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PubMed2001

The levels of trypsinogen isoenzymes in ovarian tumour cyst fluids are associated with promatrix metalloproteinase-9 but not promatrix metalloproteinase-2 activation.

Proteolysis mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteinases is associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. Activation of latent proMMPs, and especially the proforms of the type IV collagen degrading gelatinases A and B (proMMP-2 and proMMP-9), is thought to be a critical step in this process. We have recently found that human tumour-associated trypsin-2 is a potent activator of proMMP-9 and it also activates proMMP-2 in vitro. Trypsinogen, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are expressed in ovarian cancer. To elucidate the function of trypsin in vivo, we studied whether high concentrations of trypsinogen-1, trypsinogen-2, their alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (API) complexes, and tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) are associated with proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activation in ovarian tumour cyst fluids. Zymography and immunofluorometric analysis of 61 cyst fluids showed a significant association between high trypsin concentrations and the activation of MMP-9 (P = 0.003-0.05). In contrast, the trypsin concentrations were inversely associated with the activation of MMP-2 (P = 0.01-0.02). Immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian tumour tissue demonstrated expression of trypsinogen-2 and TATI in the secretory epithelium. MMP-2 was detected both in stromal and epithelial cells whereas MMP-9 was detected in neutrophils and macrophage-like cells in stromal and epithelial areas. These results suggest that trypsin may play a role in the regulation of the MMP-dependent proteolysis associated with invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Bronchial cyst in a patient with a high serum CA19-9 concentration that fluctuated with the cyst fluid volume].

A 44-year-old woman was found to have an abnormally high concentration of CA19-9 in serum. Five years later, she underwent a right upper lobectomy for an abnormal shadow on a chest roentgenogram, because it was thought to indicate a malignant tumor. A chest CT scan revealed a cyst with fluid in the right upper lobe. During the 5 years before the lobectomy, the serum CA19-9 concentration rose when the cyst fluid volume increased, and fell when the cyst fluid volume decreased. Before the operation, the serum CA19-9 concentration was very high and the cyst was swollen. The cyst wall was found to be lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells and to contain hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle, which led to the diagnosis of bronchial cyst. The surface epithelium and cyst fluid were positively stained by a monoclonal antibody against CA19-9. The serum CA19-9 concentration decreased and was within the normal range 3 months after the operation.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Thyroid hormone levels in human breast cyst fluid.

Radioimmunoassayable levels of total and free 3,5,3'-triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and prolactin (Prl) were measured in a series of samples of breast cyst fluid (BCF) aspirated from 73 pre-menopausal women with gross cystic disease of the breast and in coincidental blood samples. In BCF free T3 and free T4 were consistently higher than in plasma (P less than 0.001) as was also total T3 in the majority of cases (P less than 0.05). Total T4, TBG and Prl were much lower than in plasma (P less than 0.001). TSH was roughly as in plasma. No correlation was found between plasma and BCF values. The results indicate that thyroid hormones may be accumulated in their effective form in the cyst fluid. A highly significant inverse correlation was found between intracystic free T3 and log (Prl). Our data, considered in relation to previous experimental evidence, suggest the possibility that thyroid hormones act at the breast level in concert with Prl. Accumulation of thyroid hormones in BCF could play a role in the development or maintenance of gross cystic disease of the breast or be a mere consequence of the cystic changes.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Steroid hormones in ovarian vein and cyst fluid of a virilizing stromal tumor.

A 23-year-old female with clinical signs of excessive androgen and estrogen production was found to have a gonadal stromal tumor. The clinical symptoms correlated well with steroid hormone values in ovarian vein blood and ovarian cyst fluid of the ovarian tumor. Ovarian vein blood draining the ovarian tumor measured as follows: estrone, 162 pg/ml; estradiol, 1688 pg/ml; progesterone, 9.6 ng/ml; testosterone, 9775 ng/100 ml; and dihydrotestosterone, 2905 ng/100 ml. The ovarian cyst fluid produced higher estrogen and lower androgen values compared with ipsilateral ovarian vein blood. Peripheral levels of immunoreactive testosterone ranged from 210 to 244 ng/100 ml. It is concluded that excessive androgen and estrogen production may arise from a gonadal stromal tumor that has been previously classified as a purely virilizing ovarian tumor.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Immunodetection of endogenous opioid peptides in human brain tumors and associated cyst fluids.

