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Results for “Forced Expiratory Volume”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Acute respiratory effects of short-term exposures to nitrogen dioxide.

Eleven study subjects with asthma and 12 normal controls were monitored for 5 days with a portable continuous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) monitoring instrument held at breathing level before, during, and after cooking dinner on a gas cooking range. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), forced expiratory volume (FEV25-75), peak expiratory flow, and a tracing of the entire flow curve was monitored before the gas stove was turned on, during a break in cooking, immediately after, and 1 hr after cooking was completed. Study design for detection of health effects of the acute exposures to NO2 described above and a method of validating findings in an exposure chamber are discussed in this paper.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Radiotherapy for elderly non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Elderly patients with lung cancer tend to have significant coexisting diseases and less aggressive treatment is often required. To investigate the clinicopathological features of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in elderly patients who were treated with radiotherapy, we reviewed the medical records at our division. Among the 189 patients 70 years or older between 1992 and 2001, 28 (14.8%) patients were treated with radiotherapy (elderly group). In the elderly group, there was a medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (57.1%), cardiovascular disease (32.1%), diabetes mellitus (18.5%), malignant disease (18.5%), or cerebrovascular disease (10.7%). Moreover, in the elderly group, 17 (60.7%) patients had two or three coexisting diseases. There was statistical difference between the elderly group and the younger group (less than 70 years patients) with regard to COPD (p<0.001). Also there was statistical difference between the elderly group and the younger group with regard to number of coexisting diseases (p=0.002). In the elderly group, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume (FVC), FEV1/FVC and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) were statistically significant impaired to compare with those in the younger group (p<0.001, p=0.030, p<0.001 and p=0.024, respectively). In the elderly group, 10.7% of patients had concurrent chemoradiotherapy, however, 38.5% of patients of the younger group received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. There was a statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.026). Adequate palliative care to provide prolonged quality survival is an appropriate primary goal of therapy for lung cancer in the elderly and radiotherapy is thought be one of the less invasive treatments.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Respiratory effects from the inhalation of hydrogen chloride in young adult asthmatics.

Almost no human data exist from controlled studies using low levels of hydrogen chloride (HCl), and, with no existing HCl ambient standards in the United States, the need for human health effects research is evident. In this study, five female and five male 18 to 25-year-old asthmatic subjects were exposed to filtered air, 0.8 ppm and 1.8 ppm HCl while wearing half-face masks, during three separate 45-minute experimental sessions involving 15 minutes exercise (treadmill walking), 15 minutes rest, followed again by exercise. Baseline and postexposure pulmonary function measurements were taken including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume (FVC), maximal flow at 50% of expired vital capacity (Vmax50), maximal flow at 75% of expired vital capacity (Vmax75), and total respiratory resistance as well as peak flow. Nasal work of breathing and oral ammonia levels also were measured preexposure and postexposure. No significant pulmonary effects were found at these HCl concentrations and exposure duration. Nasal power showed no significant differences between test atmospheres; however, in isolation a significant decrease (P less than .01) was found in measurements of inspiration with exposure to 0.80 ppm. Ammonia levels showed a significant rise postexposure after both concentrations of HCl (paired t test, (P less than .01)), not seen after air exposure. In summary, the asthmatic subjects in this study showed no adverse respiratory health effects of inhalation of low concentrations of HCl.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1998

Analysis of expiratory tidal flow patterns as a diagnostic tool in airflow obstruction.

An index obtained from tidal expiration, the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow (tPTEF) to expiratory time (tE), discriminates between groups with and without airflow obstruction in infants and children and correlates with other measurements of airflow obstruction in adults. The aim of this study was to determine whether the diagnosis of airflow obstruction could be made from an analysis of the later part of the expiratory tidal flow time curve, i.e beyond the maximum flow. One hundred and eighteen patients attending the lung function laboratory with a putative diagnosis of airflow obstruction were studied. From uncoached tidal breathing, measurements were made of the average time constant of the respiratory system (Trs) and extrapolated volume (EV). Forced expiratory spirometry and whole-body plethysmography were performed. In this cross-sectional study, Trs correlated with inspiratory airways resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), according to the linear regression equations, airway resistance (Raw)=3.03 Trs+1.2, r=0.65, p<0.001, and FEV1% predicted = 87.8-23.7 Trs, r=058, p<0.001. EV correlated positively with overinflation, functional residual capacity (FRC) % pred = 152 EV+103, r=0.68, p<0.001. This study shows that there is a relationship between these measurements made from analysis of tidal breathing and recognized measurements of airflow obstruction and overinflation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Ozone inhalation effects consequent to continuous exercise in females: comparison to males.

