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PubMed2001

[Impact of domestic violence on reproductive and neonatal health].

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence can have an important influence on mother and child health. AIM: To assess the consequences of remote and actual, emotional or physical, domestic violence on the reproductive and newborn health in pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal epidemiological observation from an Urban Primary Health Care Center from Valdivia, Chile, in 1998. Two cohorts were studied: Pregnant women that experienced domestic violence (index group) and pregnant women not exposed to domestic violence (control group). Women were followed during pregnancy and at labor. The newborn was also assessed. RESULTS: The index group had a higher relative risk (RR) for impending abortion (RR 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.93), hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy (RR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.18-1.96), intrahepatic cholestasis (RR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.94). Women that experienced violence during pregnancy had a higher risk of urinary tract infection (RR 2.88, 95% CI: 1.28-6.43), intrauterine growth retardation (RR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.77-7.93) and intrahepatic cholestasis. Newborns from the index group had lower weight, size and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic violence is associated with hypertension during pregnancy and intrauterine growth retardation. The incorporation of bio-psychological evaluation and monitoring systems could attenuate the consequences of domestic violence.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed2004

[Carbon output through urban domestic garbage in Haikou].

Carbon output through urban domestic garbage is one part of carbon cycle in urban ecosystem which is related to some environmental pollution. Researches on carbon output through urban domestic garbage is the foundational work on carbon cycle in urban ecosystem, but also can help to analyze the influences of residents' consumption on environment. Based on data got through sampling and collecting, the status and trend of carbon output through domestic garbage in Haikou was analyzed. The results showed that, the total carbon output through 26.92 x 104 t of domestic garbage is 10.51 x 104 t and the carbon output per capita everyday is 0.326 kg/(cap. d)(-1) in 2001. About 31% of the total carbon will be transferred into methane, carbon dioxide and organic matter in extravasate. About 69% of the total carbon will be sequestrated in landfill. Because 33% of the sequestrated carbon originate from atmosphere, urban domestic garbage may be a carbon sink. From 1991 to 1999, the carbon output through Haikou's domestic garbage is annually increasing by 9.55%, and the output of sequestrated carbon is annually increasing remarkably by 13.23%. The increase of carbon output is significantly correlated with the increase of expenditure per capita and population, which shows expenditure per capita and population have some effect on carbon output.

Carbon↗

PubMed1993

Developing hospital-based domestic violence programs, protocols, policies, and procedures.

Interest in developing hospital-based domestic violence programs, protocols, policies, and procedures is growing secondary to efforts by national nursing, medical, and hospital accreditation organizations. Creating specialized health services for domestic violence survivors can be expedited by reviewing existing protocols, policies, and procedures. A reference list of sample domestic violence protocols and a sample domestic violence policy and procedure are provided. The authors share their experiences in developing two of the nation's eight hospital-based domestic violence programs. Domestic violence is a nursing concern, and nurses have been the leaders in providing perinatal and women's health services to battered women. Implementing the suggestions contained in this article will enhance hospitals' successful compliance with the 1992 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations guidelines for emergency and ambulatory services departments. The need for preprogram data collection, multidisciplinary support, patient and staff safety, specific program services, and staff supervision is addressed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Rapid evolution of the visual system: a cellular assay of the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the Spanish wildcat and the domestic cat.

The large Spanish wildcat, Felis silvestris tartessia, has retained features of the Pleistocene ancestor of the modern domestic cat, F. catus. To gauge the direction and magnitude of short-term evolutionary change in this lineage, we have compared the retina, the optic nerve, and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Spanish wildcats and their domestic relatives. Retinas of the two species have the same area. However, densities of cone photoreceptors are higher in wildcat--over 100% higher in the area centralis--whereas rod densities are as high, or higher, in the domestic lineage. Densities of retinal ganglion cells are typically 20-100% higher across the wildcat retina, and the total ganglion cell population is nearly 70% higher than in the domestic cat. These differences are confined to the populations of beta and gamma retinal ganglion cells. In contrast, the population of alpha cells is almost precisely the same in both species. The wildcat LGN is much larger than that of the domestic cat and contains approximately 50% more neurons. However, cell size does not differ appreciably in either the retina or LGN of these species. The differences in total numbers of ganglion cells and LGN neurons correspond neatly to the overall decline in brain size in the domestic lineage and to allometric predictions based on average species differences in body size. We suggest that an increase in the severity of naturally occurring cell death is the most plausible mechanism that can account for the rapid evolutionary reduction in cell populations in this feline lineage.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Familial variables and domestic violence.

