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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

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PubMed1995

Expression of somatostatin receptor 3 mRNA in the motorneurones of the rat spinal cord, and the sensory neurones of the spinal ganglia.

At least five different types of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs): SSTR1-5 have been recently cloned. Here, we report the distribution of somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) mRNA in spinal cord and spinal ganglia by in situ hybridization. We demonstrate the presence of this transcript in motorneurones of the spinal cord and other motor nuclei of the brain stem, and in the sensory neurones of the spinal ganglia. These data suggest a role for SSTR3 in motor and sensory functions.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Amount and distribution of lipofuscin in nerve and satellite cells from spinal ganglia of young adult and aged rabbits.

The quantitative aspects of the age-related accumulation of lipofuscin were studied in the rabbit spinal ganglia by stereological methods using the electron microscope. Both neurons and their associated satellite cells were examined. In neurons, the shape and structure of lipofuscin bodies differed in young adults (12-months-old) compared to aged rabbits (79-months-old), whereas substantial changes were not observed in satellite cells. Both in nerve and satellite cells, lipofuscin bodies were scattered singly in young adults, but were often clustered in old animals. Lipofuscin occupied an average of 0.36% of neuronal perikaryal volume in the young adults and 2.55% in the aged rabbits; these percentages are much lower than those observed in the same neurons of other species. In the satellite cells, the corresponding values were 0.29% and 2.02%. In the young adults, the mean size of lipofuscin bodies was significantly greater in neurons than in satellite cells; the size of these bodies increased with age by about 2.7 times in neurons and by about 1.7 times in satellite cells. Consequently, in the old rabbits the mean size of lipofuscin bodies was about 2.2 times greater in neurons than in satellite cells. It has been suggested that lipofuscin bodies are transferred from the neuronal perikaryon to the surrounding satellite cells and then removed via the capillaries. However, the present findings suggest that lipofuscin located in satellite cells represents pigment formed by these cells rather than being transferred from neuronal perikaryon. It would appear that the age-related accumulation of lipofuscin in the rabbit spinal ganglia has little effect on neuronal metabolism.

Aging↗

PubMed2001

In vivo expression and localization of the fibroblast growth factor system in the intact and lesioned rat peripheral nerve and spinal ganglia.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is involved in several cellular processes of the nervous system during development, maintenance, and regeneration. In the central nervous system, FGF-2 has been shown to be expressed in neurons and glial cells, depending on the developmental stage and brain area. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis was performed of the cellular distribution of the transcripts of FGF-2 and of the FGF high-affinity receptors (R) 1-4 in intact and lesioned sciatic nerve and spinal ganglia. In the adult rat sciatic nerve FGF-2, FGFR1-3 were expressed at low levels as revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sciatic nerve crush resulted in an increase of these transcript levels. FGFR4 expression was not detected in the intact and crushed nerve as revealed by RT-PCR and RNase protection assay. In situ hybridization using riboprobes for FGF-2, FGFR1-3 displayed staining in diverse cell types. Immunocytochemical staining of consecutive sections with cell markers for myelin, macrophages, and neurons revealed colocalization of the transcripts with Schwann cells and macrophages. In addition to FGF-2 and FGFR1, the transcripts of FGFR2-4 were expressed in neurons of spinal ganglia. Crush lesion of the sciatic nerve resulted in no alterations of the FGFR1-4 transcripts, whereas FGF-2 and FGFR3 mRNAs were up-regulated in spinal ganglia. The expression of FGFRs and FGF-2 in Schwann cells and macrophages at the lesion site of the sciatic nerve and in sensory neurons suggests that FGF-2 is involved in specific functions of these cells during regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Somites, spinal Ganglia, and centra. Enumeration and interrelationships in staged human embryos, and implications for neural tube defects.

