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PubMed1994

[Specific aspects of prevention of infectious diseases during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina].

The fact that infectious disease can be dangerous for people in near surroundings and far off places speaks in favour that the world is a unique epidemiologic entity. Reasons for appearance infectious diseases are in etiologic agenses as in conditions of life and social environment which is destroyed because of war here. The authors presented statistic parameters general of morbidity of infectious diseases for 1991/92. in BiH and the first 9 months 1993 for Sarajevo. From 37 kinds of infectious diseases in BiH 1991 were registered 25,339 cases with morbidity of 589,27 and in 1992 for 32 infectious diseases registered 10,741, morbidity 499,58 for 100,000 population. In the first 9 months 1992 from 17 infectious diseases got ill 2520 people, morbidity was 697,71 and in the same time 1993 were ill 7086 with morbidity 1961,90 on 100,000 population (as result of enterocolitis and virus hepatitis). Specific preventions characterises impossibility of making adequate anti-epidemic and other preventive measures because of missing equipment and other important things for work. We made great efforts to bring the epidemiologic situation under the control.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activities of tosufloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella branhamella catarrhalis isolated from otolaryngological infectious diseases.

In 2003, the Japan Society for Infectious Diseases in Otolaryngology conducted its third nationwide survey of clinical isolates from otolaryngological infectious diseases. We selected three primary causative organisms of otolaryngological infectious diseases, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella Branhamella catarrhalis, and evaluated their sensitivities to tosufloxacin (TFLX), a new oral quinolone, because the survey revealed a rise in drug-resistant strains, suggesting potential problems with the antibiotics commonly used against these organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)(90) values of TFLX against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were 0.25 microg/ml, <or=0.06 microg/ml, and <or=0.06 microg/ml respectively, and TFLX was shown to be as effective as or superior to other new quinolones. In addition, TFLX showed sufficient antimicrobial effects against frequently detected drug-resistant bacteria such as penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) and beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae (BLNAR). Furthermore, only a few strains of bacteria showed resistance to TFLX.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Perspective: aging and infectious diseases: past, present, and future.

As we enter into the 21st century, infectious disease specialists will be managing a greater number and proportion of patients with infections who are > or = 65 years old. Much has been learned about aging, host resistance, and infections over the past 15 years. However, if we are to meet the challenge of the complex issues of geriatric infectious diseases, infectious disease clinicians, teachers, and researchers must assume a more proactive role in clinical care, training, education, and research on problems and issues confronting the aging population.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

[Infectious diseases in Poland in 2000].

The decreasing tendency in incidence of infectious diseases observed in Poland in previous years as compared with 2000 has weakened or stopped. Increase in the incidence of selected infectious diseases can be linked with the improvement of surveillance resulting from the better diagnostics and greater attention paid to these diseases (including borreliosis, salmonella, and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis). Between 1999 and 2000, the most intense decrease in the number of mumps, measles, and scarlet fever cases as an effect of the end of epidemics was observed. At the same time increase in the number of pertussis, rubella, chickenpox, and meningitis cases was noticed. In 2000, the first case of human rabies since 1986 has been reported. In 2000, compared with 1999, among all notified deaths percentage of deaths attributed to infectious diseases (0.83%) and infectious diseases death rate (0.79 per 10,000) were slightly higher and were the highest in the last decade. As in 1999 the observed increase was effect of the influenza deaths increase (358 deaths, mortality 0.022%). The main disease causing the largest number of deaths, as in previous years, was tuberculosis (36.5% of total infectious diseases deaths).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Immunization against infectious disease.

Mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases in the United States have declined more than 90 percent since 1900. Factors believed to be responsible for this decline include changes in the natural history of disease, sanitation, quarantine measures, control of nonhuman vectors, antibacterial drugs, and immunization. The contributions of each of these factors differ among the various infectious diseases; except for smallpox and diphtheria control, immunization had little effect until after World War II. The success of present and future immunization programs is endangered by public and physician complacency and by complex legal and ethical problems related to informed consent and responsibility for rare, vaccine-related injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Emerging and reemerging infections. Progress and challenges in the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology.