The antitumorigenic effects of endogenous opioid peptides and their presence in extracerebral tumors are well documented. In this study, methionine-enkephaline (met-enkephalin) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 108 glial and nonglial brain tumors and in 44 associated cyst fluids. By immunohistochemistry, the distribution of the peptide and its precursor, preproenkephalin A, was also analyzed. Met-enkephalin and preproenkephalin were detected in the cytoplasm and cell processes of all tumors. Moreover, for neuroectodermal tumors (i.e., gliomas, gangliogliomas, and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors), a strong inverse correlation (P < 0.0001) was observed between the met-enkephalin levels and the degree of malignancy (242.9, 148.3, 55.3, and 30.3 pg/mg protein for grade 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). When compared to normal tissue, this differential expression mainly results from a decrease in the opioid peptide content in high-grade neuroectodermal tumors. Meningiomas and cerebral metastases displayed low met-enkephalin levels, similar to those of grade 4 neuroectodermal tumors. Large amounts of met-enkephalin were found in all cyst fluids. These data suggest that the endogenous opioid system is an integral component of brain tumors and that met-enkephalin may represent a useful malignancy marker in neuroectodermal tumors.

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed1990

Mitogenic peptides in breast cyst fluid: relationship with intracystic electrolyte ratios.

Women with palpable breast cysts which are lined with apocrine epithelium may be at higher risk of developing breast cancer than women with breast cysts which are lined with flattened epithelium, the former group being characterized by intracystic sodium to potassium ratios below 3, while the latter group has intracystic sodium to potassium ratios above 3. In this study the distribution of intracystic concentrations of the mitogenic peptides, epidermal growth factor, endothelin and gastrin-releasing peptide in the 2 groups of breast cysts were compared to see whether differences in concentrations between the 2 cyst groups might provide an explanation for the higher risk of breast cancer observed in women with "apocrine" breast cysts. The concentrations of epidermal growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide were significantly higher in the low electrolyte ratio group (p less than 0.001). There was no difference in endothelin concentrations between the 2 groups. Negative correlations were found between epidermal growth factor concentrations and Na+/K+ and between gastrin-releasing peptide concentrations and Na+/K+ (p less than 0.001). A positive correlation was found between gastrin-releasing peptide and epidermal growth factor concentrations in breast cyst fluid (p less than 0.001). The significantly higher intracystic concentrations of both epidermal growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide in the low-electrolyte-ratio group may provide an explanation for the higher risk of breast cancer which has been observed in women with "apocrine" breast cysts.

Endothelins↗

PubMed2001

Differential distribution of soluble and complexed forms of prostate-specific antigen in cyst fluids of women with gross cystic breast disease.

Gross cystic breast disease (GCBD) is the most common benign disease of the human female breast, and patients with GCBD have an increased risk of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution inside apocrine cells and in breast cyst fluids aspirated from gross cysts of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) molecular forms, and to correlate the different intracystic PSA profiles to the subpopulations of gross cysts. Type I cysts showed a median value of 0.71 microg/L of total PSA and 0.32 g/L of ACT, significantly different to that of Type II cysts (Wilcoxon P < 0.001). Although large excesses of ACT were detected in all samples, BCF samples and apocrine cells from Type I gross cysts contained about 70% of free PSA, compared to the higher amounts of complexed PSA found in Type II gross cysts. We demonstrate that in apocrine/secretive Type I breast gross cysts the serine protease PSA was mainly present in its free form, in contrast to a major proportion of complexed PSA found in flattened/transudative Type II cysts. Our results are consistent with the notion that a prolonged exposure of apocrine breast cells lining the Type I gross cysts to the proteolytic activity of PSA could be involved in the etiopathogenesis of GCBD.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of a 120 kDa protein complex in cyst fluid of Taenia solium metacestode and preliminary evaluation of its value for the serodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Cyst fluid (CF) of Taenia solium metacestode (TsM) is an important source of serodiagnostic antigens. We have investigated the molecular characteristics of the 120 kDa protein complex in TsM CF purified by fast performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the purified protein was characterized by a variety of proteomic analyses. The protein was found to consist of 2 major components of 42-46 and 22-28 kDa, and shared 3 subunits of 14, 16 and 18 kDa. The 42-46 kDa component was determined to contain 3 additional subunits of 22, 28 and 38 kDa. These 6 subunits were shown to originate from either the 14 or 18 kDa precursor. We assessed the antibody reactivity of the native protein, its individual subunits and the recombinant 14 and 18 kDa proteins, and found that the 120 kDa protein, particularly 14 and 18 kDa subunits revealed high reliability for differentiation of active and mixed stage NC from chronic NC. The subunits of the 120 kDa protein complex identified herein represent some of the low-molecular weight glycoproteins which have been described in several previous studies. Recognizing and understanding the structural and immunological relationship of these proteins will facilitate the development of new serodiagnostic assays.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Hormonal and biochemical characterization of breast cyst fluid in gross cystic mastopathy].