Serial sections of 99 human embryos from Carnegie stages 8-23 were investigated and 38 graphic reconstructions were evaluated. At stage 9 somite 1 is of appreciable size and is separated from the otic disc, as also in the next several stages by rhombomeres and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, thereby differing from the chick. At stage 10 somite 1 begins to differentiate into sclerotome and dermatomyotome. At stage 11 spinal neural crest begins to develop. At stage 12 parts of somites 1-4 are being transformed into the hypoglossal cell cord. It is stressed that the numbers of somites present at stages 9-12 are part of the definition of those stages. At stage 13 dense and loose zones begin to be detectable rostrally in the sclerotomes and also, although out of phase, in the perinotochord. Spinal ganglia begin to develop in phase with the somites. At stages 14-16 the maximum number of somites observed was 38-39 rather than 42-44, as usually given. Moreover, they did not extend to the tapered end of the trunk, which is not a (vertebrated) 'tail'. At stages 17-23 the maximum number of centra was 38-39, including coccygeal vertebrae 4-5. Although most of the somites appear during primary development, all of the spinal ganglia develop during secondary development (stages 13-18). The number of ganglia was at a maximum of 35 at stage 18, but was reduced to 32 already by stage 23. Important points confirmed in this study are that the number of occipital somites in the human is four, and that the level of final closure of the caudal neuropore is future somite 31, which represents approximately future sacral vertebra 2. The interpretation of relevant neural tube defects is discussed in the light of the findings. The ascensus of the conus medullaris during the fetal period is well established, but a concomitant ascent of the situs neuroporicus is proposed here, and has implications for defects that involve tethering of the spinal cord. The main results are integrated in comprehensive graphic representations of the levels and the interrelationships of (a) somites and centra, and (b) somites, neural crest, and spinal ganglia. These may aid in the elucidation of some frequently occurring anomalous conditions.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗

PubMed1979

Ultrastructural reactions of spinal ganglia to tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate: effects of neurotoxicity.

The ultrastructure of neurons in spinal ganglia of the domestic fowl poisoned with tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP) shows characteristic changes. The light neurons react to TOCP by a marked increase in the number of neurofilaments. These neurons also contain mitochondria in various degenerative stages. Several of the altered mitochondria show an increasing osmiophilia. Some of the darker neurons display a hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum or a relative increase of neurofilaments. The mitochondria in some of these cells show early stages of degeneration. These changes appear 13 days after TOCP ingestion.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

A freeze-fracture study on the developing satellite cells of spinal ganglia in the chick embryo.

A freeze-fracture analysis of the satellite cells of spinal ganglia of the chick embryo was performed in 8 successive stages of development, from the 5th incubation day to hatching. The characteristic laminar disposition of the cells were first observed on the 7th day. Tight junctions were found at the 20th incubation day. Small groups or irregular aggregates of particles, but not gap junctions, were described on the 7th and 8th days. Pinocytotic vesicles were pointed out in the different stages considered.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The perineuronal glial tissue of spinal ganglia. Quantitative changes in the rabbit from youth to extremely advanced age.

The volumes of the nerve cell bodies and those of the enveloping satellite cell sheaths from spinal ganglia were determined by morphometric methods applied to electron micrographs in young, adult, old and very old rabbits. The mean volume of the nerve cell bodies increased progressively with age; this is probably related to the increase with age of the body size of the rabbits studied. The mean volume of the satellite cell sheaths did not differ significantly in young, adult and old animals, but was significantly smaller in very old animals. It is extremely unlikely that this marked reduction in the volume of the satellite cell sheath is the result of a pathological process. The mean value of the volume ratio between the satellite cell sheaths and the related nerve cell bodies did not differ significantly in young and adult animals, but was significantly smaller in old and very old animals. This ratio was particularly low in very old animals. Our analysis showed that in each age group the volume of the satellite cell sheath is linearly related to the volume of the related nerve cell body. This result suggests that in rabbit spinal ganglia the quantitative relations between glial and nervous tissue are tightly controlled throughout life. It is suggested that ganglionic neurons release signals to influence and control the volume of their associated glial tissue. Since satellite cells have important support roles for the neurons they surround, it is likely that the marked reduction in the volume of perineuronal sheaths in the extremely advanced age is accompanied by a reduction of those roles, with negative consequences for neuronal activity.

Aging↗

PubMed1992

Cytoplasmic and nuclear volume in the neurons of the spinal ganglia of the lizard: observation during hypertrophy.

It is known that neurons can undergo a process of hypertrophy when they are involved in an increase of the innervation field. This situation is easily observable in the spinal ganglia of the lizard which innervate the regenerated tail. Morphometric analysis carried out on the whole neuronal population of such ganglia has shown a greater increase of cytoplasmic volume with regard to the nuclear volume during hypertrophy (a decrease of the nucleo-plasmic index). Hypertrophy in the neurons of lizard spinal ganglia has been analysed both in still growing animals and in adults after amputation of the tail, showing analogous behaviour in the two situations. This suggests that the physiological growth of the animal does not influence the reaction to hypertrophy.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The two prolongations of spinal ganglia neuroblasts: an ultrastructural study during chick embryo development.

