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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Variations in the number of nucleoli in the granulosa cells of the domestic fowl during follicular growth.

1. The proportions of granulosa cells containing one, two, or more nucleoli were determined in ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Follicles ranged in size from 5 to 37 mm diameter. 2. The greatest proportion of cells (65%) contained one nucleolus. Cells containing two nucleoli were fewer (29%) and those containing more than two were rare (6%). 3. There was a tendency for the proportion of multinuclear cells to decrease with increasing size of the follicle. Conversely there was a similar tendency for the proportion of cells with single nucleoli to increase with size of the follicle. These relationships are curvilinear. 4. Suitable linear models confirmed these observations (P less than 0.005). 5. These results may provide an explanation for the previously reported progressive decrease in cellular DNA as the follicle increases in size.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sex differences in blood amino acid concentration and cell/plasma distribution in the domestic fowl.

The amino acid concentration of and distribution between the cell and plasma of the blood of male and non-laying female domestic fowl have been determined. No significant differences in plasma amino acid content were observed between the sexes, except for higher serine and lower asparagine concentrations in the female. Hens had higher intracellular concentrations of aspartate, hydroxyproline, arginine, lysine and cystine and lower concentrations of cysteic acid and taurine. The proportion of amino acids carried in the blood cells of fowls was about 80%, a value that is much higher than that found in mammals. The mean ratio of combined total amino acid concentrations between plasma and cells was about 8-fold, again much higher than the corresponding figures in mammals.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between yolk cholesterol and total lipid concentration throughout the first year of egg production in the domestic fowl.

1. Variation of egg yolk cholesterol and total lipid concentration (mg/g wet yolk) throughout the first year of egg production for the domestic fowl is described. 2. Yolk cholesterol concentration decreases between 20 and 30 weeks of age, and then remains constant until 70 weeks of age. Yolk total lipid concentration increases to a maximum at 40 weeks of age before decreasing to its original value at 60 and 70 weeks of age. 3. Bird means for yolk cholesterol and total lipid concentration are negatively related at 20 weeks of age, and essentially independent for the remainder of the first year of egg production. 4. Variation for yolk cholesterol concentration between 30 and 70 weeks of age appears to be a consequence of differences in the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid components. 5. Uptake of plasma lipoproteins characteristic of the immature bird is likely to be responsible for the high yolk cholesterol concentration at 20 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

The relative fracture strengths of the inner and outer surfaces of the eggshell of the domestic fowl.

A method is described for comparing the strength of the material near the inner and outer surfaces of the eggshell of the domestic fowl. Half eggs with blunt poles, obtained by cutting the egg around the equator, were subjected to concentric loading through neoprene O-rings, respectively 7 mm and 15.5 mm diameter. A finite element solution for the stress distribution showed that the point of maximum tensile stress lay on the line of the smaller ring. For downward loading on the smaller ring, the maximum stress occurred on the inner surface of the shell. For upward loading it moved to the outer surface. Upward loading gave a value for the average fracture stress of the outer surface of the shell (27.3 Nmm-2). For downward loading fracture occurred on the outer surface at the larger ring before the fracture stress was reached on the inner surface. This measurement gave a lower bound to the average fracture stress of the inner surface (30.4 Nmm-2). The fracture stress of the inner surface was measured using concentric loading along the axis of the whole egg. The average fracture stress was 36.7 Nmm-2 so the inner surface is 34% stronger than the outer surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Studies on the longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesentric artery of the domestic fowl.

1. A simple, isolated preparation is described in which the activity of the longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesenteric artery of the domestic fowl is recorded isotonically.2. The longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesenteric artery exhibited tone and marked spontaneous activity. Maximal shortening of this muscle was equal to about 60% of its resting length.3. Acetylcholine in low concentrations produced powerful contractions of the muscle, whereas low concentrations of catecholamines produced relaxation by an action on beta-receptors; much larger concentrations of adrenaline or noradrenaline contracted the muscle. A pharmacological analysis of the responses to electrical stimulation and to agonist drugs indicated that the muscle was supplied by excitatory, cholinergic nerves and by inhibitory, adrenergic nerves.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1988

Localization of avian LHRH-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus, and the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix.

The localization of LHRH-containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the hypothalami of the domestic fowl and Japanese quail was investigated by means of the specific immunoperoxidase ABC method, using antisera against chicken LHRH-I ([Gln8]-LHRH), chicken GnRH-II ([His5-Trp7-Tyr8]-LHRH[2-10]) and mammalian LHRH ([Arg8]-LHRH). Chicken LHRH-I-immunoreactive perikarya were sparsely scattered in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (POP), nucleus filiformis (FIL) and nucleus septalis medialis (SM), and in bilateral bands extending from these nuclei into the septal area in both species. A few reactive perikarya were also observed in the nucleus accumbens (Ac) and lobus parolfactorius (LPO). Numerous cLHRH-I-immunoreactive fibers were widely scattered in the preoptic, septal and tuberal areas, and were densely concentrated in the external layer of the median eminence and in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) in both species. Anti-mammalian LHRH serum cross-reacted weakly with perikarya and fibers immunoreactive to anti-cLHRH-I serum in normal chicken and quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2-10] serum immunoreacted with magnocellular neurons distributed in the rostral end of the mesencephalon along the midline close to the nervus oculomotorius (N III). These perikarya were apparently different from cLHRH-I immunoreactive neurons. No immunoreactive cells and fibers against anti-cGnRH-II[2-10] were observed in the hypothalamus and median eminence of the chicken or quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2-10] bound specifically with cGnRH-II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Projections of visceral and somatic primary afferents to the sacral spinal cord of the domestic fowl revealed by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase.