We investigated variables predictive of domestic violence from 64 intake forms at a battered women's shelter. The batterer, usually the financial provider, used drugs/alcohol. Clients' physical abuse as children was correlated with whether their siblings were abused, and to emotional and sexual abuse. Clients' parents being alcoholic was correlated with spouse abuse between clients' parents and with clients' sexual abuse as a child. Findings support theories viewing domestic violence as a familial pattern. Domestic violence is, unfortunately, a common place occurrence. Statistics compiled by the Arkansas Coalition Against Violence to Women and Children indicate that domestic violence is the major cause of injuries to women, exceeding automobile accidents, muggings, and rapes combined. National statistics (Healthy People 2000, 1990) reveal that "between 2 and 4 million women are physically battered each year by partners" (p. 61), with some 21 to 30% of women having been beaten by a partner at least once (Healthy People 2000, 1990). Moreover, domestic violence occurs at least once in up to half of all marriages. In fact, domestic violence is the most frequently experienced type of violent crime (Northeast Arkansas Council..., 1994). This violence also extends to children. For example, Healthy People 2000 indicated that "In 1986 an estimated 1.6 million children nationwide experienced some form of abuse or neglect" (p. 61), with physical abuse being the most common type of abuse. From battered women seeking assistance, data have been gathered on both victims and abusers. Although battered women can come from different backgrounds, commonalities exist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Domestic violence: a hidden problem for general practice.

Domestic violence is a common problem that may affect more than a quarter of women. It is a complex area in which to undertake research. Studies often focus on selected populations and exhibit a diversity of design, making comparison difficult. This review focuses on physical violence by men against women partners or ex-partners, and exemplifies important issues for general practitioners. Domestic violence frequently goes undetected. This may be the result of doctor's fears of exploring an area perceived as time-consuming, where knowledge is lacking and where they feel powerless to 'fix' the situation. Women may not reveal that they are experiencing violence, sometimes because doctors are unsympathetic or hostile. Nevertheless, women wish to be asked routinely about physical abuse and want to receive immediate advice and information about their options if necessary. Women experience a range of health and social problems in association with domestic violence, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse and pregnancy complications. However, none of these features is specific enough to be useful as an indicator of violence. Therefore, doctors should routinely ask all women direct questions about abuse. This recommendation can be incorporated into guidelines, which should be implemented widely in the UK, to improve the care of women experiencing domestic violence. In parallel with this, the educational needs of general practitioners should be addressed. Further research is needed to establish the prevalence of domestic violence in women presenting to general practice and to investigate how the problem is currently being addressed. If progress is to be made in tackling domestic violence, action within primary care is just one part of this: a fundamental change in the attitudes of men towards women is required.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1996

The characteristics and outcomes for patients presenting with unintentional domestic injuries to general practice.

AIM: To describe domestic unintentional injuries in three large, computerised general practices in the Wellington area. METHOD: Details of all domestic injuries were recorded from Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) forms. RESULTS: Initial consultations for domestic unintentional injuries counted for 29.4% of all injuries for which ACC forms were completed and represented 1.2% of all patient contacts. The very young and elderly presented more frequently with domestic unintentional injuries. The types of injury and the injury incident varied between age groups. Most (75%) of the injured patients were treated by the practices without referral. CONCLUSION: Most (96%) of the patients who presented with domestic unintentional injuries were registered patients of the practices. This relationship provides an important opportunity for general practitioners to advise patients about accident prevention. More research is needed to compare the presentation of domestic unintentional injuries in general practice and in hospitals with accidents in the community.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1976

[Esential comparative, morphological and topographical differences and characteristics of the cecum in man and domestic animals].

The caecum in man as a part of the large colon (intestinum crassum) differs morphologically and topographically from the caecum of domestic mammals. The caecum in domestic mammals differs not only from the human caecum but also comparatively morphologically and topographically among the domestic mammals. The appendix vermiformis does not exist in domestic mammals, which represents the main difference between the human caecum and that of domestic mammals. There are certainly some differences in the physiological function of the caecum in man and the caecum in domestic mammals, which are carnivores, omnivores, omnivores and herbivores.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Gender and role-based perceptions of domestic abuse: does sexual orientation matter?

Although it is estimated that domestic abuse is as common in gay male and lesbian intimate relationships as in heterosexual relationships, the legal system often fails to recognize or respond to same-gender cases. Empirical research examining the impact of sexual orientation on perceptions of abuse is virtually nonexistent. Undergraduates (N = 252) read a summary of a domestic abuse incident in which victims and perpetrators varied by gender and, by implication, sexual orientation. Victim and respondent gender, rather than the couple's sexual orientation, primarily affected responses to domestic abuse. Domestic abuse perpetrated against women was perceived to be more serious and in need of intervention than abuse against men. Women were more likely than men to believe the victim and to recommend criminal justice system interventions. Because they are inconsistent with gender role stereotypes, domestic abuse cases involving male victims or female perpetrators may not receive equitable treatment within the criminal justice system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Quantitative investigations of visual brain structures in wild and domestic sheep.

