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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

From the eyes of the beholder: alcohol expectancies and valuations as predictors of hazardous drinking behaviors among female college students.

Research has shown that drinking expectancies are associated with alcohol use among college students; however, the bulk of these studies have focused exclusively on researcher-labeled "positive" or "negative" expectancies rather than on the student's valuation (i.e., rating of desirability) of these expectancies. The present study examined the utility of expectancies and valuations in predicting hazardous alcohol use in a sample of 330 female college students (mean age = 20.0; 18-25). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that negative expectancies and favorable valuations of negative and positive expectancies were predictive of elevated hazardous use (controlling for age, athletic membership, and peer use). Expectancy valuations accounted for additional variance in the model beyond that of expectancies. The present findings shed light on the utility of expectancies and valuations of expectancies in predicting hazardous alcohol use among female college students. Future research directions and potential implications for prevention efforts are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of alcoholics' and nonalcoholics' causal attributions for drinking behavior.

Alcoholic individuals often are assumed to deny personal responsibility for their alcoholism and to attribute causation to external situational factors. To investigate this assumption, in a 2 x 2 factorial design 20 alcoholics and 20 nonalcoholics made causal attributions for a recent personal drinking episode and for the audiotaped episode of a target individual who was described as either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic. Results suggested that alcoholic subjects tended to make greater internal attributions for their own drinking than did nonalcoholic subjects. Subjects' attributions for the target individual depended on both the subjects' and targets' drinking histories. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to models of alcoholism and to actor-observer differences in causal attributions.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Animal models of alcoholism: neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents.

This review discusses efforts to develop rodent models for the study of neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic alcohol drinking, alcoholism, and abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior. Selective breeding has produced stable lines of rats that reliably exhibit high and (for comparison purposes) low voluntary alcohol consumption. In addition, animal models of chronic ethanol self-administration have been developed in rodents, who do not have a genetic predisposition for high alcohol-seeking behavior, to explore environmental influences in ethanol drinking and the effects of physical dependence on alcohol self-administration. The selectively bred high-preference animals reliably self-administer ethanol by free-choice drinking and operantly respond for oral ethanol in amounts that produce pharmacologically meaningful blood alcohol concentrations (50 to 200 mg% and higher). In addition, the alcohol-preferring rats will self-administer ethanol by intragastric infusion. With chronic free-choice drinking, the high alcohol-preferring rats develop tolerance to the high-dose effects of ethanol and show signs of physical dependence after the withdrawal of alcohol. Compared with nonpreferring animals, the alcohol-preferring rats are less sensitive to the sedative-hypnotic effects of ethanol and develop tolerance more quickly to high-dose ethanol. Nonselected common stock rats can be trained to chronically self-administer ethanol following its initial presentation in a palatable sucrose or saccharin solution, and the gradual replacement of the sucrose or saccharin with ethanol (the sucrose/saccharin-fade technique). Moreover, rats that are trained in this manner and then made dependent by ethanol-vapor inhalation or liquid diet increase their ethanol self-administration during the withdrawal period. Both the selectively bred rats and common-stock rats demonstrate "relapse" and an alcohol deprivation effect following 2 or more weeks of abstinence. Systemic administration of agents that (1) increase synaptic levels of serotonin (5-HT) or dopamine (DA); (2) activate 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, D2, D3, or GABA(A) receptors; or (3) block opioid and 5-HT3 receptors decrease ethanol intake in most animal models. Neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropharmacological studies indicate innate differences exist between the high alcohol-consuming and low alcohol-consuming rodents in various CNS limbic structures. In addition, reduced mesolimbic DA and 5-HT function have been observed during alcohol withdrawal in common stock rats. Depending on the animal model under study, abnormalities in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, and/or the serotonin, opioid, and GABA systems that regulate this pathway may underlie vulnerability to the abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior in the genetic animal models.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of peptide and non-peptide antagonists of angiotensin II receptors on drinking behavior in rats.

The effects of the non-peptide selective angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist DuP 753 and its metabolite EXP 3174, of the peptide ANGII analogues saralasin and sarmesin and of the newly synthesized imidazole compound (1-methyl-4,5-diphenylimidazole) on ANGII-induced drinking in rats were investigated. The effect of the AT2 selective antagonist PD 123319 on ANGII-induced drinking in rats was also studied. DuP 753, EXP 3174, saralasin and sarmesin (peptides and non-peptides) dose-dependently inhibited ANGII-induced water intake. The ID50 values of these drugs showed the following order of potency: EXP 3174 > saralasin > sarmesin > DuP 753 indicating their ability to block central AT1 receptors. The imidazole compound increased ANGII-induced water intake suggesting its AT1 receptor agonistic properties. PD 123319 inhibited ANGII-induced water intake at a higher dose (64 nmol), allowing to assume AT1 receptor agonistic properties.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2001

[Participation of various types of serotonin receptors in the regulation of drinking behavior and salt appetite in rats].

The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT was shown to diminish the water and 1.8% NaCl solution consumption, whereas its antagonist pMPPI--to enhance the water intake in rats. Another agonist: CGS-12066A enhanced water intake or exerted no effect on drinking behaviour and diminished salt intake. Other substances under study exerted various effects. The data obtained suggest that the 5-HT receptors are involved in regulation of water and salt intake, even though the mechanisms of the effects are different. Apparently 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors play an activating role in regulation of water intake, whereas 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT3 receptors act as inhibitory ones. Only three of the receptors under study seem to regulate salt intake by inhibiting the salt appetite.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of central norepinephrine infusions on drinking behavior induced by angiotensin after 6-hydroxydopamine injections into the anteroventral region of the third ventricle (AV3V).