Exposure to ozone (O3) at ambient photochemical smog alert levels has been shown to cause alteration in pulmonary function and exercise response in humans, but there is a paucity of data on females. The initial purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of O3 inhalation on pulmonary function and selected exercise respiratory metabolism and breathing pattern responses in young adult females. Six female subjects exercised continuously on a bicycle ergometer for 1 h on 10 occasions at one of three intensities, while exposed to 0.0, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 ppm O3. Forced expiratory volume and flow rates and residual volume (RV) were measured before and immediately following each protocol. During exercise, expired minute ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume, O2 uptake (VO2), and heart rate (HR) were measured every 10 min. O3 dose-dependent decrements were observed for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and forced expiratory flow rate during the middle half of FVC, coupled with an increase in RV and altered exercise ventilatory pattern. There was also an increased VE but no significant O3 effect on VO2 or HR. Comparison of the females' responses to those of a group of young adult males (previously studied) at the same total O3 effective dose (i.e., expressed as the simple product of O3 concentration, VE, and exposure time) revealed significantly greater effects on FVC, FEV1.0, and fR for the females. With VE reduced for females as a function of exercise intensity at the same percent of maximum VO2, these differences were considerably attenuated, although not negated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative trial of bronchodilator effects of fenoteral and sch 1000 in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].

In a group of 20 patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchodilator effects of fenoterol (400 mug), SCH 1000 (40 mug), and their combination (fenoterol 400 mug msch 1000 40 mug) have been evaluated and compared by measuring total pulmonary capacity (CPT), intrthoracic gas volume (VGT), forced expiratory volume in one second (VEMS), specific airways resistance (SRva) and maximun expiratory flow at a lung volume for which the initial flow was 0.1 l/s (Vo.iv). Measurements have been made before and 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after administration of the drug. With each of the three drugs, the improvement of the five functional parameters is statistically significant at all time intervals. Changes in CPT, VGT, VEMS and SRva are not statistically different when using the different drugs, whereas the Vo.1v changes suggest a lesser bronchodilator effect of SCH 1000 than fenoterol (p less than 0.05 at 180 min), and especially than fenoterol-SCH 1000 combination (p less than 0.05 at all time intervals). The combination is lightly but not significantly better than fenoterol only. On account of these results and the very high tolerance for the two drugs, a new medication combining SCH 1000 and fenoterol is desirable. The authors emphasize the sensitivity of maximum expiratory flow measurements at low lung volumes for trials on bronchodilators and the necessity to consider the possible reduction in CPT for flows comparison at an identical absolute lung volume.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Determinants of longer duration of endotracheal intubation after adult cardiac operations.

BACKGROUND: Poor pulmonary reserve is a risk factor that is used to exclude some patients from major operations. However, the value of routine spirometry in patients undergoing cardiac operations has not been widely evaluated. METHODS: The outcomes of 586 consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac operations were reviewed retrospectively to assess predictors of longer duration of endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: By univariate analysis, congestive failure (p < 0.001), cardiomegaly (p = 0.002), recent myocardial infarction (p = 0.039), priority of operation (p = 0.005), previous cardiac operation (p < 0.001), and renal insufficiency (p = 0.002) increased the risk of longer endotracheal intubation. Spirometry (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, the ratio of forced expiratory volume at 1 second to forced vital capacity) did not correlate with longer endotracheal intubation. Perioperative complications, such as myocardial infarction (p < 0.001), coma, reexploration for bleeding, and reduced cardiac output (p < 0.001 each), correlated with longer duration of intubation. By multiple regression, priority of operation (p = 0.03), congestive failure (p = 0.02), and previous cardiac operation (p = 0.005) among preoperative risks and bleeding, reduced cardiac output, stroke, coma, and MB fraction of creatine kinase released postoperatively (p < 0.001 each) predicted longer duration of endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative cardiac function and the occurrence of complications are more significant than preoperative pulmonary function in determining the duration of endotracheal intubation after cardiac operation. Routine spirometry is probably unnecessary for most adult cardiac patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Estimating FVC from FEV2 and FEV3: assessment of a surrogate spirometric parameter.