A cytoarchitectonic subdivision into visual structures and neocortical grey and white matter has been made from frontal serial sections of brains of mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries). The reduction rates determined for the volumes of the brain areas are calculated by means of intraspecific allometric methods. The overall decrease of visual brain structures in domestic sheep compared with wild sheep amounts to 25.9%, The greatest reduction is found in the striate area (30.2%), followed by the lateral geniculate body (25.4%), the optic tract (20.6%) and finally the superior colliculus (12.1%). The neocortex as a whole decreases in sheep under domestication by 26.4% in volume. The reduction rate of neocortical grey matter amounts to 24.9%, that of the white matter to 28.9%. The changes of brain size in domestic sheep may be functionally correlated to changes of the environmental conditions which are due to domestication.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Fatigue of three skeletal muscles in domestic and wild pigs. A comparative study in situ.

The semitendinosus, the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle were stimulated in situ in young, female domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica, German Landrace) and in European wild pigs (Sus scrofa scrofa), by supramaximal impulses via the sciatic nerve. Fatigue indices of the whole muscles were registered during a continuous supramaximal stimulation with square wave impulses (0.3 ms) that were given for 10 s with a frequency of 100 Hz. In domestic pigs, fatigue indices of all three muscles were significantly (p less than 0.001) lower than in wild pigs. The extremely rapid fatigue of domestic pig muscles was remarkably different from that measured in wild pigs, comparing either pigs of nearly the same body weight (FI: 22.7/58.6 for the semitendinosus muscle; 28.5/63.7 for the gastrocnemius muscle; 37.7/81.2 for the soleus muscle), or pigs of nearly the same age (FI: 23.1/58.8 for the semitendinosus muscle; 25.9/65.1 for the gastrocnemius muscle; 33.6/81.4 for the soleus muscle). Doses of anaesthetics needed for appropriate general anaesthesia of young wild pigs were two to three times higher than doses used for domestic pigs. Differences in fiber type composition of the muscles, and alterations in signal transmission characteristics at neuromuscular junctions are discussed as to be associated with the extremely low fatigue resistance of the domestic pig muscles.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed2000

Major injuries from "domestic" animals in children.

Domestic animals are a potential cause of serious injury to handlers and children. In developed countries dogs are the most common cause of such injuries, but in developing countries childhood injuries from domestic animals have not been given much attention. A retrospective analysis of major injuries from domestic animal attacks in children aged 12 years or less in a developing country showed 17 injuries in 16 children. The locations were the abdomen (6), head and neck (4), extremities (3), external genitalia (3), and back (1). A big-horned cow was the cause of injury in 11 patients, a donkey in 4 and a ram in 1. Children under 10 years were injured by provoked animals, mostly as bystanders, while older children were handlers. Four abdominal injuries were penetrating with evisceration and contusion of bowel and required a laparotomy. One blunt splenic injury was managed non operatively and one by partial splenectomy. Two head injuries were managed non operatively. All other injuries were examined and explored with the child under general anaesthesia. These injuries were debrided and closed primarily or closure was delayed when contamination was heavy or adequate debridement was limited by vital neighbouring structures. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis were given for all open wounds. The average duration of hospital stay was 7.3 days. Three patients had wound infections resulting in long hospitalizations. Two patients died (12.5%), 1 from a severe head injury and 1 from an overwhelming infection. The management of major injuries from domestic animals in children requires meticulous evaluation and examination during general anaesthesia to establish the extent of injury and avoid missed injuries. Prevention of these injuries requires public education about the proper and compassionate handling of domestic animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Methods of and attitudes toward screening obstetrics and gynecology patients for domestic violence.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to define screening behaviors of obstetrician-gynecologists and barriers to screening their patients for domestic violence. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire was developed to collect information on current practices and attitudes regarding screening for domestic violence. A randomly selected sample of obstetrician-gynecologists was surveyed. Respondents were also asked to rank a series of 19 potential barriers that may affect screening. RESULTS: Of 6568 physicians sampled, 962 (14.6%) returned questionnaires. Of the respondents, 77.6% were male and 22.4% were female. Male physicians were less likely to screen for domestic violence (25.9% vs. 18.9%). Thirty-four percent said that they had no training in abuse. Physicians indicating they had received training in abuse were more likely to screen for domestic violence. The lack of education was identified as the most common barrier physicians have to screening. The feeling that abuse was not a problem in their patients (46%), lack of time to deal with abuse (39.2%), and frustration that the physician cannot help the victim (34.2%) were other common barriers. CONCLUSION: The majority of obstetrician-gynecologists do not screen their patients for current or past domestic violence. If universal screening is to become a reality, educational tools and training materials are needed to overcome physician barriers.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Exposure to domestic animals and risk of immunologic sensitization in subjects with asthma.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to determine whether exposure to domestic animals plays a significant role, beyond atopy, in the development of immediate sensitization to animal-derived antigens. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, 200 subjects with asthma (85 male subjects and 115 female subjects; mean age, 37 +/- 16 years) seen consecutively in an asthma clinic were enrolled in a cross-sectional survey. Each subject answered a questionnaire about allergy symptoms and past and current exposure to domestic animals. Skin prick testing with extracts of common inhalant allergens including antigens from eight species of animal (cat, dog, horse, rabbit, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and hamster) were also carried out. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of subjects were atopic, and 91% had kept animals at home at some point (figures were 80% for dogs, 68% for cats, 23% for rabbits, and 20% for rodents). Using two-by-two tables, we showed that skin reactivity to at least one animal antigen was strongly linked to atopy (86% of atopic subjects had skin reactions as compared with 34% of nonatopic subjects: p < 0.001) but not to previous and current exposure to domestic animals (78% of both exposed and never exposed subjects). However, with the use of logistic regression, the determinants of skin reactivity to animals were atopy (p < 0.001), followed by cumulative duration of exposure to domestic animals (p < 0.01). The number of animals times the number of species times the duration of exposure was also a significant determinant of skin reactivity (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that beyond the predominant role of atopy, cumulative duration of exposure to domestic animals is a significant determinant for immediate sensitization to animal-derived antigens in subjects with asthma.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Domestic violence and vagal reactivity to peer provocation.

