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PubMed2003

The relationship between self-disclosure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers deployed to Somalia.

The challenges of peacekeeping place individuals at risk for the development of significant psychological distress (e.g., B. T. Litz, S. Orsillo, M. Freidman, P. Ehlich, & A. Batres, 1997). Self-disclosure has been shown to ameliorate psychological distress following exposure to potentially traumatic events (J. W. Pennebaker & K. D. Harber, 1993). Sharing, or self-disclosure of deployment-related experiences, was the focus of this study and was hypothesized to be associated with adaptation. As part of a larger investigation, 426 U.S. military personnel who served as peacekeepers in Somalia were administered a comprehensive psychosocial questionnaire that included measures of exposure to negative and potentially traumatic experiences, reception at homecoming, self-disclosure, and PTSD symptom severity. The results indicate that adjustment to peacekeeping is significantly related to self-disclosure, especially to supportive significant others.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

High rates and positive outcomes of HIV-serostatus disclosure to sexual partners: reasons for cautious optimism from a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The rates, barriers, and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners are described for 245 female voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. VCT clients were surveyed 3 months after HIV testing to describe their HIV-serostatus disclosure experiences. Sixty-four percent of HIV-positive women and 79.5% of HIV-negative women (p = 0.028) reported that they had shared HIV test results with their partners. Among women who did not disclose, 52% reported the reason as fear of their partner's reaction. Both 81.9% of HIV-negative women and 48.9% of HIV-positive women reported that their partner reacted supportively to disclosure (p < 0.001). Less than 5% of women reported any negative reactions following disclosure. VCT should continue to be widely promoted. However, intervention approaches such as development of screening tools and new counseling approaches are important to ensure the safety of women who want to safely disclose HIV serostatus to their sexual partners.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Earvin "Magic" Johnson's HIV serostatus disclosure: effects on men's perceptions of AIDS.

The effects of celebrity self-disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity on perceptions of HIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were investigated. AIDS-related interest and knowledge measures were collected from 468 men before and after basketball star Earvin "Magic" Johnson's self-disclosure of HIV seropositivity. Increased interest in AIDS paralleled media coverage of the announcement, with the most substantial effects occurring within 2 weeks. Perceived impact of the disclosure was greatest among African-American men and men who had not previously known someone with HIV-AIDS. Celebrity self-disclosure appears to affect perceptions through mechanisms similar to those involved in personally knowing someone infected with HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1976

Self-disclosure: an attributional perspective.

This experiment examined the effect of timing of an intimate disclosure and assignment of responsibility for the event disclosed on interpersonal attraction. Subjects were induced to interact with a confederate who in all cases revealed something quite personal about himself. The disclosure occurred either early or near the end of a 10-minute conversation. The confederate accepted responsibility for the event disclosed, did not mention responsibility, or assigned responsibility to external factors. Negative traits were assigned to the early disclosure, and he was liked significantly less than the late discloser. The results are explained in terms of differential attributions made to early and late disclosures. The results for the assignment of responsibility variable were surprising: The confederate who accepted responsibility for the event disclosed elicited more negative reactions than the confederate who blamed other factors or who did not mention responsibility. Some possible reasons for this unexpected finding are discussed.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

Sex differences in subclinical depression: administration of the Beck Depression Inventory in public and private disclosure situations.

To test the idea that the preponderance of women depressives is due to a masculine tendency to avoid negative social consequences by reporting fewer depressive symptoms, two studies were conducted in which the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to both sexes under conditions of public and private disclosure. It was hypothesized that men would score lower on the BDI than women in the public disclosure condition but not in the private disclosure condition. Despite procedural differences in the two experiments, the results of both studies failed to support the experimental hypothesis. However, in each case, analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between sex of subject and sex of examiner (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of a willingness to admit more symptoms to a same-sex person due to fear of rejection by the opposite sex and in terms of gender-specific patterns of self-disclosure in first-encounter heterosexual situations. Results of both studies also suggest BDI scores of college students can be interpreted without regard to type of administration.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Disclosure and anxiety: a test of the fever model.

