test at various possible cut scores, suggestions were made regarding the use of each test and the selection of optimal pass/fail scores.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1984

Urinary glucose testing inaccuracies among diabetic patients. Effect of acquired color vision deficiency caused by diabetic retinopathy.

The performance of two urinary glucose tests (Clinitest and Diastix) and several color vision and lightness discrimination tests was assessed in 43 diabetic patients and 43 age-matched controls. Most of the diabetics had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, with normal or mildly reduced visual acuity. The diabetics made significantly more errors on color interpretation of the urinary test results than did controls. The extent of errors for both diabetics and controls correlated with the severity of color vision deficiency but not with lightness discrimination deficiency. The diabetics' performance of the Clinitest test and, to a lesser extent, of the Diastix test was significantly better in bright light than in dimmer light. The type of color vision deficiency among most of the diabetics was characteristic of the acquired blue-yellow defect associated with diabetes mellitus. All of the color vision tests enabled identification of patients likely to make a large number of urine-testing errors with high sensitivity and fairly high specificity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Eye disease and color defects.

The groundwork for understanding color defects in eye disease was established by the end of the nineteenth century. Thereafter the field was neglected as scientists concentrated on studies of normal color vision and congenital color vision defects. Spurred by the development of the Farnsworth 100 hue-test, interest was renewed in the 1950s. The past 25 years have seen an explosion of interest in color defects in eye disease. The International Research Group on Color Vision Deficiencies has played an important role in this activity. The development of new clinical tests and instruments as well as refinement of laboratory techniques are among the important developments.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed2004

Repeatability indices for the Adams D-15 test for colour-normal and colour-defective adults.

PURPOSE: The Adams desaturated D-15 test was administered to individuals with normal colour vision or with congenital red-green colour vision defects to establish the repeatability of the test. METHODS: One hundred subjects with normal colour vision and 64 subjects with defective colour vision participated in the study. Results were analysed from two different sessions to determine the repeatability of the test for different pass/fail criteria. The test was scored using both visual inspection of the score sheet and the modified Colour Difference Vector analysis (CDV) program. RESULTS: For both subject groups, the repeatability was lowest when a perfect arrangement was required for a pass and improved as more errors were allowed. The improvement in repeatability was greatest as the failure criterion changed from 'any mistake' to 'more than two crossings'. The kappa coefficient for the reliability of the defect classification was 0.38 for visual inspection and 0.59 for the CDV analysis. All the protans who failed the test at both sessions were classified correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 98 per cent of the colour-normals and 82 per cent of the colour-defectives would have the same pass/fail outcome on the Adams D-15 test conducted several days apart when the failure criterion was either one or more or two or more crossings. Individuals who make less than four crossings on the Adams D-15 should repeat the test to ensure confidence in the pass/fail result.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Survey of the accuracy of new pseudoisochromatic plates.

The accuracy of three new pseudoisochromatic tests for detecting red-green colour deficiency was assessed. These were the Ishihara plates, the Ishihara test for 'unlettered persons' and Ohkuma's test cards. We examined 500 subjects; 471 normal trichromats and 29 colour-deficient people. Results obtained for the 1989 edition of the Ishihara plates were compared with the 9th edition and the most efficient plates identified. Although normal trichromats may be expected to make several interpretive misreadings, the Ishihara plates were found to be superior to the 9th edition and to the Ohkuma test (1986) for colour vision screening. The new symbol designs of the Ishihara plates for 'unlettered persons' (1990) were found to be very effective for colour vision screening, and a further study with young children is proposed. The 38 plate 1989 edition of the Ishihara test is recommended for use in clinical practice. The designs included in the concise 24 plate edition and the new abbreviated 14 plate edition are not selected from the point of view of accuracy and more reliable results are obtained if the full test is given or if the practitioner shows only the most efficient designs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The characteristics of interaction between color and motion perception in primary open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of interaction between color and motion perception in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and measure motion perception of B, G and R cones, thus find a more sensitive method to diagnose the visual nerve damage in POAG. METHODS: Motion perceptions of B, G and R cones were isolated by blue, green and red vertical line stimulus displayed on the yellow, purple and blue background respectively, then measured the displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from each cones in POAG, and compared it with the age-match normals. RESULTS: The displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from B, G and R cones were all damaged in POAG compared with the normals, and the motion perception of G and B cones was deficits more obviously than the R cones. CONCLUSION: These findings support the suggestion that color provides an input to human motion perception. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathway may be significantly damaged in POAG, which indicates, that the combination of Motion Perception and color testing may reveal preclinical visual nerve damage in early POAG.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The clinical significance of change.

Clinicians frequently make judgements about the clinical importance of a change in "score" on visual function tests obtained from patients on successive visits. Almost no normative data for assessing the significance of change in performance on routinely used clinical tests exists, and the importance of collecting such data is emphasized. A description of how normative data for the significance of change can be collected is given, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test as an example. Although there are always limitations to estimates of error variance, the importance of determining the precision of clinical tests, for guiding rational decision making, is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A method for increasing the scoring efficiency of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

This paper describes a method for scoring the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, based on maximum-likelihood estimation, which in theory reduces test-to-test variability in scores and which is therefore better able to discriminate between different levels of overall colour discrimination than is the original Farnsworth scoring system. Error scores produced by the method are directly comparable to error scores produced by the traditional scoring system. It is hoped that this work will provoke further consideration of the efficiency of the scoring system as far as test-to-test variability is concerned, including the efficient detection of polarity in the subject's hue discrimination function.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1988

Performance of the standard pseudoisochromatic plate test.

