Convergence of afferences from tongue and mouth structures, and their significance for food acceptance.
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Afferent Pathways↗
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Influences of dietary soy isoflavones on metabolism but not nociception and stress hormone responses in ovariectomized female rats.
BACKGROUND: Isoflavones, the most abundant phytoestrogens in soy foods, are structurally similar to 17beta-estradiol. Few studies have examined the nociception and stress hormone responses after consumption of soy isoflavones. METHODS: In this study, ovariectomized (OVX) female Long-Evans rats were fed either an isoflavone-rich diet (Phyto-600) or an isoflavone-free diet (Phyto-free). We examined the effects of soy isoflavones on metabolism by measuring body weights, food/water intake, adipose tissue weights as well as serum leptin levels. Also, circulating isoflavone levels were quantified. During chemically induced estrous, nociceptive thresholds were recorded. Then, the animals were subjected to a stressor and stress hormone levels were quantified. RESULTS: Body weights were significantly lower in Phyto-600 fed rats compared to Phyto-free values within one week and during long-term consumption of soy isoflavones. Correspondingly, Phyto-600 fed animals displayed significantly less adipose deposition and lower serum leptin levels than Phyto-free values. However, rats on the Phyto-600 diet displayed greater food/water intake compared to Phyto-free levels. No changes in thermal pain threshold or stress hormone levels (ACTH and corticosterone) were observed after activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. CONCLUSION: In summary, these data show that consumption of soy isoflavones 1) increases metabolism, demonstrated by significantly decreased body weights, adipose tissue deposition and leptin levels, but 2) does not alter nociception or stress hormone responses, as indexed by thermal pain threshold, serum corticosterone and ACTH levels in chemically-induced estrous OVX rats.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Use of rehabilitation experiments to understand the recovery dynamics of acid-stressed fish populations.
We used rehabilitation experiments involving the stocking of 2 native sportfish, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), in combination with recent fish community surveys, to study the recovery dynamics of fish populations in acid-stressed lakes near Sudbury and Killarney, Ontario, Canada. Population recovery rates differed between the 2 species. Introduced lake trout did poorly in species-rich lakes and exhibited slower growth, lower survival and delayed recruitment. Smallmouth bass, in contrast, readily colonized species-rich lakes. The biomass of natural smallmouth bass recruits increased to reference lake levels within 5 years following water quality recovery and spawning by stocked fish, whereas the biomass of natural lake trout recruits remained well below reference levels 5-15 years after water quality recovery and spawning by adults occurred. We document introductions by anglers of smallmouth bass into acid-damaged lake trout lakes, including some lakes that did not contain bass prior to acidification. This range expansion of a warm-water species (bass) that can alter food-web structure and reduce the growth of a cold-water species (trout), illustrates the potential for the combination of climate warming and species introductions to greatly alter the biological recovery endpoints in acid-stressed lakes.
Acid Rain↗
Assessment of a delta15N isotopic method to indicate anthropogenic eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems.
Increased anthropogenic delivery of nutrients to water bodies, both freshwater and estuarine, has caused detrimental changes in habitat, food web structure, and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen-stable isotopes may be suitable indicators of such increased nutrient delivery. In this study, we looked at the differences in response of macrophyte delta15N values to anthropogenic N across different taxonomic groups and geographic regions to test a stable isotopic method for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Macrophyte delta15N values increased with wastewater input and water-column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration. When macrophytes were divided into macroalgae and plants, they responded similarly to increases in wastewater N, although macroalgae was a more reliable indicator of both wastewater inputs and water-column DIN concentrations. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) Delta15N increased uniformly with wastewater inputs across a geographic range. We used the relationship derived between S. alterniflora and relative wastewater load to predict wastewater loads in locations lacking quantitative land use data. The predictions matched well with known qualitative information, proving the use of a stable isotopic method for predicting wastewater input.
Brazil↗
Public health strategies for obesity treatment and prevention.
OBJECTIVE: To review research on public health interventions for obesity. METHODS: Describe recent changes in obesity prevalence in the United States and 5 research studies from the University of Minnesota directed at the problem. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically over the last 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Recent increases in obesity in the United States have been of great concern for public health. Health education approaches to addressing the problem have not been effective. It is suggested that alternative approaches, such as changing the price structure of foods, may be necessary if the problem is to be successfully addressed.
Diet↗
Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies. Self psychology and cognitive orientation in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia.
The authors investigated the applicability of self psychological treatment (SPT) and cognitive orientation treatment (COT) to the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. Thirty-three patients participated in this study. The bulimic patients (n = 25) were randomly assigned either to SPT, COT, or control/nutritional counseling only (C/NC). The anorexic patients (n = 8) were randomly assigned to either SPT or COT. Patients were administered a battery of outcome measures assessing eating disorders symptomatology, attitudes toward food, self structure, and general psychiatric symptoms. After SPT, significant improvement was observed. After COT, slight but nonsignificant improvement was observed. After C/NC, almost no changes could be detected.
