Research on leaf protein and its application.
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Dietary Proteins↗
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Results for “Extraction and Processing Industry”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Potato peel extract-a natural antioxidant for retarding lipid peroxidation in radiation processed lamb meat.
The effective utilization of potato peel, a waste generated in large quantities by the food industry, as an antioxidant was investigated. Potato peel extract (PPE) exhibited high phenolic content (70.82 mg of catechin equivalent/100 g), chlorogenic acid (27.56 mg/100 g of sample) being the major component. The yield of total phenolics and chlorogenic acid increased by 26 and 60%, respectively, when the extract was prepared from gamma irradiated (150 Gy) potatoes. PPE showed excellent antioxidant activity as determined by beta-carotene bleaching and radical scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The suitability of PPE for controlling lipid oxidation of radiation processed lamb meat was also investigated. PPE (0.04%) when added to meat before radiation processing was found to retard lipid peroxidation of irradiated meat as measured by TBA number and carbonyl content. The antioxidant activity of PPE was found to be comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
Animals↗
[Alkaloids and industry today].
The importance of alkaloids and heterosides extracted from plants is clearly established. A specialised industry makes them available to drug companies by means of technological processes which now make a wide range of extractions possible. Due to the large investments in equipment and raw materials, the procedures and processes must be optimised so that each extraction corresponds to a specific procedure dictated by a large number of parameters. Competitivity is only obtained at this cost. The raw material is the major limitation: because of the variability of drugs and because of economic factors which include the risk of falsifications. The large sums of money invested mean that a greater financial support, from outside of the company, will probably be necessary in the future, which is likely to fragilise the company.
Alkaloids↗
An automatic system for the assessment of complex medium additives under cultivation conditions.
Complex medium additives such as yeast extract or peptone are often used in industrial cell culture processes to prolong cell growth and/or to improve product formation. The quality of those supplements is dependent on the preparation method and can differ from lot to lot. To guarantee consistent production these different lots have to be tested prior to use in fermentation processes. Because a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of all components of such a complex mixture is a very difficult task, another assessment method has to be chosen. The best way to evaluate the effect of such supplements is to monitor cell activity during real cultivation conditions with and without the added supplement lot. A bioreactor-based test system has been developed to determine the oxygen requirement of the cells as a response to the addition of a supplement to be tested under standardized conditions. Investigations were performed with a mouse-mouse hybridoma cell line and yeast extracts as an example for complex medium additives. The results showed differences in the impact between different extract lots and between different concentrations of an extract.
Animals↗
Interlaboratory comparison of analytical methods for residual ethylene oxide at low concentration levels in medical device materials.
An interlaboratory comparison of two extraction methods and one thermal desorption test method for the quantification of ethylene oxide (EO) by gas chromatography in two common medical device materials, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), was conducted by 15 laboratories. The three procedures included extraction with water, extraction with acetone, and headspace gas analysis, respectively. Materials were processed through an industrial EO cycle and aerated for various periods to achieve target levels of a low (5 micrograms/g), medium (10 micrograms/g), and high (25 micrograms/g) residual determination following extraction or thermal desorption. The results of this study, using only the data from the laboratories that did not deviate from the procedure, showed that the average estimated total coefficient of variation ranged from 3.63 to 12.42% for the three different methods. Each of the methods is suitable for use as a reference test method for determining residual EO in polymeric materials in the concentration range 2.8-42.3 micrograms/g.
Acetone↗
Characterization of flavonoids and pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction.
Bergamot peel is an underutilized byproduct of the essential oil and juice-processing industry. As with other Citrus peels, it still contains exploitable components, such as pectins and flavonoids. Commercial glycoside hydrolases, specifically a combination of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, solubilized a high percentage of the material (81.94%). The flavonoid profile of the peel consisted of characteristic Citrus species flavanone rutinosides and neohesperosides derived from naringenin, eriodictyol, and hesperetin. In addition, a number of minor flavanone and flavone glycosides, not found in orange and lemon peels, were identified. The majority of flavonoids were extracted in the two 70% v/v EtOH extractions. Processing this material clearly has economic potential leading to low environmental impact.
Carbohydrates↗
Extraction of proteins from animal tissue using multiphase aqueous systems.
Animal tissue is likely to continue to be an important source of enzymes and protein hormones well into the 21st century. Aqueous phase systems show considerable potential and specific advantages for extractive purification of proteins from animal tissue. Although no industrial process is yet in place for commercial production of a protein from animal tissue, the potential for the system has, however, been demonstrated at laboratory scale for a number of enzymes, and at pilot scale for a few, using simple phase systems and also affinity partitioning systems. Pertinent features of these systems are reviewed, and process and economic aspects discussed.
Animals↗
[Higher fatty acids of Candida lipolytica grown in n-alkanes by the industrial method ("Toprina")].