A total of 93 breast cyst fluids (BCF) obtained by needle aspiration of women suffering from gross cystic mastopathy was hormonally investigated. The mean age of the patients was 45 years (range 27-65). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), testosterone (TE), prolactin (PROL), estriol (E3), dehydroisoandrosterone and its sulfate (DHA, DHA-S) levels were investigated in the BCF and in the respective sera. Tumour marker beta-HCG and CA 15-3 as well as cations (K+, Na+) were determined, too. E2, E3, PROG, TE, PROL, DHA, DHA-S and K+ showed significant accumulation in the BCF compared to the serum values. The K+/Na+ ratio proved to be a useful tool to divide cysts into type I (> or = 1), type II (< 1 but > or = 0.1) and type III (< 0.1) subgroups. In case of type I BCF, higher E2, DHA, DHA-S and PROL levels could be detected, while PROG and TE contents proved to be the highest in type II cysts. These findings indicate that the type I BCF is a marker for "active" GCD of the breast and suggest that it may be associated with increased breast cancer risk. It is suggested therefore when macrocysts are aspirated, sex steroids, steroid hormone precursors and cations in the BCF should be examined routinely, and women with type I cysts should be controlled carefully.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Application of antigens from Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis.

Fluid was collected from cysts of Taenia hydatigena in 60 adult sheep and fluid from each animal pooled separately. By double diffusion antigen 5 was demonstrated in all pools but one. The criteria are described for selection and standardization of these preparations for use as antigens for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease. Sera from 50 persons harbouring hydatid cysts and from 50 patients with other disease conditions were examined by the arc-5 double-diffusion test, using two antigens prepared from Echinococcus granulosus and T. hydatigena cyst fluids, respectively. The results showed that a higher diagnostic sensitivity was obtained with the hydatid antigen. The significance of the findings is discussed in terms of their application to human immunodiagnosis in areas where hydatidosis, but not cysticercosis, is rare in livestock.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Endoscopic ventricular fenestration of intracranial fluid cysts.

The authors report 5 patients with paraventricular or intraventricular fluid cysts, successfully treated by fenestration into the ventricular system using a neuroendoscopic technique. The series includes three paraventricular malformative CSF cysts, a cyst of the velum interpositum and a cystic astrocytoma with small, deeply located and unresectable mural nodule. In all cases the endoscopic fenestration was the unique treatment and allowed to avoid the definitive ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The surgical endoscopic technique and the postoperative radiological findings which indirectly confirm the patency of the fenestration are discussed. The authors conclude that endoscopic ventricular fenestration represents the treatment of choice for most paraventricular and intraventricular CSF collections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Cyst fluid of glioma does not inhibit the killing action of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in vitro.

In theory, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells offer a potential method to treat cerebral gliomas, especially low-grade gliomas. LAK cells would be administered by repeated injections straight into the cavity of a subtotally removed tumour. However, brain-tumour cyst fluid has been shown to be immunosuppressive in lymphocyte stimulation tests. Therefore we wanted to know whether the fluid would reduce the killing efficacy of LAK cells. Using a standard cytotoxity test based on 51Cr release, we compared in vitro the cytotoxity of LAK cells against K-562 tumour cells in brain-tumour cyst fluid, autologous serum and allogeneic serum. Five patients with cystic glioma and one with cystic meningioma were studied and no inhibition of cytotoxity of LAK cells was observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Radioimmunoassay of insulin-like growth factors in cyst fluid of central nervous system tumors.