According to the fever model of Disclosure, the relationship of Disclosure (utterances that reveal subjective information) to psychological distress is analogous to the relationship of fever to physical infection: Both are indicators of some underlying disturbance and part of a restorative process. High and moderate trait anxious university students (but not the low trait anxious students) used higher percentages of Disclosure when speaking about an anxiety-arousing topic than when speaking about a happy topic. With topic order counterbalanced, students tended to use more Disclosure during their 1st presentation than during their 2nd. These results support the fever model's suggestion that people tend to Disclose when they are distressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Preventive counseling of HIV-positive men and self-disclosure of serostatus to sex partners: new opportunities for prevention.

This study examined whether preventive counseling of HIV-positive men (N = 255) was associated with self-disclosure of serostatus to sex partners. Men who reported being counseled at posttest and at their current HIV clinic to disclose their serostatus to partners were more likely to have done so than men counseled only at posttest, only at the HIV clinic, or not counseled at either site. Disclosure increased with the number of times counseled at the HIV clinic. These patterns held for HIV-negative partners, but not for HIV-positive or HIV-unknown partners. Disclosure to HIV-negative partners was associated with safer sexual practices. The findings suggest that counseling interventions for HIV-positive men, when delivered by multiple sources, may provide an effective means of increasing disclosure to sexual partners.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Patterns of self-disclosure among mental health nursing students.

Self-disclosure, a process by which we let ourselves be known to others, is an important skill across a diverse range of therapeutic approaches used in mental health nursing. Previous studies of nurses' self-disclosure have been confined to small samples of female, adult nurses. This study aims to extend existing knowledge by providing information on a sample of male and female mental health nursing students.A modified version of Jourard's 25-item self-disclosure questionnaire (JSDQ) was utilized in the study. The findings from this study show that mental health students disclosed more items than adult students sampled in earlier studies (Jourards 1961, Burnard & Morrison 1992). However, students disclosed significantly fewer items to the patient as target-person than to other categories. No differences were observed in disclosure patterns for males and females. A discussion of these findings and their implications is offered.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

When infants wail: frustration and gender as variables in distress disclosure.

Gender and differences in self-disclosure following a frustrating event were investigated. The Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale assessed the extent to which 100 male college students and 100 female college students were willing to disclose their emotions. The frustrating stimulus presented was a tape of an infant crying, played at 85 dB for 10 min. Men exposed to the noxious stimulus were less willing to disclose than men who were not. All of the men were less willing than the women to disclose in either condition. Women in the two conditions showed no differences in disclosure. These findings are interpreted with respect to how disclosure is affected by the immediate environment and with respect to male-female differences.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2002

Disclosure preferences about terminal illness: an examination of decision-related factors.

Twenty-six male and 86 female, predominantly White, non-terminal cancer patients addressed preferences for disclosure of terminal prognosis, should their disease advance to that stage. Specific inquiries were made about desired levels of disclosure (full, partial,or non-disclosure) and desired pathways of disclosure (from physician to patient only, from physician to patient in the presence of a loved one, or from physician to loved one only). Gender, previous experience with death, and trait anxiety were associated with level preference. Education, previous experience with death, and trait anxiety were associated with pathway preference.Variables predictive of level and pathway preference were identified, benefits to physicians and patients were explored, and sampling limitations were discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

The paradox of public HIV disclosure.

In order to examine the impact on HIV-positive people of publicly disclosing their status, in-depth interviews were conducted with 75 HIV-positive speakers from 20 countries in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Decreasing stigma and stopping new infections were equally strong motivators in becoming community AIDS educators. Although few respondents were trained, most had good support from peers and/or family. Public disclosure led to a diminution of discrimination. Speaking out was extremely rewarding. Disclosure led to a less stressful, more productive life and to improved wellbeing. Virtually all speakers from every setting had no regrets and saw only the benefits of public disclosure. The paradox of coming out openly as an HIV-positive person is that by facing AIDS-related stigma, one finds psychological release-liberation from the burden of secrecy and shame. Disclosure is beneficial to all concerned. It enriches the speakers' lives and it helps the community. HIV-positive speakers may be a fundamental component of successful AIDS education campaigns, but increasing the numbers of people who are 'out' is only possible in a conducive environment. Governments and AIDS organizations must provide adequate emotional and optimal organizational support to those who do so, including peer support, counselling and appropriate training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The verification of hazardous ingredients disclosures in selected material safety data sheets.