Adult↗
[Characteristics of digestion of blood of different animals by the flea Xenopsylla cheopis].
Under experimental conditions fleas X. cheopis engorged and assimilated blood of 4 species of rodents, man, pigeon and two species of reptiles. Histological investigations have shown that the structure of food clot, destruction rate of blood cells and general duration of digestion are changed considerably depending on the host's blood. In females the digestion of white mice blood to haematin at 23-24 degrees lasted not over 12 hours, the digestion of blood of hamsters and man - 12 to 20 hours, of guinea pigs and reptiles - 18 to 25 hours and of white rats and pigeons - from 20 to 30 hours. In males the digestion carries out somewhat slower. The above differences in blood digestion can apparently create unequal conditions for pathogenic microbes in the intestine of fleas that affects the preservation and reproduction of the agent in the organisms of these carriers.
Animals↗
Natural treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Perennial allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa characterized by paroxysms of sneezing, nasal congestion, pruritus, and rhinorrhea. The condition may be caused by certain environmental agents, food sensitivities, structural abnormalities, metabolic conditions, or synthetic drugs. Recent health impairment outcome studies on allergic rhinitis sufferers reveal a measurable decline in physical and mental health status and the inability to perform daily activities. Antihistamines, decongestants, anticholinergic agents, and corticosteroid drug therapy, alone or in combination, are typically used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Reported adverse side effects include sedation, impaired learning/memory, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therapeutic strategies should seek to decrease the morbidity already associated with this condition. Urtica dioica, bromelain, quercetin, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin C are safe, natural therapies that may be used as primary therapy or in conjunction with conventional methods.
Acetylcysteine↗
Factors influencing the design of bioaccumulation factor and biota-sediment accumulation factor field studies.
A series of modeling simulations was performed to evaluate the underlying factors and principles that drive the uncertainty in measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for fish, and to determine which sampling designs minimize those uncertainties. Temporal variability of chemical concentrations in the water column, and the metabolism rate and n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) for the chemical were determined to be the dominant factors that influenced the field-sampling design. Spatial variability of the chemical concentrations, food web structure, and the sediment-water column concentration quotient had a lesser importance upon the overall design. The simulations also demonstrated that collection of composite water samples in comparison to grab water samples resulted in reductions in the uncertainties associated with measured BAFs. Some illustrative sampling design structures for BAF and BSAF measurements based upon the temporal variability of chemical concentrations in the water column and the metabolism rate and Kow for the chemical were developed. These illustrative designs provided a sense of how sampling design structures, that is, the number and spacing over time of sampling events, might be influenced by differences in temporal variabilities, metabolism rates, and Kow. Although the importance of spatial variability was discounted as a major factor in the design process, sampling of water and sediment across the immediate home range of the sampled organism is required for successful measurements because poor spatial coordination of organism, water, or sediment samples will yield BAFs and BSAFs with large and unknown biases.
Animals↗
[Actual diet of children in orphanages].
The account of quantitative and qualitative structure of diets of children of children's houses has revealed infringements in organisation of mode of a meals, and also unbalance of diet on structure of food substances, including on iodine, that can promote development of iodine-dependence diseases.
Adolescent↗
[Analysis of the nutrition of elderly people in Ukraine].
A comparative analysis of the factual nutrition and health indices for 1970-2001 was made involving 2950 persons aged 60-89 years, residents of Ukraine. The state of nutrition of 530 single non-working citizens of NIS states, being taken care of by a social care service, was studied. The assortment structure of food products is sharply reduced, the contents of main nutrients and biologically active substances are unbalanced. The is conditioned by poor socio-economic of the people of this age category, on the one hand and by age-related changes of the digestive system, taste sensitivity, etc., on the other. It has been shown that more than 15% of older has a protein-energetic malnutrition.
Age Factors↗
[Possibility of the inclusion of the Mediterranean diet in the daily food intake in Poland].
The implementation of the Mediterranean diet in the Polish daily food intake using Polish food products and dishes was the main aim of the study. The 10-days menu for women aged 19-25, working moderately was elaborated at economic level B. The share of food products in these food daily rations was compared with that in Greek Mediterranean diet. Nutritive value was evaluated and composed with recommended nutrient intake. It has been shown that implementation of the Mediterranean diet in the Polish food daily ration requires changes in food intake structure, by increasing plant products consumption and lowering the animal one. The possibility of the implementation of the Mediterranean diet in the Polish one using national products and dishes exists.
Adult↗
[Multiple stepwise regression analysis of etiological factors of esophageal cancer in Cixian county].
