SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Consequences”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Zeroing in on the dark side of the American Dream: a closer look at the negative consequences of the goal for financial success.

Recent research has demonstrated that aspiring to the American Dream of financial success has negative consequences for various aspects of psychological well-being. The present longitudinal study examining the relation between the goal for financial success, attainment of that goal, and satisfaction with various life domains found that the negative impact of the goal for financial success on overall life satisfaction diminished as household income increased. The negative consequences of the goal for financial success seemed to be limited to those specific life domains that either concerned relationships with other people or involved income-producing activities, such as one's job; satisfactions with two of those life domains, however, were among the strongest predictors of overall life satisfaction in this sample of well-educated respondents in their late 30s. The negative consequences were particularly severe for the domain of family life; the stronger the goal for financial success, the lower the satisfaction with family life, regardless of household income.

Aspirations, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts.

AIMS: To investigate whether heroin addicts demonstrate shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to future consequences of their behavior compared to non-drug users. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four heroin addicts enrolled in a buprenorphine treatment clinic and 59 non-drug-using controls completed a personality questionnaire and two laboratory tasks. MEASUREMENTS: The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) personality questionnaire assessed orientation to the future, and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) task elicited predictions of the timing and ordering of future events. The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that range in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers. FINDINGS: Heroin addicts scored significantly lower than controls on the STPI scale indicative of future orientation. In the FTP, heroin addicts were less likely to predict events far into the future and less likely to systematically organize events in the future. In the card task, heroin addicts were less likely to win money than controls. They were more likely to play from a deck that contained greater immediate gains but that resulted in large, delayed punishers and overall net losses. They also made fewer selections from a deck that provided an overall net gain via relatively low immediate rewards and frequent small punishments. CONCLUSIONS: Shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to delayed consequences may explain drug abusers' persistent use of drugs, despite the long-term negative consequences associated with drug use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Preconditions for and consequences of self-determination: the psychiatric patient's point of view.

In the context of an interview study concerned with self-determination in psychiatric patients, this paper describes the preconditions for and consequences of self-determination from the point of view of psychiatric patients themselves. The data were collected in semi-structured interviews with long-term psychiatric patients (n = 72) and analysed using the method of content analysis. Responses on the preconditions for self-determination were grouped into three categories: firstly, there were those who said that reference to self-determination in the case of psychiatric patients is nonsense; secondly, there were those who said that self-determination requires no preconditions; and thirdly, there were those who said that there are certain preconditions, such as the ability to think and make decisions, activity, obedience, and illness. Both positive and negative consequences were identified in situations where self-determination is maintained, but only negative consequences in situations where self-determination is lost. On the basis of these tentative results, self-determination seemed to be relevant in psychiatric nursing. We are continuing to develop and test an instrument for the evaluation of the opportunity for self-determination in clinical practice.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual dimorphism in gender plasticity and its consequences for breeding system evolution.

Flowering plants are able to develop gametes throughout their lives. As a consequence, environmental conditions can impact this development and alter a plant's functional gender or the degree to which it achieves fitness through male or female function. Two dimorphic breeding systems are widespread among angiosperm families: gynodioecy (hermaphrodites and females) and dioecy (males and females). Gynodioecy can evolve into dioecy, via loss of female function on the hermaphrodites, or it can remain stable. Here I discuss how developmental plasticity of gender can impact the sex ratio of populations and thereby influence the transition of one breeding system into another. I review studies showing that greater plasticity of fruit production by hermaphrodites as compared with females causes sex ratios among populations to vary in response to environmental conditions, with higher female frequency expected in harsh or low-quality sites. I also review how dioecy may evolve in dry sites to avoid inbreeding and any consequent inbreeding depression. Taken together, these studies show the importance of understanding how ecological development affects functional gender and consequently the evolutionary stability or malleability of dimorphic breeding systems.

Asteraceae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The professional consequences of whistleblowing by nurses.

When nurses encounter misconduct in the workplace, their ethical codes of conduct bind them to the role of patient advocacy and compel them to safeguard the patient from harm. However, reporting misconduct can be personally and professionally risky. The aim of the research was to examine the professional consequences of whistleblowing and nonwhistleblowing in nursing. A descriptive survey design was used to examine the professional effect of reporting misconduct (whistleblowing) and not reporting misconduct (nonwhistleblowing). Ninety-five respondents were included in the study; 70 were self-identified as whistleblowers and 25 were self-identified as nonwhistleblowers. Results indicated that there were severe professional reprisals if the nurse reported misconduct, but there were few professional consequences if the nurse remained silent. Official reprisals included demotion (4%), reprimand (11%), and referral to a psychiatrist (9%). Whistleblowers also reported that they received professional reprisals in the form of threats (16%), rejection by peers (14%), pressure to resign (7%), and being treated as a traitor (14%). Ten per cent reported that they felt their career had been halted. These findings suggest that when nurses identify and report misconduct in the workplace, they may experience serious professional consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Psychiatric inpatient length of stay. An overview of methods, influences and consequences].