Under the provisions of the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, workers in Canada must be provided with accurate and comprehensive Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) describing controlled products used in the workplace. As part of an ongoing auditing project, the MSDSs of some controlled products in use under federal jurisdiction were assessed for accuracy and completeness of their ingredient disclosures. Chemical analyses of samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence, and wet methods, were performed to verify the ingredient disclosures in accompanying MSDSs. In this article, analytical processes and results are presented for three cases in which MSDS ingredient disclosures were incomplete. The products included a synthetic lubricant used in a mining operation, a detergent concentrate used for aircraft cleaning, and an epoxy reducer used in aircraft maintenance. In each case, undisclosed hazardous ingredients were detected at concentrations which required their disclosure. In at least one of these cases, the information provided in other sections of the MSDS failed to adequately describe the hazards and required protective measures for the composition discovered. Because the results suggest circumstances in which the inaccurate MSDS could act as a mechanism for workplace injury, compliance measures including employer, inspector, and user education, improved MSDS writer qualifications, and the incorporation of chemical analysis in active auditing programs are recommended.

Canada↗

PubMed2004

HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners among HIV-positive injection drug users.

Utilizing mixed methods analyses with cross-sectional data from an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-seropositive injection drug users (IDUs), we sought to examine disclosure and sexual behavior based on partner type, partner serostatus, and transmission risk. Results indicated that more participants disclosed to their HIV-positive sex partners than to their HIV-negative or unknown status sex partners. However, unexpectedly, we found that more participants disclosed to casual sex partners than primary partners before first sexual contact. Consistent disclosers reported more unprotected sexual activity compared to nondisclosers, and were more likely to believe they had a responsibility to disclose. Nondisclosers were less likely than consistent disclosers to believe it was important to protect sex partners from HIV and were more resentful of wearing condoms. In terms of the qualitative data, we found that the emotionally upsetting narratives came from those we defined as "eventual disclosers." This category represented those participants who were in relationships and had not disclosed their status to their primary partners until after having had sex with that partner. These narratives indicated that researchers looking at disclosure behavior should be aware of varying disclosure contexts as well as the emotional consequences impacting disclosure decision-making within these contexts.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Knowing me, knowing you: reciprocal self-disclosure in Internet-based surveys.

Candid self-disclosure is desirable for many behavioral science studies. Although there is ample evidence that self-disclosure is increased when people communicate or participate in research over the Internet, few studies have looked at ways of increasing this effect. In the present pilot study, participants were randomly allocated to either a condition in which they received self-disclosing information about the experimenter (and then moved on to the study) or were directed straight to the study. Participants completed six open response questions on the Internet. Participants who received the experimenter disclosure divulged a significantly higher quantity of information about themselves, but their answers were not scored as significantly more revealing or intimate than those participants who did not receive the experimenter disclosure. Implications for conducting research over the Internet are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A comparison of HIV stigma and disclosure patterns between older and younger adults living with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between age, HIV-related stigma, and patterns of disclosure. Previous literature has suggested that older age is associated with increased HIV stigma and less disclosure of HIV status. Eighty-eight individuals, 44 between the ages of 20-39 and 44 aged 50 and over were recruited for the study through an AIDS service organization in the Pacific Northwest. Subjects in each group were matched as closely as possible by gender, ethnicity, HIV exposure and diagnosis. In a comparison of sociodemographic characteristics, older adults (50+) were significantly more likely to live alone, and to be retired. Younger adults were significantly more likely to be never married/ partnered, unemployed and be recipients of Medicaid. Bivariate analysis revealed no significant differences in overall stigma scores between groups; however, younger adults were more likely to fear losing their job because of HIV. Older adults were less likely to disclose HIV to relatives, partners, mental health workers, neighbors, and church members than those 20-39 years of age. Pearson product moment correlations found disclosure to be significantly associated with time since diagnosis, heterosexual exposure, ethnicity, use of HIV services, and having a confidant. Stigma was associated with ethnicity, having a confidant, and instrumental social support. In a multiple regressions analysis, 48.4% of the variance in disclosure accounted for by time since first diagnosis, service use, and having a confidant. Service use was the only independent variable significantly associated with stigma, accounting for 21.6% of the variance.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and correlates of HIV serostatus disclosure: a prospective study among HIV-infected postparturient women in Barbados.

