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Results for “Developmental Disabilities”

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PubMed2006

The contribution of marital quality to the well-being of parents of children with developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the contribution of the marital relationship to the well-being of both mothers and fathers of children with developmental disabilities. Parent well-being is conceptualized in terms of mental health, parenting stress and parenting efficacy. METHODS: These analyses are based on data from 67 families participating in the Early Intervention Collaborative Study, an ongoing longitudinal investigation of the development of children with disabilities and the adaptation of their families. Multidimensional assessment techniques were used to collect data from married mothers and fathers and their child with a disability. Mother and father data were analysed separately using parallel hierarchical regression models. RESULTS: For both mothers and fathers, greater marital quality predicted lower parenting stress and fewer depressive symptoms above and beyond socio-economic status, child characteristics and social support. In relation to parenting efficacy, marital quality added significant unique variance for mothers but not for fathers. For fathers, greater social support predicted increased parenting efficacy. Child behaviour was also a powerful predictor of parental well-being for both mothers and fathers. CONCLUSION: The findings support the importance of the marital relationship to parental well-being and illustrate the value of including fathers in studies of children with developmental disabilities.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Perceived stressors and coping strategies of parents who have children with developmental disabilities: a comparison of mothers with fathers.

The purposes of this study were to describe perceived stressors and coping strategies of parents who have children with developmental disabilities and to examine similarities and differences of mothers and fathers in their perceptions of stressors and coping. A sample of 203 parents of children with developmentally disabilities, ages two through five years, participated in the study. Hymovich's Parent Perception Inventory: Concerns (Hymovich, 1988) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkmann & Lazarus, 1988) were used for data collection. Stressors and coping strategies were identified. The stressor reported by the largest number of both mothers and fathers was concern about the child's future. There were fewer differences between mothers and fathers in reporting of stressors than in reporting coping strategies. The importance of recognizing parental individuality in family coping is addressed within the context of implications for nursing practice and research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Characteristics of hospitalizations for people with developmental disabilities: utilization, costs, and impact of care coordination.

Hospitalizations and the impact of care coordination were studied in two large databases for people with developmental disabilities. Acute care admissions for alternate years between 1983 and 1991 were analyzed and compared to the data for the nondisabled population of New Jersey. The statewide dataset included 22,294 admissions; the coordinated dataset included 692 admissions to a community hospital. Under the diagnostic-related group reimbursement system, admissions for the general population remained constant, whereas hospital days and average length of stay dropped during the study period. Increases in admissions (56%) and days (42%) were found for people with developmental disabilities. Their total hospital charges rose 206%, almost twice the rate for the general population. Care coordination moderated all of these differences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The incompetent developmentally disabled person's right of self-determination: right-to-die, sterilization and institutionalization.

The developmentally disabled, specifically those mentally incompetent from birth, are entitled to a full panoply of constitutional rights and protections. These rights include the right to terminate life-sustaining treatment, the right of procreative integrity and the right not to be involuntarily institutionalized. However, the mentally incompetent developmentally disabled are generally unable to exercise these rights. This Note asserts first that proper procedural safeguards are necessary to guarantee the exercise of these constitutional rights by the incompetent disabled individual. Second, the Note focuses upon how best to preserve the disabled person's autonomy. The Note subsequently rejects the substituted judgment standard as a legal fiction, and endorses the best interest test which necessarily comports with the evidence, and properly accounts for the disabled person's incompetency.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Supporting communication in young children with developmental disabilities.

The behavior of parents, adult caregivers, and peers comprises the critical features of community support for the development of communication in young children with developmental disabilities. In a bio-ecological model of development, communication development is the result of the interactions of individuals with specific characteristics, in particular contexts over time. From the perspective of this model, foundational findings of intervention research to current views of communication development in children with developmental disabilities are summarized. The contributions of individual child characteristics to child-caregiver interactions that support language development are illustrated based on research with children who have autism, Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and children who use augmentative communication systems. Parent-child interaction and the quality and quantity of parent talk are discussed as factors in children's language development. The effects of young children's delayed language on their interactions with peers, the contributions of peers to children's language learning and use, and the critical features of classroom settings that support child language development are reviewed. MRDD Research Reviews 7:143-150, 2001.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Pediatric AIDS, developmental disabilities, and education: a review.