Duration of inpatient psychiatric treatment is considerably under discussion between hospitals and payers. This article aims at reviewing the scientific evidence on the topic of psychiatric inpatient duration of stay. Two general research questions can be identified from the literature: 1. Which factors do influence duration of stay? 2. Which consequences does duration of psychiatric treatment have on patients' health status? Results show that duration of stay is less influenced by psychiatric diagnosis and sociodemographic items but more by the process of treatment and by organizational characteristics of the institutions. More recent studies generally find positive effects of longer treatment episodes. Studies about the consequences of duration of stay show a relation between reductions in duration of treatment and increasing readmissions. It is concluded that reductions in duration of inpatient treatment must be carefully evaluated to prevent negative consequences for patients' health status.

Health Status↗

PubMed2004

[Diabetes in childhood: everyday burden and professional consequences for parents].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the burden and the financial and professional consequences for mothers and fathers after the onset of diabetes in their child in relationship to age at onset and family structure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All families of children with an age at onset < 14 years and a diabetes duration < 10 years treated at four large pediatric diabetes centers received a structured questionnaire (burden of diabetes, professional position and career development, financial consequences for both parents, demographic data). RESULTS: 580 families with 583 children with type 1 diabetes (46 % girls, diabetes duration 5.0 +/- 3.2 years, age at onset 6.9 +/- 3.9 years) participated. 42 % of the children had an age at onset below 6 years. 11 % had single parents. Before the onset of diabetes in their children 93 % of the fathers worked full-time, thereafter 4 % changed their employment. Mothers worked at onset full-time in 22 % and part-time in 38 %; thereafter 31 % reduced their working time or stopped working. 33 % of the mothers reported handicaps in their professional career development, especially those with a child with age at onset below 6 years (44 %). Negative financial consequences were present in 44 % of the families. The day to day burden on a scale from 1 to 5 decreased both in mothers and in fathers with increasing age at onset. The individual burden was higher in mothers (3.6 +/-1.1) than in fathers (2.8 +/- 1.1) (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Initiatives to reduce the burden on families with a child with diabetes are urgently needed. Particularly the social and professional integration of mothers with younger children at diabetes onset need to be improved through support measures outside the family.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[The stigma of mental illness: concepts, forms, and consequences].

OBJECTIVE: Persons with mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may suffer from self-stigma. We aim to clarify the concept of mental illness stigma and discuss important consequences for people with mental illness. METHOD: A search of scientific literature on mental illness stigma was conducted with a focus on conceptually relevant empirical studies. RESULTS: After giving a conceptual overview of stigma, we elaborate on the consequences of stigma, focussing on self-stigma/empowerment, coping behaviour, fear of stigma as a barrier to using health services, and on structural discrimination. Main strategies to reduce stigma -- protest, education, and contact -- are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma is of central importance to persons with mental illness, both to how they experience their illness and its consequences and whether they use available health services. Well-designed anti-stigma initiatives will help to diminish the impact of mental illness stigma.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Anticipating the three-dimensional consequences of eye movements.

Rapid eye movements called saccades give rise to sudden, enormous changes in optic information arriving at the eye; how the world nonetheless appears stable is known as the problem of spatial constancy. One consequence of saccades is that the directions of all visible points shift uniformly; directional or 2D constancy, the fact that we do not perceive this change, has received extensive study for over a century. The problems raised by 3D consequences of saccades, on the other hand, have been neglected. When the eye rotates in space, the 3D orientation of all stationary surfaces undergoes an equal-and-opposite rotation with respect to the eye. When presented with a an optic simulation of a saccade but with the eyes still, observers readily perceive this depth rotation of surfaces; when simultaneously performing the corresponding saccade, the 3D orientations of surfaces are perceived as stable, a phenomenon I propose calling 3D spatial constancy. In experiments presented here, observers viewed ambiguous 3D rotations immediately before, during, or after a saccade. The results show that before the eyes begin to move the brain anticipates the 3D consequences of saccades, preferring to perceive the rotation opposite to the impending eye movement. Further, the anticipation is absent when observers fixate while experiencing optically simulated saccades, and therefore must be evoked by extraretinal signals. Such anticipation could provide a mechanism for 3D spatial constancy and transsaccadic integration of depth information.