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of self-disclosure of HIV status among the postparturient HIV-infected women and to describe the correlates of disclosure in this population. Subjects for this study include all known HIV-infected postparturient women in Barbados who delivered during 1997 through 2004. Sociodemographic data are routinely collected from all HIV-infected postparturient women. Data on disclosure were collected through one-to-one interview of the consenting women included in this study. One hundred thirtynine women were studied. Forty women (28.8%) had self-disclosed their HIV status to other people including their current sex partner. Among women who did not disclose their HIV status to anybody, 30 (30%) gave fear of stigmatization as the reason for nondisclosure, while 23 (23%) did not disclose their status as they feared abnormal reaction from their current sex partner and possible violence directed at them. Women who had disclosed their HIV status were more likely to use condoms during all sexual encounters, less likely to have had subsequent pregnancy from a different sex partner, were more likely to have a partner who had been tested for HIV, and were themselves more likely to be attending the centralized HIV clinic for follow-up and care compared to those who did not disclose. A substantial proportion of HIV-infected postparturient women never disclosed their result to a partner or a close relative. Lack of disclosure may have limited their ability to engage in preventive behaviors or to obtain the necessary emotional support for coping with their serostatus or illness.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Disclosure of personal medical information: differences among parents and affected adults for genetic and nongenetic conditions.

Protecting the confidentiality of medical information has been an issue of great interest in the fields of bioethics, public policy, and law. Few empirical studies have addressed patient experiences and attitudes toward disclosure of private medical information in multiple contexts such as health insurance, employment, and the family. Furthermore, it is unclear whether differences exist in experiences and attitudes about privacy between those living with a serious medical condition versus those who have a child with a medical condition. The study sought to determine whether attitudes and experiences related to medical privacy and confidentiality differ between affected adults and parents of affected children. Interviews were conducted with 296 adults and parents of children with sickle cell disease (SCD), cystic fibrosis (CF), or diabetes mellitus (DM). This cross-sectional study collected data regarding their experiences, attitudes, and beliefs concerning medical privacy and confidentiality. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted on quantitative data. Qualitative analysis was conducted on data from open-ended response items. Parents disclose their child's diagnosis to others more often than affected adults disclose their own disease status. Parents are less likely than affected adults to regret their disclosure, to hope others do not find out, to have been pressured to share information, and to be asked about their disease by employers. Affected adults express greater concern about disclosure, a greater prevalence and greater fear of discrimination, and experience greater pressure from family members to disclose. Clinicians and researchers working with these populations should consider these differences in privacy and disclosure. Further study is necessary to examine the implications of these differences in attitudes and experiences concerning insurance, employment, and social interactions among persons with these conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Attitudes toward the diagnosis and disclosure of dementia among family caregivers and primary care physicians.

PURPOSE: This study examined attitudes of caregivers and physicians toward assessing and diagnosing dementia, with an emphasis on how a diagnosis is disclosed. DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventeen focus group interviews were conducted with caregivers or physicians from three sites; 52 caregivers participated in nine interviews (three each at the three sites), and 39 physicians participated in eight interviews (three each at two sites; two at one site). Structured interview protocols were used to assess diagnostic disclosure, first reactions, and suggestions for improving the diagnostic process. RESULTS: Caregivers recounted a highly negative emotional response to the disclosure, whereas many physicians reported that families handled the information well. Caregivers expressed a range of preferences for how the diagnosis should have been disclosed, from a direct approach to having the physician ease them into the results. IMPLICATIONS: Whenever possible, physicians should consult with the patient and family at the outset of the diagnostic process to better understand their preferences for diagnostic disclosure. Addressing diagnostic disclosure as part of physician education programs on dementia is recommended.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