Peripheral and central prolongations of chick embryo spinal ganglia neuroblasts were studied and compared at an ultrastructural level during development. Important differences in the terminal tracts of the prolongations and their endings were demonstrated. The possibility of environmental influences being responsible for structural differences in the two prolongations is suggested. It was not possible, at any stage of development, to demonstrate significant polarization of any cytoplasmatic structure in the emerging cones.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The response of the satellite and other non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts in chick embryo spinal ganglia.

The responses of non-neuronal cells to the degeneration of neuroblasts were studied in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo. Reactive changes of the non-neuronal cells were not apparent during the early stage of degeneration of the neuroblast, but during the later stages of degeneration evidence was found suggesting that non-neuronal cells subdivided and phagocytosed the affected neuroblasts. Three types of non-neuronal cells appeared to participate in the phagocytosis: satellite cells, cells resembling undifferentiated elements, and macrophages. The appearance of the latter coincided with the beginning of the vascularization of the ganglionic rudiment. The phagocytic capacity of satellite cells is discussed in the light of these and other studies by light and electron microscopy.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cranial and spinal ganglia.

In a previous study we have shown that a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons contain brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity. In the present study we investigated the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its mRNA in cranial and spinal ganglia at different segmental levels, using immunohistochemical and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques. Our results show that there is no significant difference in the percentage of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive neurons in spinal ganglia of different segmental levels. In contrast, more brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive neurons were found in placode-derived than neural crest-derived ganglia. The percentage of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive neurons is consistent with the percentage of neurons lost after deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or trkB genes. However, there is no correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels and the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactive neurons in these ganglia, suggesting that some neurons synthesize brain-derived neurotrophic factor while others accumulate the factor following its retrograde transport within nerve fibers. In particular, the proportion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is derived from extraganglionic sources in the placode-derived ganglia appears greater than that in the neural crest-derived ganglia.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Changes in spinal ganglia satellite and Schwann cells after aortic occlusion.

Ultrastructural ischemic changes of satellite and Schwann cells in lumbar spinal ganglia were studied in dog after single 80-minute and repeated 40-minute ligation of the abdominal aorta 3-48 hours survival. Satellite cells undergo greater changes than the Schwann cells. After a single ligation for eighty minutes, the satellite cell cytoplasm reveals lengthened or slightly vacuolated cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and more numerous lysosomes. The adneuronal surface of satellite cells shows retraction of the processes. Schwann cells, investing large myelinated axons contain markedly vacuolated endoplasmic reticulum and some osmiophilic inclusions. Three hours after repeated ligation the density of satellite cell cytoplasm is decreased and the cell processes of the adneuronal surface are less numerous. Some satellite cells containing large vacuoles undergo acute degeneration. Three hours after repeated ligation the Schwann cell cytoplasm reveals numerous lamellar bodies. Following 1-2 days survival after repeated ligation, strongly vacuolized satellite cells or those with lower cytoplasmic density are more frequent, but also hypertrophic satellite cells are visible. The changes of the Schwann cells are less advanced and manifest by the vacuolization of the organelles and the presence of lamellar bodies and other osmiophilic inclusions.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of fasciculation on the outgrowth of neurites from spinal ganglia in culture.