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or vehicle in the median preoptic nucleus and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. The subjects were tested for drinking responses to intraventricular angiotensin II (ANG II) or saline during either saline or norepinephrine intraventricular infusions. Rats injected with 6-OHDA into the ventral lamina terminalis initially failed to show drinking responses to ANG II injections. However, norepinephrine infusion in combination with ANG II injection restored the drinking response to ANG II in rats with catecholamine depletions of the lamina terminalis region.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1991

Drinking behavior in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) following putative dipsogenic challenges.

Male spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) were challenged with several putative dipsogenic stimulus conditions: hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl), 24-h water deprivation, d,l-isoproterenol HCl, angiotensin II (AII) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), or control conditions, in within-subjects designs. Water intake and drinking pattern were monitored electronically in the home cage over a 2--6-h test period without food present, during the light portion of the L/D cycle. In addition, hematocrits were measured following several treatments and mean arterial blood pressure was monitored in response to several doses of AII. As expected, both water deprivation and hypertonic NaCl led to robust drinking with short latencies. PEG was also an effective dipsogen; while quite variable, latencies were often shorter than are typically reported for the rat. Isoproterenol induced a modest, but significant, dose-related drinking. Interference by AII's prominent pressor action might account, at least in part, for its relative ineffectiveness as a dipsogen. Comparisons are made with other rodent species similarly challenged.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The integrating role of biological motivation in the realization of feeding and drinking behaviors].

In chronic experiments on rabbits with preliminary alimentary or water deprivation electrical and mechanic activity was studied of the chewer muscle proper and of the esophagus in the process of animals food or water taking. It has been established that in patterns of electrical and mechanic activity of the chewer muscle proper and esophagus specific differences of alimentary and drinking behaviour of animals are reflected. Dominating motivation of different biological properties determines the specific integration of motoneurones of chewing and swallowing centers and peripheral contraction elements of digestive tract in the functional systems of alimentary and drinking behaviour.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Person perception as a function of drinking behavior, gender and sex role stereotypes.

Gender and the level of drinking of the protagonist in a vignette were systematically varied to examine the effects of these variables on the inferences 400 undergraduates drew about the personal attributes and future of the character. Results showed that gender of the target did not significantly affect judgments about the protagonist, but perceptions of the character were strongly influenced by the alcohol-related behaviors attributed to him or her in the vignette. Evaluations of the protagonist generally became less favorable as drinking level increased. Abstainers were also viewed more positively than at least some comparison groups of drinkers on most measures. Although heavier drinkers were often stigmatized, they were also seen as having more fun. Subject gender, sex role attributes and attitudes toward women failed to influence judgments about the protagonists, but raters' own drinking habits did have an impact. Heavier drinkers showed a tendency to rate heavier drinking protagonists more favorably than did lighter drinkers. Implications of these results for prevailing theories about norms and evaluations affecting drinkers are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Explorative and drinking behavior after prolonged access to alcohol and following chronic piracetam administration in mice.

Male mice with free access to food, water, and alcohol for 44 weeks were deprived of alcohol for 3 days and then segregated into two groups having (HD) and lacking (LD) the alcohol deprivation-induced elevation in intake. On week 47, the HD and LD groups (divided into subgroups matched for drinking) received either vehicle or piracetam (400 mg/kg) for 10 days. On the last treatment day, alcohol was again withheld. Cross-maze exploration and drinking pattern were evaluated on the first and third postinjection days. Control mice, having had no previous access to alcohol, were subjected to the same treatment and tests. There were a greater number of vehicle-treated HDs displaying arm reentries than LDs or alcohol-naive control mice. Further, the control mice drank less alcohol than HDs during the first 1.5 h of renewal access, and more water than the HD or LD group during the remaining 22.5 h. Piracetam improved maze patrolling and arm reentries in alcohol-naive mice, but did not change these measures in HDs and LDs. No effect of piracetam on drinking parameters was revealed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Dissociation of experimentally induced drinking behavior by ibotenate injection into the median preoptic nucleus.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with either ibotenic acid (5 micrograms/1 microliter) or vehicle in the ventral median preoptic nucleus. The injections were given during either methoxyflurane or ketamine anesthesia. None of the rats injected with ibotenic acid were adipsic after surgery. After at least one week of recovery, all rats were tested for drinking responses to angiotensin II (1.5 and 3 mg/kg s.c.) and hypertonic saline (3% and 12% 1 ml/100 g b.wt.). Rats injected with ibotenic acid during methoxyflurane anesthesia drank significantly less than the vehicle injected control group in tests with both doses of angiotensin II and both concentrations of hypertonic saline. The rats that were injected with ibotenic acid during ketamine anesthesia drank significantly less than the control group when tested with 3% hypertonic saline but not when tested with angiotensin II. Histological examination of the injection sites indicated significant reductions in the volume of the median preoptic nucleus only in rats that had been injected with ibotenic acid during methoxyflurane anesthesia. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the drinking response to angiotensin II is dependent upon the integrity of neurons with postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors within the median preoptic nucleus.

Analysis of Variance↗