Depth Perception↗

PubMed2005

Consequences of food energy excess and positive energy balance.

This paper discusses possible consequences of energy excess throughout the life cycle. Firstly we consider the effects of foods on hunger, satiety and satiation. Also, the changes in food availability and consumption in relation to changes in social and economic determinants of energy excess. The relationship between physical activity and energy intake (EI) is also considered. Secondly we explore the definition of energy excess and the metabolic effects of macronutrients (mainly in relation to fuel partitioning oxidation/storage) on energy balance. The cellular and molecular regulation determined by specific genes involved in lipogenesis, fuel partitioning and/or in energy dissipation are explored. Thirdly, we examine the main consequences induced by energy excess and positive energy balance, starting with the alterations in glucose utilisation (insulin resistance) leading to type 2 diabetes and the linkage of energy excess with other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Biological, social and psychological consequences during perinatal, childhood and adolescence periods are specifically analysed. Fourthly, the transition from energy deficit to excess, under the optic of a developing country is analysed with country examples drawn from Latin America. The possible role of supplementary food programmes in determining positive energy balance is discussed especially in relation to pre-school and school feeding programmes. Fifthly, we deal with the economic costs of energy excess and obesity related diseases. Finally, some areas where further research is needed are described; biological and genetic determinants of individual and population energy requirements, foods and food preparations as actually consumed, consumer education and research needs on social determinants of energy imbalances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Causal attributions, perceived consequences of unemployment, and perceptions of employment prospects among adolescents in New Zealand.

The present study investigated the causal attributions and perceived consequences of unemployment, as well as perceptions of employment prospects, among high school students in New Zealand. A sample of Form 4 (Grade 9) boys (M age 14.3 years) and girls (14.4 years) and a sample of Form 6 and 7 (Grades 11 and 12) boys (16.9 years) and girls (16.6 years) were tested. No sex or age differences were found in students' causal attributions about unemployment. Societal factors were judged as the most important cause for unemployment. Luck was considered the least important reason. Form 4 students placed a greater emphasis on economic consequences, whereas Form 6 and 7 students regarded social consequences as more important. The consistency in the present findings and those from studies in other countries suggests that cross-cultural similarities do exist in adolescents' perceptions of unemployment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Implications and consequences of enzyme induction on preclinical and clinical drug development.

1. Enzyme induction has traditionally been studied during drug development to assess the potential of drug entities to interact with concomitant medications and alter their pharmacological effects, and clearly it is an unwanted phenomenon. However, another hurdle caused by induction occurs during preclinical development via the attainment of safety data, obtained by dosing high quantities of compound to species used in toxicology assessment. This review considers the techniques that can now be utilized in drug discovery, their relevance, the pharmacokinetic aspects of this phenomenon, and it discusses the consequences and implications of induction during preclinical and clinical development. 2. It is becoming increasingly routine to employ hepatocyte cultures and novel techniques such as quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR to identify enzyme inducers in vitro. The major challenge is to utilize these in vitro data to predict the consequences of induction in vivo. From an understanding of pharmacokinetic principles and low clinical doses relative to preclinical studies, there is limited potential for induction by a development candidate to significantly alter the pharmacological efficacy of a co-administered drug. 3. The most comprehensive approach when considering induction involves integrating quantitative in vitro data, information on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the compound and the PK/PD) relationship in order to predict its consequences. The generation of this holistic strategy would enable more detailed and informed decision-making about both the suitability of molecules for development and the development strategy itself.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Prostatectomy and inguinal hernia repair: a comparison of the sexual consequences.

This study investigated whether psychosexual changes found after surgery for benign prostatic enlargement relate specifically to the prostatectomy procedure or to the stresses of surgery in general. The sexual adjustment of 91 married men (ranging in age from 51 to 77) who had undergone either transurethral prostatectomy or inguinal hernia repair was compared using the same measures and experimental design. Results show that both surgeries appeared to result in relatively minor but widespread negative consequences for sexual adjustment and expression. Findings on both individual and couple sexual adjustment suggest that the psychosexual consequences of the two procedures do not differ substantially. As expected, the one exception was retrograde ejaculation, which was more likely to be experienced by men who had undergone prostate surgery. The results illustrate the necessity of conducting comparative studies when evaluating the sexual consequences of surgical procedures and highlight the importance of taking age into consideration when conducting research on the effects of surgery on older men.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Women's experiences of having a colposcopic examination: self-reported satisfaction with care, perceived needs and consequences.