The present study deals with the composition of superior fatty acids of total lipids, polar lipids, and neutral lipids from dried biomass of Candida lipolytica grown by industrial process ("Toprina") on n-alkanes (C10-C20) extracted from petroleum. The data related to our knowledge about yeast and Candida lipolytica, lead to the conclusion that fatty acids feature of "Toprina" are similar to the Candida lipolytica ones grown in batch culture at the same conditions. In addition, a possible physiologic role of 17:1 and 17:2 is considered, in the perspective of the utilization of "Toprina" in animal food.
Alkanes↗
Processing of rayon waste effluent for the recovery of zinc and separation of calcium using thiophosphinic extractant.
Zinc is used in various metallurgical, chemical and textile industries. In textile industries, waste effluent containing zinc is generated during the manufacture of rayon yarn. Due to the strict environmental regulations and the presence of toxic metallic and other constituents, the discharge of effluents in sewage is restricted. In view of above a process has been developed for the recovery of zinc from rayon waste effluent following solvent extraction technique using thiophosphinic extractants Cyanex 272 and 302. Before recycling of zinc sulphate solution in spinning bath, solution must be free from calcium, which is deleterious to the process as gypsum precipitates and forms scale. The extractant Cyanex 302 has been found selective for the recovery of 99.99% of zinc in the form of [R(2)Zn](org) from the effluent above equilibrium pH 3.4 maintaining the O/A ratio of 1/30 leaving all the calcium in the raffinate. The zinc from the loaded Cyanex 302 can be stripped with 10% sulphuric acid at even O/A ratio of 10. The stripped solution thus obtained could be recycled in the spinning bath of the rayon plant and raffinate could be disposed safely without affecting environment.
Calcium↗
Biocatalysis: applications and potentials for the chemical industry.
The chemical industry is exploring the use of renewable feed stocks to improve sustainability, prompting the exploration of bioprocesses for the production of chemicals. Attractive features of biological systems include versatility, substrate selectivity, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, enantioselectivity and catalysis at ambient temperatures and pressures. However, a challenge facing bioprocesses is cost competitiveness with chemical processes because capital assets associated with the existing commercial processes are high. The chemical industry will probably use biotechnology with existing feed stocks and processes to extract higher values from feed stocks, process by-products and waste streams. In this decade, bioprocesses that offer either a process or a product advantage over traditional chemical routes will become more widely used.
Bacteria↗
Effect of processing techniques at industrial scale on orange juice antioxidant and beneficial health compounds.
Phenolic compounds, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid), and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in orange juices manufactured by different techniques. Five processes at industrial scale (squeezing, mild pasteurization, standard pasteurization, concentration, and freezing) used in commercial orange juice manufacturing were studied. In addition, domestic squeezing (a hand processing technique) was compared with commercial squeezing (an industrial FMC single-strength extraction) to evaluate their influences on health components of orange juice. Whole orange juice was divided into soluble and cloud fractions after centrifugation. Total and individual phenolics were analyzed in both fractions by HPLC. Commercial squeezing extracted 22% more phenolics than hand squeezing. The freezing process caused a dramatic decrease in phenolics, whereas the concentration process caused a mild precipitation of these compounds to the juice cloud. In pulp, pasteurization led to degradation of several phenolic compounds, that is, caffeic acid derivatives, vicenin 2 (apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside), and narirutin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone-7-rutinoside) with losses of 34.5, 30.7, and 28%, respectively. Regarding vitamin C, orange juice produced by commercial squeezing contained 25% more of this compound than domestic squeezing. Mild and standard pasteurization slightly increased the total vitamin C content as the contribution from the orange solids parts, whereas concentration and freezing did not show significant changes. The content of L-ascorbic acid provided 77-96% of the total antioxidant capacity of orange juice. Mild pasteurization, standard pasteurization, concentration, and freezing did not affect the total antioxidant capacity of juice, but they did, however, in pulp, where it was reduced by 47%.
Antioxidants↗
Production process contamination of citrus essential oils by plastic materials.
Twelve samples of plastic materials employed in the industrial extraction of citrus essential oils were analyzed for the presence of phosphorated plasticizers, chloroparaffins, and phthalate esters. The samples tested were found to release these contaminants into the essential oils during the production process. Contamination tests were carried out using dichloromethane and uncontaminated samples of citrus essential oils as extractants. The extracts were analyzed by HRGC/FPD, ECD, and MS. Only one sample of plastic material was found to release triaryl phosphates, 5 samples released chloroparaffins, 6 released diisobutyl phthalate, and 8 released bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Significantly larger quantities of contaminants were released by new plastic parts than by used plastic parts.
Chromatography, Gas↗
Acoustic field assisted enhanced demixing of aqueous two-phase systems.