Emerging and reemerging infections are attracting greater attention from the public health and medical communities. Pathologists and other physicians are increasingly aware of the importance of the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology as a tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and research of emerging infections. In this communication, we describe the role that infectious disease pathologists have played during the last 2 years in broadening our understanding of selected emerging infections, including such examples as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, leptospirosis, microsporidiosis, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and cyclosporiasis. The significance of providing pathology services, especially the autopsy, to patients with potentially hazardous communicable diseases is discussed with the supposition that it is unethical to exclude or withhold health care from a patient based on his or her underlying disease or on risk factors for acquiring a disease. The increasing occurrence of infectious diseases imported into the United States and other nations, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 group O, dengue fever, tuberculosis, malaria, diphtheria and cholera in immigrants and travelers, and Ebola virus in nonhuman primates, emphasizes the necessity for pathologists of having competence with infectious disease pathology. It is critical that new generations of pathologists not only be trained in the subspecialty of infectious disease pathology, but that they also be willing participants in the diagnosis and investigation of infectious diseases. The lack of training programs for infectious disease pathologists, as well as the deficiency in infectious disease pathology support for ongoing and future epidemiologic investigations and research, has led to the broadening of pathology services and initiation of a dedicated section of Infectious Disease Pathology at one of the nation's premier public health institutions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Ga. Together with preexisting groups of medical and veterinary infectious disease pathologists at universities, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the National Institutes of Health, this new program will significantly strengthen the capability of the United States to respond to future challenges of emerging and reemerging infections, both in this country and abroad.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Worldwide trends in quantity and quality of published articles in the field of infectious diseases.

BACKGROUND: Trying to confront with the widespread burden of infectious diseases, the society worldwide invests considerably on research. We evaluated the contribution of different world regions in research production in Infectious Diseases. METHODS: Using the online Pubmed database we retrieved articles from 38 journals included in the "Infectious Diseases" category of the "Journal Citation Reports" database of the Institute for Scientific Information for the period 1995-2002. The world was divided into 9 regions based on geographic, economic and scientific criteria. Using an elaborate retrieval system we obtained data on published articles from different world regions. In our evaluation we introduced an estimate of both quantity and quality of research produced from each world region per year using: (1) the total number of publications, (2) the mean impact factor of publications, and (3) the product of the above two parameters. RESULTS: Data on the country of origin of the research was available for 45,232 out of 45,922 retrieved articles (98.5 %). USA and Western Europe are by far the most productive regions concerning publications of research articles. However, the rate of increase in the production of articles was higher in Eastern Europe, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia during the study period. The mean impact factor is highest for articles originating in the USA (3.42), while it was 2.82 for Western Europe and 2.73 for the rest of the world (7 regions combined). CONCLUSION: USA and Western Europe make up a striking 80% of the world's research production in Infectious Diseases in terms of both quantity and quality. However, all world regions achieved a gradual increase in the production of Infectious Diseases articles, with the regions ranking lower at present displaying the highest rate of increase.

Africa↗

PubMed1999

State of the evidence: current status and prospects of meta-analysis in infectious diseases.

Meta-analysis is increasingly applied in infectious diseases to summarize clinical data and to evaluate the strength, diversity, and deficiencies of evidence for medical questions of interest. We present an overview of the current status of meta-analysis in the area of infectious diseases and the lessons learnt from its applications. Recently published meta-analyses show that several important areas of research on infectious diseases lack sufficient randomized evidence. Often evidence is scattered across a large number of small trials, making meta-analysis a promising way to integrate diverse results. Quality of trials in the field is often poor. There are several examples where evidence was accumulated primarily for marketing rather than for scientific purposes. Finally, meta-analyses are also raising the problem of what constitutes clinically significant treatment benefits, as well as interesting issues about the reproducibility of clinical evidence and its evolving nature. The increasing applications of meta-analytic methods in the study of infectious diseases may enhance data sharing and international collaborations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1996

Oral manifestations of infectious diseases.

The oral manifestations of infectious diseases is a major topic since the prevalence rate has increased, and usually poses diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas to the oral clinician. The clinical features of the most common and important oral infectious diseases are discussed.

Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial↗

PubMed2000

Infectious diseases in the 21st century. Are we entering the hot zone?

BACKGROUND: The emergence and re-emergence of several infectious diseases in the latter part of the 20th century has created considerable concern, but what real impact will these and other infectious diseases have in the 21st century? OBJECTIVE: To assess trends in infectious disease mortality, both globally and within Australia. RESULTS: Mortality related to infectious disease has declined throughout the 20th century in both developed and developing regions. In Australia, over the period 1979-1994 infectious disease mortality declined 17%, with similar trends seen in several other developed countries. In contrast, over a similar period infectious disease mortality increased in the United States by approximately 40%. Despite an escalating global HIV epidemic and continuing high tuberculosis incidence, infectious disease mortality is projected to decline further in the early part of the 21st century, in developed and developing regions. By 2020 an infectious disease category will not appear in the top 10 causes of death in developed regions or top five causes of death in developing regions. CONCLUSION: Infectious disease mortality is likely to continue its overall decline well into the 21st century.