The increasing incidence and prevalence of pediatric HIV infection and associated morbidity suggest that HIV-related neurological impairments and concomitant developmental disabilities are likely to present major societal problems. This article reviews and discusses (a) issues associated with the variable course and multidetermined nature of the development of children with HIV and (b) contemporary education and policy issues associated with HIV-related developmental disabilities in children. Collaborative service delivery and case management are proposed for organizing social and educational responses to children with HIV and their families.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Employment and income status of adults with developmental disabilities living in the community.

A comprehensive national portrait of employment and income status of adults with developmental disabilities was estimated through secondary analyses of the 1990 and the 1991 Survey of Income and Program Participation. Results indicate that the majority of adults with developmental disabilities had very limited economic resources, even when earnings from employment and benefits from governmental income support programs were both included. The minority, who worked in a variety of occupations, were earning higher incomes than previous estimates. The overwhelming majority were unemployed. Implications of the low-income profile and potential underutilization of employment services was discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities: a review of the literature.

This paper reviews studies investigating the assessment and treatment of hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities. A literature search identified 101 studies carried out between 1969 and 2004. The trend in the studies indicated a shift away from aversive interventions in the last 10 years, so this review included studies conducted from 1995. Twenty-three studies were identified within this period and were included in this review. The 23 studies were sorted into seven intervention categories and one assessment category. The seven intervention categories included (a) antecedent interventions, (b) multicomponent interventions (e.g., differential reinforcement and response effort), (c) pharmacological interventions, (d) interventions that utilized reinforcement, (e) response blocking interventions, (f) response effort interventions, and (g) sensory stimulation interventions. The one assessment category included studies that investigated the function of hand mouthing. One main finding in these studies was that the various intervention strategies led to decreases in hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities. This finding is discussed in relation to its effect on issues of health, adaptive behavior, and social functioning. A second finding indicated that hand mouthing is often maintained by automatic reinforcement (i.e., non-social contingencies). The implications of this finding are discussed in terms of how assessments and treatments associated with automatically maintained challenging behavior might be more effectively linked. Potential issues for future research are also examined.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Increased risk for developmental disabilities in children who have major birth defects: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to quantify the strength of associations between each of four specific developmental disabilities (DDs) and specific types of major birth defects. METHODS: We linked data from 2 independent surveillance systems, the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program and the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program. Children with major birth defects (n = 9142; born 1981-1991 in metro Atlanta) and 3- to 10-year-old children who were born between 1981 and 1991 in metro Atlanta and identified between 1991 and 1994 as having mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, or vision impairment (n = 3685) were studied. Prevalence ratio (PR), which is the prevalence of a DD in children with 1 or more major birth defects divided by the prevalence of the same DD in children without major birth defects, was measured. RESULTS: Among the 9142 children who were born with a major birth defect, 657 (7.2%) had a serious DD compared with 0.9% in children with no major birth defect, yielding a PR of 8.3 (95% confidence interval: 7.6-9.0). In general, the more severe the DD, the higher was the PR. Birth defects that originated in the nervous system and chromosomal defects resulted in the highest PRs for a subsequent DD. For all other categories of birth defects, PRs were lowest when all major birth defects present were confined to a single category (ie, isolated defects). PRs for any DD increased monotonically with the number of coded birth defects per child or the number of different birth defect categories per child, regardless of the severity of the defect or whether defects of the nervous system, chromosomal defects, or "other syndromes" were counted. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the possible early prenatal origins of some DDs and suggest that both the number of coded birth defects present and the number of anatomic systems involved are strongly related to functional outcomes.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2000

The power to choose: supports for families caring for individuals with developmental disabilities.

In an exploratory study of family support services in Massachusetts, three focus groups were convened to obtain the perspectives of parents caring for individuals with developmental disabilities and living at home. This article summarizes key themes that emerged from the group discussions: effects of family supports on family life, flexibility of supports, barriers, unmet needs, and recommendations for change. Social workers and health care professionals can enhance the well-being of people with developmental disabilities and their families by addressing the needs of the entire family, facilitating family choice and control of supports, and helping families navigate the complex service system.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-management of instruction cues for occupation: review of studies with people with severe and profound developmental disabilities.