Tumor cells are characterized by abnormalities in growth and metabolism, including the autocrine secretion of certain growth factors. The authors have previously shown the presence of insulin-like growth factor receptors in tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and in this study examine whether CNS tumors are capable of autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factors in situ. To investigate the production of insulin-like growth factors I and II by CNS tumors, the authors have developed specific radioimmunoassays for these growth factors. In situ production of insulin-like growth factors was studied by immunoassay of CNS tumor cyst fluid aspirated at the time of surgery from 12 cystic tumors: seven primary brain tumors, four metastatic tumors, and one spinal schwannoma. For immunoassay, cyst fluid was treated overnight with acetic acid, then insulin-like growth factors were separated from binding proteins by a refined solid-phase technique, then dried and reconstituted in immunoassay buffer. Normal human serum and cerebrospinal fluid served as controls. Insulin-like growth factor I was detected in all 12 tumors studied. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor II was detected only in three low-grade astrocytomas, the spinal schwannoma (which had the highest insulin-like growth factor II level of all tumors studied), and three metastatic lung cancers. These results suggest that CNS tumors may be capable of autocrine production of insulin-like growth factors in situ. Furthermore, there appears to be a difference in the type of insulin-like growth factors produced by different types of CNS tumors. Preferential production of insulin-like growth factors may be an important marker of tumor differentiation and useful as a diagnostic tool.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Differing concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin and prolactin in the cyst fluid of hydatidiform mole and in amniotic fluid.

The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin and prolactin in the cyst fluid of molar tissue were compared with that of normal amniotic fluid. Molar fluid was aspirated from the vesicles of molar tissue in eight women (duration of amenorrhea 14.1 +/- 1 week, mean +/- SEM). Amniotic fluid was obtained at amniocentesis in 24 women (mean duration of amenorrhea 15.9 +/- 0.2 week). Hormones were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. The concentrations (mean +/- SEM) of human chorionic gonadotropin in molar fluid and amniotic fluid were 581,829 +/- 112,581 and 3187 +/- 505 mlU/ml (p less than 0.001), respectively. For prolactin the levels in molar fluid and amniotic fluid were 44 +/- 24 and 1962 +/- 313 ng/ml (p less than 0.001), respectively. These data demonstrate that molar fluid contains 182-fold higher levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and 45-fold lower levels of prolactin than amniotic fluid obtained from normal pregnant women with a similar duration of amenorrhea. In addition to altered endocrine function of the trophoblast, there may be altered prolactin secretion from the decidua in molar pregnancy as compared with normal pregnancy. Further research is required to evaluate prolactin production from decidua of molar pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

High performance latex reagent for hydatid serology using an Echinococcus granulosus lipoprotein antigen fraction purified from cyst fluid in one step.

A lipoprotein fraction from fertile bovine hydatid cyst fluid (FBHCF) was isolated by affinity chromatography on acrylic-heparin. The heparin-binding lipoprotein fraction (HBLF) was proved to be free from host immunoglobulins and albumin. Immunoblotting with confirmed human hydatid sera showed that the major relevant diagnostic bands in FBHCF were also present in HBLF. HBLF or FBHCF were used to sensitize polystyrene latex particles. HBLF-latex showed both higher reactivity with positive hydatid human sera and higher batch-to-batch reproducibility than FBHCF-latex. Titration of sera from 119 surgically confirmed hydatid patients, 48 with other parasitic diseases, 6 with unrelated diseases and 37 healthy subjects was performed using HBLF-latex and conventional ELISA (using FBHCF). Sensitivity and specificity were 83 and 87% for ELISA and 87 and 88% for HBLF-latex. These results indicate that, while being simpler and faster to perform, the HBLF-latex has a similar diagnostic value to that of the conventional ELISA test.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1986

Cations and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in cyst fluid of pre- and menopausal patients with gross cystic disease of the breast. Evidence for the existence of subpopulations of cysts.

