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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Bayesian statistical inference in psychology: comment on Trafimow (2003).

D. Trafimow (2003) presented an analysis of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) using Bayes's theorem. Among other points, he concluded that NHST is logically invalid, but that logically valid Bayesian analyses are often not possible. The latter conclusion reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of Bayesian inference. This view needs correction, because Bayesian methods have an important role to play in many psychological problems where standard techniques are inadequate. This comment, with the help of a simple example, explains the usefulness of Bayesian inference for psychology.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2005

Putting some feeling into it--the conceptual and empirical relationships between the classic and emotional Stroop tasks: comment on Algom, Chajut, and Lev (2004).

D. Algom, E. Chajut, and S. Lev presented a series of definitional, conceptual, and empirical arguments in support of their conclusion that the classic and emotional Stroop effects are, in their words, "unrelated phenomena" (p. 336), such that the term emotional Stroop effect is a misnomer in reference to the relatively greater interference in ink color naming of emotional versus neutral words. These are strong claims. In this comment, the author critically examines each component of Algom et al.'s case and argues that, in fact, none of these components represents compelling evidence in support of their eventual conclusions.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Questions raised by a reasoned action approach: comment on Ogden (2003).

In her critique of social cognition or reasoned action models, J. Ogden (see record 2003-05896-016) claimed that such models are not falsifiable and thus cannot be tested, that the postulated relations among model components are true by definition, and that questionnaires used to test the models may create rather than assess cognitions and thus influence later behavior. The authors of this comment challenge all 3 arguments and contend that the findings Ogden regarded as requiring rejection of the models are, in fact, consistent with them, that there is good evidence for the validity of measures used to assess the models' major constructs, and that the effect of completing a questionnaire on cognitions and subsequent behavior is an empirical question.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Does establishing fidelity of treatment help in understanding treatment efficacy? Comment on Bellg et al. (2004).

Comments on the article by Bellg et al (see record 2004-18051-001). To test the effects of a behavioral change on specific health outcomes, the Behavior Change Consortium insists on strict adherence to fidelity at 5 steps in behavioral trials: study design, provider training, treatment delivery, treatment receipt, and enactment of treatment skills. The authors argue that the demand for fidelity at every step ignores 2 critical sets of factors: (a) there are few theoretically grounded empirical studies of the processes involved in successful transitions in this sequence and (b) trials with perfect fidelity absent a theoretical model of transitions will produce evidence for interventions that lack a conceptual basis for adaptation to differences among diseases, treatments, patients, practitioners, medical institutions, and cultures and that therefore cannot be implemented in clinical practice.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2003

Can attentional theory explain the inverse base rate effect? Comment on Kruschke (2001).

In J. K. Kruschke's (2001; see record 2001-18940-005) study, it is argued that attentional theory is the sole satisfactory explanation of the inverse base rate effect and that eliminative inference (P. Juslin, P. Wennerholm, & A. Winman, 2001; see record 2001-07828-016) plays no role in the phenomenon. In this comment, the authors demonstrate that, in contrast to the central tenets of attentional theory, (a) rapid attention shifts as implemented in ADIT decelerate learning in the inverse base-rate task and (b) the claim that the inverse base-rate effect is directly caused by an attentional asymmetry is refuted by data. It is proposed that a complete account of the inverse base-rate effect needs to integrate attention effects with inference rules that are flexibly used for both induction and elimination.

Association Learning↗
PubMed2004

Risk and resilience in lesbian and gay couples: comment on Solomon, Rothblum, and Balsam (2004).

S. E. Solomon, E. D. Rothblum, and K. F. Balsam's (2004) article provides excellent descriptive and comparative data about the first cohort of same-sex couples seeking civil unions in Vermont. In this comment, the author sets their findings in a culture-specific theoretical context. This framework emphasizes three external risk factors faced by lesbian and gay couples in American society and the negative internal consequences when partners are unable to cope with these external challenges successfully. Forming a civil union can be viewed as an outgrowth of successful coping with these risk factors--a sign of individual, couple, and family resilience in the face of adversity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Families at risk: comment on Dirkzwager, Bramsen, Adèr, and van der Ploeg (2005).

New findings from a study by A. J. E. Dirkzwager, I. Bramsen, H. Adèr, and H. M. van der Ploeg (2005; see record 2005-06518-006) provide important empirical information on the adverse psychological and functional adjustment of families of former Dutch peacekeepers suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this comment the authors consider a few methodological limitations and issues for future study, including the need for intergenerational studies of the legacy of peacekeeping-related PTSD. Attention to considering the treatment needs of families of traumatized former peacekeepers is encouraged.

Family↗
PubMed2005

When family members go to war--a systemic perspective on harm and healing: comment on Dirkzwager, Bramsen, Adèr, and van der Ploeg (2005).

The article by A. J. E. Dirkzwager, I. Bramsen, H. Adèr, and H. M. van der Ploeg (2005; see record 2005-06518-006) provides compelling evidence of trauma transmission of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) from male peacekeepers to their female partners. Given the rise in troop deployment throughout the globe and increased exposure of soldiers to combat violence, the investigation is highly relevant, important and timely, illustrating the broad systemic emotional toll on couples when partners go to war. The purpose of this comment is to recommend future research directions (a) to reveal the characteristics of those individuals, couples, and family members that may be predictive of vulnerability and resiliency to PTSS and its sequelae; (b) to understand the interrelationship of PTSS and secondary trauma, relationship adjustment, and social support; and (c) to develop and test intervention methods that may be effective in reducing PTSS and other psychosocial problems among peacekeepers, their partners, and other family members.