This report describes the influence of neurite fasciculation on two aspects of nerve growth from chick spinal ganglia in vitro: the inhibition of outgrowth by high concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the preferential growth of neurites toward a capillary tube containing NGF. These studies involved a comparison of cultures of single cells, cell aggregates, and intact ganglia and the use of antibodies against the nerve cell adhesion molecule (CAM) to perturb fasciculation under a variety of conditions. The inhibition of outgrowth, which was observed with ganglia and aggregates but not with single cells, was correlated with a thickening of neurite fascicles. In accord with this observation, anti-CAM, which diminishes fasciculation by inhibiting side-to-side interactions between individual neurites, also partially reversed the inhibition of neurite outgrowth at high NGF concentrations. On the basis of these and other studies, we consider the possibility that neurite bundling causes an increase in the elastic tension of a fascicle without a compensatory increase in its adhesion to substratum. It is proposed that this imbalance could inhibit neurites from growing out from a ganglion and even result in retraction of preexisting outgrowth. In the analysis of NGF-directed growth, it was found that a capillary source of NGF produced a steep but transient NGF gradient that subsided before most neurites had emerged from the ganglion. Nevertheless, the presence of a single NGF capillary caused a dramatic and persistent asymmetry in the outgrowth of neurites from ganglia or cell aggregates. In contrast, processes of individual cells did not appear to orient themselves toward the capillary. The most revealing finding was that anti-CAM antibodies caused a decrease in the asymmetry of neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that side-to-side interactions among neurites can influence the guidance of nerve bundles by sustaining and amplifying an initial directional signal.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Incorporation of 14C-leucine into the proteins of spinal ganglia in vivo under conditions of partial ischaemia.

The authors studied the incorporation of 14C-leucine into the spinal ganglion proteins of dogs with a ligated abdominal aorta. The radioactivity of the protein fractions was studied after their electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of SDS. After 2-4 hours' ischaemia, incorporation of 14C-leucine into proteins with a molecular weight of about 100,000 fell compared with the control, while the radioactivity of proteins with a molecular weight of about 50,000 rose. The relative proportion of the protein fractions in the spinal ganglia did not alter significantly. Apart from these changes, certain qualitative changes occurred in the incidence of proteins with a molecular weight of about 40,000 during ischaemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Latent herpesvirus infection of testes and spinal ganglia of turkeys with semen abnormalities.

The present study confirms that herpesviruses (LF) previously isolated from testes and buffy coat cells of male turkeys with semen abnormalities establish a latent infection in testicular cells. These experiments also present the first evidence that these herpesviruses are harbored latently in cells of spinal ganglia. One-week-old turkeys were inoculated with either the LF isolates or the prototype turkey herpesvirus FC 126; allowed to mature sexually through one breeding season and necropsied at one year of age. Persistent infections with all viral isolates were confirmed by repeated reisolation of the viruses from buffy coat cells and the development of specific precipitating antibodies. The herpesviruses were also isolated from several tissues by cocultivation on primary chick kidney cells. Primary testicular cells required subcultivation for the induction of viral replication. Latent viruses were demonstrated by in vitro explanation of testicular and spinal ganglion biopsies which, at the time of explanation, contained no detectable infectious virus, viral antigens or particles. After prolonged in vitro explanation of explants of testes and spinal ganglia tissue yielded infectious virus and viral antigens and particles were identified in outgrowing explant cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Lysosomal changes in rat spinal ganglia neurons after prolonged treatment with cisplatin.

We performed morphometric and ultrastructural studies to determine the morphological response of rat spinal ganglion sensory neurons to prolonged administration of cisplatin up to a total dose of 18 mg/kg. We quantitated the different types of lysosomal system (LS) bodies present (primary and secondary lysosomes, lipofuscin granules) as well as multivesicular bodies in treated and control animals. Five rats were examined per group. This ultrastructural study on cisplatin-induced changes in LS of spinal ganglia neurons shows that the total area and total number of LS structures are significantly increased by cisplatin treatment. The main specific changes were increase in number of small-size lysosomes and increase in number of polymeric lipofuscin granules. Other alterations observed were presence of nucleolar segregation, patches of neurofilaments and deposits of osmiophilic material in the perikaryon and axon hillock, all indicating that sensory neurons are a major target of cisplatin.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Paired helical filaments in spinal ganglia neurons of the dog.

Paired helical filaments (PHF) with a periodic twist for every 35 nm were found in spinal ganglia neurons of adult dogs after aortic ligation. The mechanism of their formation is discussed with regard to possible modification of neurofilaments proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum and proteosynthesis in spinal ganglia neurons of dog after ischemia.

The authors studied ultrastructural and biochemical changes in spinal ganglia neurons of dogs after ischemia. Partial spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries and the arterial blood pressure was registered above and below the occlusion. - In the course of 2-4 hours' ischemia the amount of free ribosomes increased. In some cases the formation of filamentous material or tubular structures inside the cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum was apparent. The proteosynthesis declined. Incorporation of 14C - leucine into the spinal ganglion was 50% as compared to the control animals. The morphological and biochemical changes were more pronounced after 4 h ischemia.

Animals↗