Cations (K+ and Na+) content was evaluated in 444 breast cyst fluid (BCF) specimens, aspirated from 391 patients with gross cystic disease of the breast (GCD), a benign form admittedly at major risk of cancer. In 306/444 BCF, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHA-S) content was also evaluated. A positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was observed between log K+ vs. log DHA-S whereas a negative correlation was found between log Na+ and log DHA-S (P less than 0.001). Cysts were subdivided in three types according to their cationic concentration: most were of type I (K+/Na+ greater than 1.5) and type II (K+/Na+ less than 0.66) whereas only 10% was of the type III (intermediate). No statistical difference in subtype distribution was apparent when considering patients aspirated in the follicular vs. luteal phase of the menstrual cycle; on the contrary, a significant difference (P less than 0.001) was found between menstruating vs. menopausal patients (type I = 54.8% vs. 32.2%; type II = 34.5% vs. 58.1%, respectively). Ninety-four BCF samples were aspirated simultaneously in 41 patients bearing multiple cysts: the same cationic subtype was present in 29/41 patients. Our data confirm and extend previous observations, and provide conclusive evidence that breast macrocysts can be divided on the basis of their electrolyte composition into different types. Accordingly, the composition of BCF should always be assessed for prospective studies on GCD and breast cancer risk.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of hormonal status of patients with cystic disease on the composition of cyst fluid and breast cancer risk.

The relationship between the composition of breast cyst fluid (BCF), the menstrual status and in addition some endocrine events in the history of patients (n = 131) with gross cystic breast disease was investigated. The dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) levels in type II (K+/Na+ < 1) cysts of the follicular group were significantly higher compared to the type II cysts of the luteal or postmenopausal groups. For testosterone a significant difference existed between the type I (K+/Na+ > or = 1) follicular and type I postmenopausal groups. Estrone levels were significantly higher in type I BCF of patients in the luteal phase compared to both the follicular and postmenopausal type I cysts. Progesterone levels were lowest in the postmenopausal subgroups (both in type I and II cyst). Significant correlations were found between the number of pregnancies and the levels of DHA-sulfate and also progesterone in BCF. DHA levels were correlated with the period of lactation. The K+/Na+ ratios were the lowest in women who lactated for the longest period. The estrone was lowest in BCF of current oral contraceptive (o.c.) users while the estradiol was lowest in patients who had never used o.c. A history of previous o.c. use was associated with a significantly high mean DHA level. A significantly higher DHA and lower testosterone level were demonstrated in BCF of patients who had some previous gynecological interventions. The composition of BCF and the "life of cysts" and thus the rate of breast cancer risk may depend on hormonal status during the menstrual cycles or postmenopause and also on endocrine history of patients.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization and optimization of bovine Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid to be used in immunodiagnosis of hydatid disease by ELISA.

The aim of this work was to assess the influence in the diagnostic value for human hydatid disease of the composition of bovine hydatid cyst fluid (BHCF) obtained from fertile (FC) and non-fertile cysts (NFC). Eight batches from FC and 5 from NFC were prepared and analysed with respect to chemical composition: total protein, host-derived protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents. No differences were observed in the first two parameters but carbohydrate and lipid contents were shown to be higher in batches from FC than in those from NFC. Bands of 38 and 116 kD in SDS-PAGE profiles were observed to be present in BHCF from FC only. Two pools were prepared from BHCF batches obtained from FC (PFC) and NFC (PNFC), respectively. Antigen recognition patterns were analysed by immunoblot. Physicochemical conditions for adsorption of antigens to the polystyrene surface (ELISA plates) were optimized. The diagnostic value of both types of BHCF as well as the diagnostic relevance of oxidation of their carbohydrate moieties with periodate were assessed by ELISA using 42 serum samples from hydatid patients, 41 from patients with other disorders, and 15 from healthy donors. Reactivity of all sera against native antigen were tested with and without free phosphorylcholine. The best diagnostic efficiency was observed using BHCF from periodate-treated PFC using glycine buffer with strong ionic strength to coat ELISA plates.

Animals↗