BACKGROUND: In the context that accurate measurement of FVC is important in diagnosing airflow obstruction and in assessing restriction, strategies to achieve reliable and accurate FVC measurement have drawn much attention. OBJECTIVES: Because the rate of achieving end-of-test criteria during spirometry has been shown to be low, with resultant under-recording of the FVC, the current study proposes a regression equation for estimating FVC from measured values of the forced expiratory volume in 2 s (FEV2) and forced expiratory volume in 3 s (FEV3). METHODS: The predictive equation for the estimated FVC from volume measurements within the first 3 s of exhalation (estimated FVC3) was generated based on 330 consecutive acceptable spirograms performed in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Pulmonary Function Laboratory. The equation was applied to an independent validation set comprised of spirometry measurements on 370 different consecutive patients. RESULTS: In the validation spirometry sample, in which the prevalence of obstruction was 34% (based on values of the measured FEV1/FVC compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III values), the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of FEV1/estimated FVC3 for obstruction were 93.8%, 89.1%, 81.2%, and 96.9%, respectively. The misclassification rate was 9.2%. In the same cohort, the mean difference (+/- SD) between estimated FVC3 and measured FVC was 24.7 +/- 237 mL. CONCLUSIONS: Given that FVC is frequently under-recorded, with resultant overestimation of FEV1/FVC and underdiagnosis of airflow obstruction, we believe that estimating FVC from FEV2 and FEV3 can offer practical diagnostic advantages.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Comparison of the effects of continuous intrapleural vs epidural administration of 0.5% bupivacaine on pain, metabolic response and pulmonary function following cholecystectomy.

Twenty patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were prospectively randomised to receive either intrapleural (bolus 20 ml followed by 10 ml/h) or thoracic epidural (bolus 9 ml followed by 5 ml/h) bupivacaine 0.5% for 8 h postoperatively to assess the effect of these two techniques on pain, pulmonary function and the surgical stress response. As assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS), both groups received good but not total pain relief. Both groups had a 50% reduction in forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) after operation, and there was no observed effect on the stress response as measured by plasma glucose and cortisol. It is concluded that while both techniques provide good analgesia, the degree and extent of nerve blockade are not sufficient to affect the afferent neurogenic stimuli responsible for the observed effects on pulmonary function and the stress response.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Atopy, immunological changes, and respiratory function in bronchiectasis.