Helping people with severe and profound developmental disabilities acquire and maintain constructive occupation is an objective of great practical importance. During the last 15-20 years, studies directed at this goal have largely relied on five strategies of self-management of instruction cues. Those strategies consist of the use of (1) picture cues presented on sets of cards, (2) picture cues stored in computer-aided systems, (3) object cues attached to cards, (4) verbal cues stored in audio recording devices, and (5) self-verbalizations. This paper reviews the aforementioned strategies and discusses their overall effectiveness and their suitability (practicality). The paper also points out some relevant issues for future research.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2001

Developmental disabilities: epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and autism.

This article provides the dentist with a review of the three developmental disabilities that do not have mental retardation as a diagnostic component: epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and autism. Discussion focuses on diagnostic criteria and other dental and medical considerations. A greater understanding of developmental disabilities allows the dentist to offer care in the dental office when feasible or to understand and develop referral relationships with colleagues who utilize the hospital operating room to provide comprehensive care.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed1992

Ethnography as narrative discourse: community integration of people with developmental disabilities.

Quality of life is recognized as a critical variable in community integration of people with developmental disabilities. A major concern expressed in the literature is to establish a measure of congruence between the perception and experiences of these people and their social environment. In response to this concern, this study presents a framework of analysis based on ethnography as narrative of the old and the new. The old narrative is that of segregation, leading to confined form of space and time. The new narrative is that of interdependence achieved through cyclical form of space and time. It is argued that community integration of people with developmental disabilities has taken place in relation to linear form of time and space, perpetuating the old narrative of isolation and segregation. The new narrative of interdependence requires the accommodation of differences by the non-disabled. The quality of life for people with disabilities is then a function of accommodation of differences.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Expectation and burnout in the developmental disabilities field.

Psychological burnout was assessed in staff members at workshops and community residences for the developmentally disabled. Participants also rated expectations for client progress and for their own contribution to clients. They reported on change in expectation since they entered the field. High expectations were related to low burnout; workers who reported experiencing large negative expectation change were most burned out. Burnout seemed to be prevented when staff members made an expectation shift from reliance on client progress to a sense of personal efficacy. This finding is discussed in terms of personal causation, internal control of reinforcement, and adaptation-level theory. There was little evidence of client depersonalization, a usual component of burnout. Such a burnout pattern may be a function of the ethic of community care for the developmentally disabled.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Chronic sorrow: the experience of parents with children who are developmentally disabled.

1. Adaptation mechanisms differ between mothers and fathers of developmentally disabled children. 2. Mothers' emotions radiate into chronic sorrow while fathers' reactions move toward resignation. 3. Patterns of grief and sadness reemerge and are most often precipitated by a health care crisis in women and comparison with social norms in fathers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Latina mothers' attributions, emotions, and reactions to the problem behaviors of their children with developmental disabilities.

We examined the applicability of attribution theory to mothers' perceptions and reactions to their child's problem behavior. Participants were 149 Latina mothers of children with developmental disabilities who were interviewed regarding specific incidents in which their child exhibited a behavior problem. The findings indicate that most mothers viewed their child as not being responsible for the behavior problem. Furthermore, as predicted by attribution theory, mothers who ascribed relatively high responsibility to the child were significantly more likely to report negative emotions (anger and frustration) and aggressive/harsh behavioral reactions than mothers who ascribed low responsibility. Also. mothers were more likely to ascribe high responsibility to the child when the problem was characterized as a behavioral excess than as a behavioral deficit. The results provide support for the applicability of an attributional framework and may have important implications for helping parents in addressing the problem behaviors of their children with developmental disabilities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Foster parents' early adaptation to the placement of a child with developmental disabilities in their home.

Eight foster parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) were interviewed about their early adaptation to placement of the child in their homes. Analysis using a grounded theory methodology showed important adaptations in the physiological, role function, interdependence, and self-concept modes of adaptation. Parents described less attention to their own physical health, dominance of the parenting role over all other roles, decreased social interactions, and a sense of personal satisfaction in response to placement of a child with DD in their homes. Implications for nursing practice are included.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Application of Orem's self-care model to nursing practice in developmental disability.

Orem's self-care model of nursing is analysed and applied to nursing practice within developmental disability services. A high degree of compatibility is found between Orem's model and current philosophies and practices in the field. Particular attention is focused on the relationship between Orem's concept of normalcy and the principle of 'normalization' which acts as the foundation of most modern services for people with developmental disabilities. A discussion of Orem's nursing systems and their interpretation in terms of the 'least restrictive alternative' is also given.

Humans↗