Family↗
PubMed2004

On the nature of the intra-administration unconditioned stimulus: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004).

R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) present convincing evidence that a small dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) may elicit withdrawal signs in rats previously injected on a number of occasions with a large dose of morphine (50 mg/kg), thus suggesting that intra-administration associations may be involved in drug withdrawal. This finding is important for basic and applied researchers studying drug reward mechanisms. Although R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel point out that the morphine conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) making up the intra-administration association differ in onset and magnitude, the author of this comment argues that the CS and US may also differ in terms of pharmacologic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Drug onset cues, conditioned withdrawal, and drug relapse: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004).

Previous research has shown that under certain conditions environmental cues associated with morphine administration induce drug-opposite conditioned effects that mimic symptoms of opiate withdrawal. R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) extend these observations by demonstrating that acute exposure to a low dose of morphine induces symptoms of opiate withdrawal in rats previously exposed to a high dose of morphine. They hypothesized that early drug onset cues, repeatedly paired with later, larger drug effects, mediate the paradoxical effect of the low drug dose on behavior. They also hypothesized that conditioned withdrawal symptoms induced by the early drug onset cues may mediate the "priming" effect of drugs on relapse and craving. The authors of this comment discuss the degree to which the literature supports this hypothesis.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Disentangling the sources of opioid withdrawal responses: comment on McDonald and Siegel (2004).

R. V. McDonald and S. Siegel (see record 2004-10475-001) present new evidence for the idea that opioid drug-opposite responses can become conditioned to cues of initial drug onset and that they could, therefore, play a role in the development of tolerance of some drug effects and a role in the elicitation of withdrawal-like symptoms in cases in which addicted individuals are exposed to small doses of the drug they normally consume. In this comment, some puzzling features of the data are discussed, and alternative explanations are suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Does habituation play a role in drug habit? Comment on McSweeney, Murphy, and Kowal (2005).

Comment on the article, "Regulation of Drug Taking by Sensitization and Habituation," by McSweeney, et al. McSweeney, Murphy, and Kowal offer the intriguing suggestion that the basic behavioral processes of habituation and sensitization play an important role in drug taking, specifically, repeated drug taking. The suggestion is noteworthy because, if correct, it, as the authors point out, could lead to new approaches to prevention and treatment, approaches that involve the use of environmental variables that are relatively accessible. I think their exposition raises several issues. A number of these questions are related to the phenomenon of drug tolerance, an outcome that can be understood as either an instance of or deriving from the process of habituation. The presentation also contains passages in which the logic is not fully clear. Another issue I have with the article is the overall logic approach on the basis of features of drug addiction.

Drug Tolerance↗
PubMed2001

A promising intervention for a daunting problem: comment on Silverman et al. (2001).

Six features of the report are commented on. First, the Therapeutic Workplace intervention described in the report represents a creative and promising new approach to drug abuse treatment. Second, to the author's knowledge, it represents the first intervention that has been shown in a randomized clinical trial to significantly reduce cocaine abuse among pregnant women. Third, the report and study are commendable for their scientific rigor. Fourth, the treatment approach is science-based, integrating concepts and principles from several behavioral science literatures. Fifth, the intervention offers a potentially practical way of extending incentive-based drug abuse treatments to community clinics. Sixth and last, the report has the potential to provoke serious thought and consideration of what more might be done to combat the daunting and related problems of chronic unemployment and drug abuse in our poorer communities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comment on "Multicomponent nucleation: Thermodynamically consistent description of the nucleation work" [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3749 (2004)].

In the above cited paper, Kashchiev extends the "thermodynamically consistent" description of nucleation work to phase formation processes in multicomponent systems. It is claimed that this approach is generally applicable widely independent on the kind of phase transformation considered. In contrast to this statement, it is shown in our Comment that Kashchiev's approach is theoretically not well founded. It contains, in addition, a number of assumptions, which are not generally fulfilled. Because of this his method cannot give, in general, a satisfactory determination of the work of critical cluster formation in nucleation theory. An experimental example is given verifying our conclusions.

Comment↗
PubMed2004

Comment on "Postnucleation droplet growth in supersaturated gas with arbitrary vapor concentration" [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10455 (2004)].

We provide the overview of the papers dealing with the growth of the liquid droplet. The purpose is to put the paper "Postnucleation droplet growth in supersaturated gas with arbitrary vapor concentration" [V. Pines, M. Zlatkowski, and A. Chait, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10455 (2004)] in the right historical context. The original paper and this comment point the correct condensation formula to the atmospheric science community.

Comment↗
PubMed1993

Comment on 'ventilation and blood lactate increase exponentially during incremental exercise'.

A recent paper in this journal has examined the ventilatory compensation for metabolic acidosis with increasing oxygen uptake, making extensive use of mathematical and statistical techniques. The authors conclude that '...respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis during incremental exercise is a continuous process...'. While this may indeed be so, the following major aspects of the paper render the evidence at best dubious, surely inconclusive and perhaps even worthless: (1) The mathematical and statistical methodology is sloppy, incomplete and, at times, flawed. (2) No discontinuous model is presented for comparative purposes, only three continuous ones. (3) The authors ignore the fact that some threshold models produce smooth continuous data, and as a consequence, a good fit of a smooth continuous model cannot exclude the presence of a threshold. (4) The data in Table 5 show the amplitude parameter A of the preferred model to be not significantly different from zero. This paper draws these matters to the attention of readers of this journal, reviewers of manuscripts and other researchers, with comment and suggestion. This is done in the hope that all those concerned with mathematical and statistical methodologies will become more aware of their proper use.

Anaerobic Threshold↗