Cystic fibrosis has been reported to be associated with an increased prevalence of atopy and reversible airways obstruction. To determine whether such features can also result from other chronic suppurative lung infections, we studied 23 patients with proved bronchiectasis, and 23 age and sex matched normal controls. A personal or family history of atopy was reported with equal frequency in the two groups. Although the groups displayed a similar prevalence of positive immediate hypersensitivity skinprick test responses, the positive patients reacted to more antigens (p less than 0.05) and had larger weal diameters (p less than 0.01) than the positive controls. Other indices, such as blood eosinophil counts and serum IgE, did not differ significantly. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, and M and of the four IgG subclasses tended to be higher in patients than controls, but only in the case of IgA (p less than 0.01) was this difference significant. No case of IgG subclass deficiency was noted. The patients displayed significant airflow obstruction, the mean basal one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) being 67%, 77%, and 67% of their predicted values. There was evidence of a significant reversible obstructive component in that FEV1 or PEFR or both increased by 15% or more in nine of the 23 patients after inhalation of fenoterol, the mean increases in FEV1, FVC, and PEFR for the whole group being 9.5%, 11%, and 16.9%. These results indicate that while bronchiectasis provokes a hyperimmune response it differs from cystic fibrosis in that there is no significant increase in the prevalence of atopy. The finding of reversible airways obstruction, however, suggests that bronchodilators may be useful adjuncts to treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Respiratory evaluation of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis prior to renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) are important in predicting preoperative pulmonary complications and mortality rate in potentially renal transplant recipients. There is no adequate clinical research aimed at learning the effect of empty and full status of the peritoneal cavity on PFTs and CPET for estimating decide PFTs and CPET timing in preoperative evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PFT and CPET results are altered in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) according to the presence of dialysis solution in the abdomen. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 22 subjects were included (12 male, 10 female, mean age 29.64 +/- 8.29 years, CAPD duration, 37.35 +/- 7.15 months). Data were collected from each patient when the peritoneal cavity was filled with solution (full status) and again when the cavity had been drained (empty status). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), and residual volume (RV) were calculated. Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and exercise duration were determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS: When the peritoneal cavity was empty, mean (+/- SD) values for the parameters tested were % predicted FEV1: 85 +/- 17%, %FEV1/FVC: 84 +/- 8%, % predicted TLC: 98 +/- 17%, % predicted RV: 108 +/- 25%, % predicted DLCO: 90 +/- 14%, peak VO2: 43 +/- 11 ml/kg/min, test duration: 6.8 +/- 1.6 min. When the peritoneal cavity was full, mean (+/- SD) values were % predicted FEV1: 86 +/- 17%, %FEV1/FVC: 83 +/- 7%, % predicted TLC: 91 +/- 14%, % predicted RV: 95 +/- 22%, % predicted DLCO: 87 +/- 16%, peak VO2: 42 +/- 8 ml/kg/min, test duration 6.5 +/- 1.7 min. % predicted FEV1, %FEV1/FVC, % predicted DLCO and peak VO2 were not statistically significant between the mean values at empty status versus those at full status (p < 0.05 for all). There were significant decreases between the mean values for % predicted TLC and % predicted RV at full status versus empty status (p < 0.002 for TLC, p < 0.001 for RV). No statistically significant correlation was found between PFTs and % change ratio of dialysate. CONCLUSION: FEV1, %FEV1/FVC, % predicted DLCO and CPET test results do not differ according to abdomen status in CAPD patients suggesting that the timing of PFT maneuver does not affect preoperative transplantation evaluation. Therefore, when evaluating the results of these tests prior to transplantation period, the presence of dialysis solution in the abdomen may be ignored.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Late pulmonary sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease that often develops after mechanical ventilation in prematurely born infants with respiratory failure. It has become the most common form of chronic lung disease in infants in the United States. The long-term outcome for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia has not been determined. METHODS: We studied the pulmonary function of 26 adolescents and young adults, born between 1964 and 1973, who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy. We compared the results with those in two control groups: 26 age-matched adolescents and young adults of similar birth weight and gestational age who had not undergone mechanical ventilation, and 53 age-matched normal subjects. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the subjects with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy (17 of the 25 tested) had airway obstruction, including decreases in forced expiratory volume in one second, forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of vital capacity, and maximal expiratory flow velocity at 50 percent of vital capacity, as compared with both control groups (P less than 0.0001 for all comparisons). Twenty-four percent of the subjects with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy had fixed airway obstruction, and 52 percent had reactive airway disease, as indicated by their responses to the administration of methacholine or a bronchodilator. Hyperinflation (an increased ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity) was more frequent in the subjects with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia than in either the matched cohort (P less than 0.0006) or the normal controls (P less than 0.0004). Six of the subjects who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy had severe pulmonary dysfunction or current symptoms of respiratory difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: Most adolescents and young adults who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy have some degree of pulmonary dysfunction, consisting of airway obstruction, airway hyperreactivity, and hyperinflation. The clinical consequences of this dysfunction are not known.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Leukocyte count, smoking, and lung function.

The interrelation between leukocyte count, cigarette smoking, and pulmonary function results was examined in two work populations: 1,826 white male workers in a pulp and paper mill and 1,620 white male workers in an aluminum smelter in British Columbia. These workers took part in epidemiologic health studies that consisted of a medical-occupational questionnaire, spirometric measurements, and leukocyte count. Measurements of the air contaminants in the work environment were also carried out simultaneously by personal and area sampling. No significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function abnormalities was found between the exposed and nonexposed workers in each work population. Similarly, no difference in leukocyte count was found between exposed and nonexposed workers. Leukocyte count was found to be significantly higher among current smokers than nonsmokers and former smokers in each population. In both populations, there was an inverse correlation between leukocyte count and one-second forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity of the workers irrespective of the smoking habit. This finding suggests that the leukocyte response to external stimuli may be another determinant of lung function measurements.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Small airway dimension and size distribution in human lungs with an increased closing capacity.