The termination of visceral and somatic primary afferent fibers in the sacral spinal cord of the domestic fowl was studied using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. Nerve terminals of visceral afferent fibers were found in the lateral edge and base of the dorsal horn and in the dorsal gray commissure in close proximity to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Somatic afferents terminated in laminae 2 and 3. The results demonstrate that visceral and somatic afferent fibers in this avian species terminate in different areas of the dorsal horn.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of eggshell formation in domestic fowl by indomethacin: relation to calcium and prostaglandin metabolism in the eggshell gland mucosa.

1. The involvement of prostaglandins in eggshell formation in the domestic fowl was investigated by considering the effects of the drug indomethacin on the calcium metabolism on the eggshell gland. Egglaying birds were given a single dose (100 mg) of indomethacin at the beginning of shell calcification. Fourteen hours later the birds were sacrificed and the effects of the drug were determined. There was a 21% reduction in the shell thickness of the egg present in the shell gland at the time of slaughter (P < 0.01). The calcium content of the eggshell gland mucosa was increased to 153% (P < 0.01) of the controls. In the treated birds, there was 43% more calcium (P < 0.05) present in the shell gland lumen (recovered by rinsing with Tris buffer) than in the gland lumen of control birds. Total calcium in blood plasma was decreased by 15% (P < 0.05). In homogenate and three subcellular fractions (MIII, FI and FIII) of eggshell gland mucosa, 45Ca uptake was significantly reduced (i.e. by 29%, 25%, 17% and 35%, respectively). A significant reduction (62-66%) was also observed in the synthesis of PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TxB2 by eggshell gland mucosa homogenate. 2. The effects of indomethacin treatment on the calcium metabolism of the avian eggshell gland are discussed and compared with p,p-DDE-induced alterations in calcium metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis by the eggshell gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Morphogenesis of the laminated, tripartite cytoarchitectural design of the blood-gas barrier of the avian lung: a systematic electron microscopic study on the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus.

Formation of a thin blood-gas barrier in the respiratory (gas exchange) tissue of the lung of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus commences on day 18 of embryogenesis. Developing from infundibulae, air capillaries radiate outwards into the surrounding mesenchymal (periparabronchial) tissue, progressively separating and interdigitating with the blood capillaries. Thinning of the blood-gas barrier occurs by growth and extension of the air capillaries and by extensive disintegration of mesenchymal cells that constitute transient septa that divide the lengthening and anastomosing air capillaries. After they contact, the epithelial and endothelial cells deposit intercellular matrix that cements them back-to-back. At hatching (day 21), with a thin blood-gas barrier and a large respiratory surface area, the lung is well prepared for gas exchange. In sites where air capillaries lie adjacent to each other, epithelial cells contact directly: intercellular matrix is lacking.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

EFFECT OF SALMONELLA GALLINARUM ON CERTAIN KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATES OF DOMESTIC FOWL.

Freeman, B. M. (Houghton Poultry Research Station, Huntingdon, England), and L. G. Chubb. Effect of Salmonella gallinarum on certain Krebs cycle intermediates of domestic fowl. J. Bacteriol. 88:93-95. 1964.-In chickens infected with Salmonella gallinarum, the citric acid content of the blood rose but that of the liver fell significantly. The former may be due solely to anorexia; the latter is suggested to be a result of the inhibition of the reaction between pyruvic and oxaloacetic acids. Pyruvic acid in the blood remained at its normal level, suggesting that other pathways for its metabolism were being utilized. A rise in the blood alpha-ketoglutaric acid concentration was also found; this appeared to be a specific response to the infection. These results are compared with data available for other species of Salmonella.

Acetates↗
PubMed1985

Parathyroid transplants and unilateral renal delivery of parathyroid hormone in domestic fowl.

Exogenous parathyroid hormone (bovine 1-84 PTH) was infused unilaterally into the renal portal system or unilaterally into the renal arterial system of domestic fowl. Endogenous PTH was secreted unilaterally into the renal portal system by parathyroid tissue transplanted to the leg muscle. None of the experimental protocols caused significant unilateral phosphaturia, although unilaterally infused kidneys were shown to have received significantly more PTH than the contralateral kidneys. The transplanted parathyroid tissue was a major source of endogenous PTH, as was indicated by the development of significant hypocalcemia following surgical removal of the transplant. Unilateral PTH infusion did cause a significant unilateral increase in sodium excretion and significant bilateral phosphaturia. These results demonstrate that the phosphaturic and natriuretic responses to PTH can be dissociated in clearance experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of two breeds of domestic fowl in the warm humid tropics.