Cixian county, one of the high-risk counties of esophageal cancer in the world, has a standardized mortality of 142.19/10(5) population, 1969-1971. The incidence of esophageal cancer had dropped year by year from 1974 to 1982. The significance of the incidence tendency was studied. The results are highly significant (P less than 0.001). The causative factors of esophageal cancer including five independent variables: X1 (number of people taking sanitized water), X2 (number of people on pickled Chinese cabbage), X3 (annual output of fruit), X4 (annual output of fresh vegetable) and X5 (annual output of sweet potato) and one dependent variable Y (morbidity of esophageal cancer) were studied by correlative analysis and multiple stepwise regression. Three correlative factors (X1, X2, and X5) with significant effect on the esophageal cancer were selected from the five suspected factors. The result indicated that taking sanitized water, reducing the number of people on pickled Chinese cabbage, changing the structure of food and keeping the nutrient balance, might decrease the incidence of esophageal cancer.
China↗
[Structure and seasonal variations of food consumption by 4-member families of workers in the Olsztyn region 1980-1982].
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Adolescent↗
[Structure and level of basic food intake in adult working population of the Altai region].
Population of two Altai districts was found to consume insufficient amounts of food proteins, vegetable fats, some vitamins, and mineral substances. Recommendations on rationalization of nutrition of population were given.
Adult↗
[Lipase activity in the calf serum under different types of feeding].
The development of lipase activity in serum (S-lipase activity) was studied in two groups of the calves of the Bohemian Red-Pied breed in the post-natal period up to the age of nine weeks from birth. From the eighth day of age, the two groups differed from each other in their lactic nutrition. Group A calves were given whole milk (obtained at primary production) and group B calves were fed the Laktosan mixture instead of milk. The different type of nutrition did not influence the character of the development of S-lipase activity with increasing age. A difference was found between the two groups as to the level of the activity of the enzyme under study. In the whole-milk group the average S-lipase activity values were higher than in the group fed Laktosan in a larger part of the test period. Some differences were statistically significant. It is assumed that lipase activity in blood is a reflection of the external secretion of pancreas changing according to the structure of food taken in. The activity of S-lipase was determined by the method according to Cherry and Crandall (Seligson, 1964); the average minimum value was 0.025 +/- 0.0017 u. in group A and 0.017 +/- 0.0081 u. in group B, and the average maximum value was 0.370 +/- 0.100 u. and 0.286 +/- 0.0766 u., respectively.
Animal Feed↗
Expression and characterization of the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subtype in the rat brain.
The neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subtype has generated great interest, especially regarding its possible involvement in feeding behaviors. However, its distribution and sites of expression in the mammalian brain are, in large part, unknown because of the lack of selective tools. We demonstrate in this study that specific [125I][Leu31, Pro34]PYY binding is competed in a biphasic manner by BIBP3226, a Y1 receptor antagonist, demonstrating the existence of sensitive and insensitive sites to BIBP3226. Assays performed by using [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY in the presence of 1 microM BIBP3226 to block the Y1 receptor subtype revealed a pharmacological profile highly similar to the cloned Y5 receptor. Moreover, results obtained with GW1229 suggest that the Y4 subtype represents only a very small proportion of the total population of NPY receptors in the rat brain. Quantitative receptor autoradiographic data revealed the discrete distribution of [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY/BIBP3226-insensitive Y5 sites in the rat brain, with the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the lateral septum, the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, the CA3 subfield of the ventral hippocampus, the nucleus tractus solitarius, and the area postrema being most enriched. Rather surprisingly, in the hypothalamus, a key structure modulating food intake, only low densities of Y5 binding sites were detected as well as in most other regions of the rat brain. These data suggest that the Y5 receptor protein is expressed and translated by a small percentage of hypothalamic neurons and that the effect of NPY on feeding behaviors likely is mediated by more than one class of NPY receptors. It also indicates that the Y5 receptor may be involved in other biological actions induced by NPY. Taken together, these data represent the first pharmacological demonstration of the expression and discrete localization of the Y5 receptor protein in the rat brain.
Animals↗
Food webs in phytotelmata: "bottom-up" and "top-down" explanations for community structure.
The field study of food webs and the processes maintaining them is hampered by the sheer complexity and unreplicated nature of natural systems. The animal communities in phytotelmata--plant-held waters--are a convenient exception to this generalization. Tree holes, bamboo internodes, pitcher plants, tank bromeliads, and water-retaining plant axils contain a rich fauna, principally of arthropods, which constitute more or less complex, highly discrete food webs. They are widespread and replicated. The explanations for the community structure observed in these systems may call on "bottom-up" mechanisms such as simple environmental limitations, competition, predation, and facilitation, or they may adduce grander "top-down" theories, which explore biogeographic, energetic, dynamic, or biodiversity-related constraints. The existence of the bottom-up mechanisms is well established in experimental systems, and their consequences may be apparent in naturally occurring food webs. Top-down mechanisms demand a more holistic approach and are more difficult to test either by pattern analysis or experimental manipulation. The synoptic explanation of community composition and structure demands a multidimensional approach best expressed as a heuristic "template." Phytotelmata represent nearly ideal natural instruments for further study of food web dynamics, and exciting opportunities exist for the development and testing of community theories through their manipulation.
Animals↗