This paper examined whether individual differences in children's vagal reactivity to peer provocation were related to domestic violence within the family. It also examined the question of whether conduct-problem children who show vagal augmentation to peer provocation come from families with high levels of domestic violence. During the peer provocation, children were expecting to interact with a difficult peer while vagal reactivity was assessed. Groups were divided into children who showed vagal augmentation and vagal suppression to the stressful peer interaction. Findings indicated that conduct-problem children who showed vagal augmentation to interpersonal challenge came from families with the highest levels of domestic violence. Vagal augmentation was also associated with a greater number of conduct-related problems for those children exposed to high levels of domestic violence. Discussion highlights the role of individual differences in physiological reactivity in understanding children's behavior problems in relation to domestic violence.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Genes of domestic mammals augmented by backcrossing with wild ancestors.

Both archaeological data and the presence of few mitochondrial DNA lineages suggest that most widespread domestic mammals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs) derive from only a handful of domestication events. However, each of these species shows a high level of diversity at the nuclear genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Through simulations incorporating various degrees of population subdivision, growth rate and selection, we demonstrate that the numerous MHC DRB alleles that are present in modern domestic mammals implies that substantial backcrossing with wild ancestors, either accidental or intentional, has been important in shaping the genetic diversity of our domesticates. These results support the view that, contrary to common assumption, domestic and wild lineages might not have been clearly separated throughout their history.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology.

Domestication, a process of increasing mutual dependence between human societies and the plant and animal populations they target, has long been an area of interest in genetics and archaeology. Geneticists seek out markers of domestication in the genomes of domesticated species, both past and present day. Archaeologists examine the archaeological record for complementary markers--evidence of the human behavior patterns that cause the genetic changes associated with domestication, and the morphological changes in target species that result from them. In this article, we summarize the recent advances in genetics and archaeology in documenting plant and animal domestication, and highlight several promising areas where the complementary perspectives of both disciplines provide reciprocal illumination.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Lactate-induced rage and panic in a select group of subjects who perpetrate acts of domestic violence.

BACKGROUND: Perpetrators of domestic violence frequently report symptoms of autonomic arousal and a sense of fear and/or loss of control at the time of the violence. Since many of these symptoms are also associated with panic attacks, we hypothesized that perpetrators of domestic violence and patients with panic attacks may share similar exaggerated fear-related behaviors. To test this hypothesis, we employed the panicogenic agent sodium lactate to examine the response of perpetrators to anxiety fear induced by a chemical agent. METHODS: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we infused 0.5 mol/L sodium lactate or placebo over 20 min on separate days to a select group of subjects who perpetrate acts of domestic violence and two nonviolent comparison groups. We compared their behavioral, neuroendocrine, and physiologic responses. RESULTS: Lactate administration elicited intense emotional responses in the perpetrators of domestic violence. Perpetrators evidenced more lactate-induced rage and panic and showed greater changes in speech, breathing, and motor activity than did nonviolent control subjects. There were no significant differences between the groups for any neuroendocrine or physiologic measure. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with our hypothesis that some perpetrators of domestic violence have exaggerated fear-related behavioral responses.

Adult↗