Aqueous two-phase extraction has been recognized as a versatile downstream processing technique for the recovery of biomolecules. A major deterrent to its industrial exploitation is the slow demixing of the two aqueous phases after extraction, due to their similar physical properties. A method to decrease the demixing times of these systems, employing a travelling acoustic wave field, is reported. The effects of phase composition and microbial cells on demixing in a polyethylene glycol/potassium phosphate two-phase system are studied in detail. As phase composition increased, demixing time decreased gradually. Phase volume ratio was found to have a significant effect on demixing time at low phase compositions. However, at intermediate and high phase compositions, only a small effect on demixing time was observed. The effect of phase composition and volume ratio on demixing behavior was explained based on the droplet size of the dispersed phase, which is the resultant effect of the physical properties of the phases. At all the phase compositions studied, the acoustically assisted process decreased the demixing time by 17-60% when compared to demixing under gravity alone. Increasing the cell concentration increased the demixing time markedly in case of yeast cells. However, it remained practically constant in the case of Lactobacillus casei cells. Application of an acoustic field reduced the demixing times up to 60% and 40% in the case of yeast and L. casei cells, respectively. Visual observations indicated that ultrasonication caused mild circulation currents in the phase dispersion enhancing droplet-droplet interaction, which in turn enhanced the rate of coalescence, eventually resulting in an enhanced demixing rate.
Countercurrent Distribution↗
[Effect of calcium ions in extract preparation and extract purification in the sugar industry. Part 1. Model experiments on the effect of calcium ions in colloid-free sugar beet extract].
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Calcium↗
Heterologous Kluyveromyces lactis beta-galactosidase production and release by Saccharomyces cerevisiae osmotic-remedial thermosensitive autolytic mutants.
The beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is a high molecular weight protein with commercial interest. A major drawback of its industrial production is the high cost associated with extraction and downstream processing due to its intracellular nature. In this work, the effectiveness of the utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LD1 and LHDP1 strains, osmotic-remedial mutants which lyse at 37 degrees C, for the heterologous production and release into the extracellular medium of this protein has been proved. The highest absolute values of released beta-galactosidase have been obtained with the protease-deficient strain LHDP1 by osmotic shock.
Cell Wall↗
Metal contamination of active stream sediments in upper Weardale, northern Pennine Orefield, UK.
In the Upper Weardale area the headwaters of the River Wear bisect the Northern Pennine Orefield, where Pb-Zn-F-Ba vein-type mineralisation has been exploited since the Roman Conquest. The area contains evidence of open pit, underground and hydraulic mining of base metal ores, associated mineral processing and smelting, exploitation of ironstones during the industrial revolution, recent extraction of fluorite and active quarrying. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of modern sediment contamination arising from these past activities. Samples of active stream sediments were collected from all major drainage channels at 1 km intervals. The sediments were analysed for Pb, Zn, Ba, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Sb, Ag and compared to data from earlier regional geochemical surveys of low order drainage samples using ArcView software. The significance of contamination levels was assessed using the Ontario aquatic sediment quality guidelines. Our results indicate widespread contamination of some major drainages by Pb, Mn, Zn and As at concentration levels anticipated to significantly affect use of the sediments by benthic organisms. Furthermore, Pb contamination shows persistence in stream sediments downstream towards agricultural areas of the floodplain and drinking water abstraction points, above which interaction with colliery mine water discharges may occur.
Agriculture↗
The effect of postexsanguination infusion of beef on composition, tenderness, and functional properties.
Ninety culled dairy cows were used in this study and were paired by weight and conformation similarity. Forty-five cows were arterially infused immediately after bleeding with 10% volume by weight of a solution composed of dextrose (.23%), glycerin (.21%), a phosphate blend (.14%) and maltose (.1%). The remaining cows (45) served as controls. In infused carcasses, some quantity of solution retained was in the following order: supraspinatus, chuck greater than longissimus, loin greater than semitendinosus, round muscles. Accordingly, percentage of protein, ether-extractable fat, and protein fat-free amounts were lowered (P less than .05) and percentage of moisture and moisture protein ratio were raised (P less than .05) in the supraspinatus muscle. Tenderness (P less than .01) and protein extractability (P less than .15) were improved. No difference was observed in water-holding capacity between infused and control carcasses. Percentages of moisture fat-free (r = .85) and protein fat-free (r = -.97) were highly correlated to moisture-protein ratio. Moisture percentage of the fat-free tissue was shown to be a more consistent indicator of added moisture in infused whole carcasses compared with moisture:protein ratio and percentage of protein fat-free. Very low correlations were observed between tenderness, percentage of moisture, percentage of water-holding capacity, and ether-extractable fat. The economics of the infusion process to the beef industry is discussed.
Animals↗
Purification of agro-industrial wastewater from the grease-protein mixture by means of electroflotocoagulation.
The process of agro-industrial sewage treatment with the aim of extracting grease from the waters is studied by means of electroflotocoagulation. A method of optimising the construction of electroflotocoagulation apparatus for sewage treatment is offered that allows passing from a laboratorial model to an industrial specimen that possesses the same level of technological characteristics. Multiple examples are given of applying electroflotocoagulation technology for sewage treatment from proteins and grease under different conditions.
Agriculture↗