Erythrocyte (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) values were found to be higher in Nigerian domestic fowls than those in Hubbard fowls. PCV and Hb values were higher in males than in females in both breeds. Erythrocytes of the Nigerian fowl were observed to be more susceptible to osmotic haemolysis than were erythrocytes of the Hubbard fowl. Erythrocytes of male fowls were osmotically more fragile than were those of female fowls in both breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Diminution of thyrotrophin releasing hormone-induced growth hormone secretion in adult domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Age-related changes in the response of GH to administration of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) have been investigated in the domestic fowl. In two strains of chicken the i.v. administration of TRH (10 microgram/kg) to 4-week-old male and female birds markedly increased (greater than 100 ng/ml) the plasma GH concentration within 10 min of treatment and the concentration remained higher than the pretreatment level for at least a further 20 min. Saline (0.9%) administration had no effect on GH secretion in comparable groups of control birds. The same dose of TRH had no effect on plasma GH concentrations in adult (greater than 24-week-old) laying hens or cockerels. The administration of TRH at doses of 0.1-100 microgram/kg (i.v.) or 0.39-50 microgram/bird (s.c.) also had very little, if any, effect on GH secretion in laying hens. In laying hens slight increases (10-20 ng/ml, P less than 0.05) inthe plasma concentrations of GH were observed in one experiment 60 min after the s.c. injection of 100 microgram TRH, and in another 60, 90 and 120 min after the serial s.c. injection of TRH (100 microgram/bird) every 30 min over a 150 min period. The poor GH response to TRH of the adults to TRH stimulation was not due to high circulating concentrations of endogenous gonadal steroids, as surgical gonadectomy had no effect on the GH response to TRH. These results suggest maturational differences in the control of GH secretion in the fowl.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Biomechanical and ultrastructural studies on the elastic wing tendon from the domestic fowl.

The interaction between collagen and elastin networks under conditions of load-extension has been studied in the elastic wing tendon of the domestic fowl. The load-extention curves obtained could be divided into two regions, the first region representing the ability of the tendon to undergo great extension at low tension, the second representing a limit region where the collagen of the tendon appears to become fully extended. Following removal of the elastin network with pure elastase only the second region of the curve persisted, indicating that elastin is largely responsible for the mechanical event represented by the first region of the curve. The collagen network of tendons apparently is normally held in a folded conformational state by elastin, for elastase treatment results in elongation of tendons even in the absence of loading. Complete removal of elastin, and alignment of collagen bundles were confirmed ultrastructurally in the elongated tendons. The breading load of the elastase-treated tendons was also significangly reduced, indicating that an elastase-sensitive component is a limiting factor in determining the ultimate strength of the tendon.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Food and water intake responses of the domestic fowl to norepinephrine infusion at circumscribed neural sites.

The effect on food and water intake of injection of norepinephrine into circumscribed brain sites of the domestic fowl was investigated. Injection of norepinephrine into sites throughout the preoptic area caused reliable increases in food intake. Food intake was also increased by injection of norepinephrine in the ventromedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and medial septal sites. Food intake was decreased by injections near the lateral septal organ and the anterior portion of both the nucleus reticularis superior, pars dorsalis, and the tractus occipitomesencephalicus. Within the preoptic area, water intake was increased at basolateral sites but was inconsistently affected at more medial sites. No consistent trends were noted at sites examined outside the preoptic-hypothalamic area.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Behaviour and aeration of the respiratory system in the domestic fowl embryo.

1. The monitoring of developmental stage and under-water dissection were used to examine the initial aeration of the respiratory system in domestic fowl embryos. 2. A virtually complete absence of free air within the chorioallantois was found before the beak had begun to make 'beak-clapping' movements, even when the membranes were already draped over its tip. 3. During the 'beak-clapping' stage, but before the membranes were pierced and before respiratory movements had begun, many embryos were found to contain free bubbles of air within the trachea and air sacs. 4. All embryos in which the respiratory system was aerated were found also to have froth in the crop or other parts of the digestive system. 5. Air was found in both the respiratory and digestive systems of all embryos examined after membrane penetration by the beak. 6. When air was injected into the chorioallantois before the stage of initial aeration it was recovered 5 min later from both the respiratory and digestive systems in under-water dissections. 7. It is suggested that lung ventilation takes place in the avian embryo in three distinct stages: the major air-ways become aerated, then respiratory movements begin and lastly the tertiary bronchi are slowly aerated. It is suggested also that movements involved in the imbibing of fluids play a part in aeration before the membranes are pierced.

Air↗
PubMed1979

Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the excurrent ducts of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Cells considered to be lymphocytes are reported in the epithelial lining of the excurrent ducts of the testis of normal and vasoligated domestic fowl. They resemble those already reported in the rat and monkey epididymal epithelium, the human intestinal mucosa, and in the bursa of Fabricius. The cytoplasm is usually less dense than that of adjacent epithelial cells, and contains only a few organelles. The nucleus is highly heterochromatic and with no definite nucleolus. Cytoplasmic processes are found to extend from the cell in between epithelial cells. The possible role of these cells in the reproductive tract of the cockerel is discussed.

Animals↗