The Standard pseudoisochromatic Plate (SPP) test was administered to 346 normals, 55 anomalous trichromats, and 46 dichromats. Its ability to detect and classify congenital color defectives was assessed. The performance of each plate was assessed separately and compared with its colorimetric properties. The test as a whole achieves a high level of accuracy in separating normals from color vision defectives [Youden's Index (YI) = 92.4%] and a high reliability (71.3%) in classification of the congenital color vision defectives. The performance of individual plates in separating color normals and color vision defectives of individual plates varies (YI ranges from 69.8 to 86.1%). A set of three plates can be chosen, which achieves a performance similar to that of the whole test. The test is found to be a reliable clinical screening method for congenital red-green color vision defectives.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of an updated HRR color vision test.

The HRR pseudoisochromatic plate (pip) test was originally designed as a screening and diagnostic test for color vision deficiencies. The original HRR test is now long out of print. We evaluate here the new 4th edition of the HRR test, produced in 2002 by Richmond Products. The 2002 edition was compared to the original 1955 edition for a group of subjects with normal color vision and a group who had been previously diagnosed as having color vision deficiencies. The color deficient subjects spanned the range of severity among people with red-green deficiencies except for one individual who had a mild congenital tritan deficiency. The new test compared favorably with the original and in at least two areas, outperformed it. Among subjects with deutan defects the classification of severity correlated better with the anomaloscope results than the original; all the subjects who were classified as dichromats on the anomaloscope were rated as "severe" on the new HRR, while those diagnosed as anomalous trichromats were rated as mild or medium on the new test. Among those with moderate and severe defects the new test was highly accurate in correctly categorizing subjects as protan or deutan. In addition, a mild tritan subject made a tritan error on the new test whereas he was misdiagnosed as normal on the original.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Color vision testing in young children: a review.

It is often recommended that children be screened for possible color vision deficiencies as early as possible. This paper examines the validity of commercially-available color vision tests when used with young children (age three to seven years). It is concluded that with the possible exception of the anomaloscope, no test is entirely suited for children, in most cases because the test makes cognitive demands beyond the capability of the young child.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Color vision screening: a comparison of the AO H-R-R and Farnsworth F-2 tests.

Vision screening tests should include a simple, reliable, and valid test of color vision defects. In this investigation the single plate Farnsworth F-2 test and the AO H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates were compared as primary screening tests for red-green color defective vision. The tests were administered to 2827 children, kindergarten through high school grades. Both tests failed a higher percentage of children than expected in the lower grades (kindergarten through 3). In grades 4 through high school, however, 4.16% failed the F-2 test and 4.02% failed the AO H-R-R, compared to a predicted 4.2% of the general population with inherited red-green deficiencies. The failure rates of the F-2 test for 1171 high school boys and girls were 7.3 and 0.89%, respectively, very close to the expected incidence of red-green defects in males and females. Although the F-2 test passed a few pupils who failed the AO H-R-R test, their defects were categorized as mild or borderline on the AO H-R-R test and therefore not likely to be of practical significance. Less than 0.5% of the children in grades 4 through high school failed the F-2 test after passing the AO H-R-R. Some children with normal color vision, particularly very young children, may fail the F-2 test because of difficulty picking out the less obvious blue square. Nevertheless, for screening purposes the F-2 test is comparable to the AO H-R-R test and except for kindergarten and grade 1 pupils is an excellent single plate color vision screening test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Observations on color vision testing in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

Forty-eight patients aged from 60 to 69 years (58 eyes) with ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and a control group of 16 persons (31 eyes) were studied with six color vision tests: Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates Part 2, Farnsworth Panel D 15, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM 100) test, Lanthony Desaturated Panel, Nagel (red-green) anomaloscope, and Besançon (blue) anomalometer. In the color vision tests, the newly diagnosed OHT eyes without treatment differed significantly from the control group in the blue anomalometer. The long-term OHT eyes with treatment had no significant difference from the normals in any of the tests. The newly diagnosed POAG eyes without treatment were significantly different from the normals in the FM 100 test as well as in the boxes I, II, III and IV of the test, in the Lanthony Desaturated Panel and in the blue anomalometer. The long-term POAG eyes with treatment only differed significantly from the normal eyes in the blue anomalometer. The box IV of the FM 100 test and blue anomalometer were observed to be the most useful of these six tests in finding the possible early beginning of the blue color vision defect in the group of newly diagnosed OHT.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Color discrimination in heterozygous deutan carriers.

PURPOSE: The color discrimination abilities of heterozygous deutan female carriers were measured using color mixture thresholds and compared with those of suspected nonheterozygous normal subjects. METHODS: Eight test subjects and 26 control subjects were run on a computer-controlled color test (color mixture thresholds) that presented 1 degree diameter spots on a color television monitor for 1/60 of a second. A QUEST procedure was used to determine visual thresholds for spots varying in brightness and/or color. Individual data points were graphed on an X/Y plot and fitted with an ellipse. The major and minor diameters of the ellipse represent the color and brightness thresholds, respectively. RESULTS: The mean axis angle of the ellipse for the heterozygous carriers did not differ from that for the controls (15.75 degrees vs. 14.93 degrees, p = 0.428, Mann-Whitney test). The carriers did show, however, a larger mean major axis length (68.79 vs. 46.78, p = 0.0218, Mann-Whitney test). Additionally, the length-to-width ratios for the carriers were higher than the controls (9.34 vs. 6.80, p = 0.0403, Mann-Whitney test). CONCLUSIONS: Deutan-carriers do show reduced color purity discrimination as measured using color mixture thresholds compared with nonheterozygous, color vision normals.

Adolescent↗