This study was conducted in seven gynaecological clinics in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction with care, unmet needs and consequences following the procedure reported by women having a colposcopic examination. Of the 161 eligible women attending colposcopy clinics who were approached to take part, 156 (97%) gave written consent to participate and 138 (86%) completed interviews. Consenting women were telephoned within 1 week of their clinic visit to complete a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). The survey addressed a number of issues relating to the care they received during their colposcopic examination: satisfaction with care, satisfaction with the waiting time to have a colposcopy, preferences for provider gender, information and health care needs while waiting for the colposcopy, information and health care needs during the colposcopy, short-term physical consequences and shortterm psychosocial consequences of the procedure. Results indicate that satisfaction with care among women ranged from 69% to 96%. The highest expressed needs while waiting for the colposcopy were for information about risks of cancer (91%), reasons for needing a colposcopy (86%), and the colposcopy procedure (86%). Women reported that outcomes such as anxiety and disinterest in sex had further worsened or not been improved following the colposcopy. The results indicate that interventions to address specific concerns would need to be designed, implemented and evaluated.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Blows to the head during development can predispose to violent criminal behaviour: rehabilitation of consequences of head injury is a measure for crime prevention.

Criminal behaviour and violence may be the consequence of head injuries acquired during childhood and youth (gang fights, domestic violence, small blows to the head while driving, falls and so forth). In this study, a comparison was made of the school and head injury histories of violent and non-violent prisoners. It was found that the delinquent subjects in both groups had a history of academic difficulties. However, what differentiated the violent from the non-violent group was a history of having suffered head injuries that were never treated. Problems at school are not enough themselves to predict violent behaviour. A history of discrete neurological damage as a consequence to blows received to the head must also be present. The results suggest to the authors that the treatment of the cognitive, behavioural and emotional consequences of brain injury could be a measure for crime prevention. Measures both for prevention and rehabilitation are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The neurobehavioural consequences of St. Louis encephalitis infection.

BACKGROUND: St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) is a relatively common cause of neurological illness, yet little is known about its cognitive and psychosocial consequences. PURPOSE: To describe the cognitive, emotional, psychophysiological, and psychosocial consequences of SLE infection. METHOD: A comprehensive neuropsychological and psychophysiological evaluation of a high functioning woman 6 weeks and 1 year after acute SLE infection is presented. The focus and course of rehabilitation is also examined. RESULTS: The primary cognitive consequences of SLE infection involved attention, working memory, speed of processing, and cognitive efficiency. Depression was also observed. Psychometric testing suggested that these deficits largely resolved after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: SLE produces neurocognitive deficits which are reflected in both psychometric and psychophysiologic measures and functional status. Psychometric and vocational improvement were observed over 1 year. However, the normal vocational return came at a significant psychosocial cost. This case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and illustrates the importance of an integrated rehabilitation programme.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Social stigma and negative consequences: factors that influence college students' decisions to seek testing for sexually transmitted infections.

College students often delay or avoid seeking testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), even if the services are readily available. We used in-depth, semistructured interviews to survey 41 college students aged 18 to 23 years about factors that influence decisions about STI testing. We grouped statements into 9 themes that represent influences on the decision. The most frequently mentioned factors were negative consequences of testing and perceived vulnerability to infection; other issues that influenced decision making included perceived benefits, perceived severity of diseases, public knowledge and opinion, social norms, provider characteristics, test-site characteristics, and personal considerations. Social stigmas and negative consequences appear to represent significant barriers to college students' being tested, which could increase the risk of spreading infections to others. Clinicians and health educators should raise students' awareness of the need for screening and should work to reduce the barriers to screening, including social stigmas and negative consequences.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in African American and White college students' drinking behaviors: consequences, harm reduction strategies, and health information sources.

The authors explored the differences between African American and White college students' drinking behaviors and their attitudes toward consequences, harm-reduction strategies, and health information sources. They collected data from a randomly selected sample of 1,110 students in a large public university to examine the effects of a high-risk drinking prevention intervention. In the current analysis, they compared African American and White students on indicators of high-risk drinking, drinking consequences, harm-reduction strategies, the sources that students typically used for health information, and the believability of those sources. The African American students scored lower on drinking measures than the White students did, reported fewer negative consequences, and more regularly employed drinking-reduction strategies, with one exception--choosing a designated driver. Both African and White respondents reported that their parents were their most frequent and usual sources of health-related information and said that parents and health professionals were the most credible sources.

Adolescent↗