Pulmonary function tests were obtained in 7 emphysema-free and 27 emphysematous lungs with minimal small airway disease. The lungs were divided into 2 groups on the basis of whether they had a small or large, i.e., increased closing capacity. The lungs were subsequently fixed and the small airways (less than or equal to 2.00 mm) from 6 to 10 blocks of tissue were counted and inside diameters were measured. There was a significant increase in the number of airways measuring 0.40 mm or less (p less than 0.03) and a decrease of airways measuring 0.81 to 1.0 mm (p less than 0.03) in the lungs that had larger closing capacities. When the data of both groups were combined there was a negative correlation between the mean bronchiole inside diameter as a function of the percentage of predicted closing capacity (r = -0.381, p less than 0.03) and a positive correlation between small airway inside diameter and the forced expiratory volume in one second (r = 0.595, p less than 0.001) and the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (r = 0.527, p less than 0.01). We conclude that in lungs that are normal or involved with minimal lung disease, function can be related to the caliber of the small airways.

Closing Volume↗

PubMed1992

Analysis of risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in head and neck surgery.

Preoperative pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are unproven in their predictive value for postoperative pulmonary complications. There is a lack of prospective outcome studies upon which to form an opinion, particularly regarding noncavitary surgery. Seventy-three head and neck surgery patients were prospectively evaluated with preoperative PFTs, arterial blood gas analysis (ABG), medical history, and physical examination. Age, anesthesia duration, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak flow (PF), PaO2, Roizen class, and pack years of smoking were significantly correlated with postoperative pulmonary complications. As similar studies in head and neck surgery patients have not been previously taken, it is hoped that these results will serve as a basis for future endeavors.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1988

The association of cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux, and reduced pulmonary function.

Between 1971 and 1984, 57 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and clinically suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER) underwent a barium-meal examination and routine pulmonary function testing. Reflux was demonstrated in 18 patients; in six of these it was complicated by hiatus hernia, esophagitis, or stricture formation. Compared with 412 CF patients without known GER, the 18 patients with demonstrable reflux had significantly reduced forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity. GER should be looked for carefully on any barium-meal study in patients with CF; these patients have an increased incidence of reflux, with its implications for lung function, and are not good candidates for surgical intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

'Normal' lung function in rural Australian aborigines.

BACKGROUND: Although lung diseases are a leading cause of premature mortality in Australian Aborigines, little is known about normal lung function in these people. AIM: To develop models for 'normal' spirometric function in rural Australian Aborigines. METHOD: A cross-sectional population-based study of four rural Aboriginal communities was performed in Queensland, Northern Territory and South Australia, Australia. We studied 261 children aged seven-19 years and 332 adults aged 20-80 years who were free of symptoms and had no clinical signs of chronic lung disease. The outcome measures were forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Multiple linear regression was used to develop models for FEV1 and FVC and comparisons were made with Caucasians and indigenous people from other countries. RESULTS: The Aboriginal people studied had FEV1 and FVC values that were lower (20% and 30% respectively) than those found in Caucasians of the same height, age and gender. As a consequence, they had relatively high FEV1/FVC ratios. Those studied also had forced expiratory volumes that were lower than those found in African Americans and other indigenous peoples. CONCLUSIONS: Apparently healthy rural Aboriginal people have low forced expiratory volumes when contrasted with Caucasians and indigenous peoples such as African Americans. More research is required to determine if this is 'normal' or a product of the suboptimal environment into which many Aboriginal people are born.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Associations between white blood cell count, lung function, respiratory illness and mortality: the Busselton Health Study.

An independent association between reduced levels of lung function and increased mortality from nonrespiratory causes has been observed in a number of studies. Since the total white blood cell count (WBC) has been related to both death from coronary heart disease and to levels of lung function, the relationship between these parameters was examined in subjects from the Busselton Health Surveys. Questionnaires regarding respiratory and cardiac illness and smoking habits were administered and total WBC, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity measured in 2,105 males and 2,186 females at their initial attendance at a Busselton Health Survey in 1969, 1972 or 1975. Mortality follow-up to 1995 was completed. Multiple linear regression showed that smoking, increasing age, reduced FEV1 (% predicted) and a history of bronchitis were associated with increased WBC. Reduction of FEV1 (% pred) by 20%, a history of dyspnoea and an increase in WBC of 1,300 cells x mL(-1) were predictive of increased mortality from all causes or coronary heart disease by approximately 20, 100 and 10% respectively, independent of smoking. Removing WBC from the regression model did not significantly change the relationship between FEV1 and mortality. The study shows that the white blood cell count, forced expiratory volume in one second and dyspnoea are independently related to mortality in both males and females and that the effect of forced expiratory volume in one second on mortality is not explained by the white blood cell count.

Adult↗