Australia↗

PubMed2002

Treatment aspects for patients with infectious diseases in dental practices--results of a survey.

AIMS: The dental treatment of patients with infectious diseases can pose certain problems and irritations not only for the dental team but also for other patients. In this study, a large number of patients were questioned to obtain a spectrum of opinions about problems associated with patients with infectious diseases in dental practices. METHODS: An especially formulated questionnaire for five selected infectious diseases (HIV infection, hepatitis A, B, and C and tuberculosis) has been distributed amongst 1,100 dental patients (statistical analysis: univariable and bivariable frequencies, contingency table, Wilcoxon text, Fisher text; error probability =<5 %). The participants were to provide statements about their knowledge of the different infectious diseases and the transmission methods as well as their personal ideas about the contact with infected patients. A further set of questions dealt with aspects of the fear of contracting an infection and with the resulting consequences such as the situation for patients in the waiting room, hygiene practices in the dental office, the course of dental treatments and the trust placed in the dentist. RESULTS: The return rate was 61.7%. 53% of the participants were female and 47% were male with the age ranging from 14 years to over 60 years. The degree of knowledge of the selected infectious diseases showed somewhat marked differences (HIV infection 96%, hepatitis A 77%, hepatitis B 83.8%, hepatitis C 68.0%, tuberculosis 91.5%). Significant correlations could be made between the knowledge about means of transmission and the level of education. 41.4% of the participants indicated a high fear of an HIV infection, followed by tuberculosis (28.0%) and hepatitis C (18.6%). 8.4% of the participants were in favor of a separate waiting room for HIV patients, the number for hepatitis ranged between 11.6% and 15.2% and was 55.1% for tuberculosis. 17.2% of the participants were afraid of contracting an infection at a dental office. The opinion that infected patients should be treated in a dental clinic was significantly higher amongst participants with a lower level of education. 46.1% of the participants believed that their dentist had enough knowledge about infectious diseases, 17.8% were of the opposite opinion. A total of 76.7% of the participants was open to a personal discussion with their dentist about subjects relevant to infectious diseases. - CONCLUSIONS: It could be noted conclusively that the statements made by the participants showed a number of uncertainties and differences, which can indicate a lack of information about infectious diseases as well as in the confidence placed in the competence of the dentists.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reimbursement for health care. Training, cost containment, and practice: effect on infectious diseases.

In 1978 the statement was made that if any more infectious disease specialists were trained they would be culturing one another. The increase in infectious disease consultants continues unabated. The number of training programs in infectious disease is rising in proportion to the number of fellows being trained; one-third of these training programs are in New York, California, and Texas, and a number of them are not associated directly with medical schools. It is often argued that there is no reason to restrict the number of infectious disease consultants because there is plenty for them to do. There are an equal number of arguments against unbridled growth, including the fact that the existence of specialists in most community hospitals with lead to fewer referrals to the teaching centers and the resulting lack of patients will lead training programs to atrophy. Infectious disease is destined to function best as an academic specialty whose trainees should pursue careers primarily as investigators. The number of clinicians leaving training should be reduced and not further glut the marketplace; they should be based in academic divisions and devote their clinical time and effort to the care of complex referral and to indigent patients.

Cost Control↗

PubMed1993

Infectious diseases in African children.

Present status and problems of infectious diseases in African children are detailed. The Department of Paediatrics, Mie University School of Medicine has 10 years' experience of international medical cooperation with African countries. At present, the department is participating in two projects in Ghana and Zambia. The activities have been carried out in the field of priority infectious diseases in African children. Major infectious diseases in Africa are malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, acute respiratory infections and some specific parasitic diseases. Human immunodeficiency virus infection has also become a threat to the health and survival of children in Africa. To reduce morbidity and mortality due to these diseases, primary health care activity may be an effective and economical measure. Japan is expected to make further technological and economical contributions to the control of the infectious diseases in developing countries. Japanese paediatricians should be aware of the condition of child health in developing countries and consider what can be done to help.

Child↗

PubMed1991

Some remarks on definition and validity of terms used in models for infectious disease spread.

The epidemiology of infectious diseases makes use of a number of terms, such as exposure, infected, carrier, attack rate, and immunity. Researchers who intend to model the spread of epidemics should be aware of the problems with some of these terms. The role played by inapparent, or subclinical, infections is receiving increased attention in infectious disease epidemiology. Patients with such infections may never be reported as cases, which could give rise to problems when, for example, data from national surveillance bodies are being used for modeling. The assignment of patients to different transmission groups must, in most cases, rely on self-reported data from the medical interview. This possible source of bias should be recognized.

Carrier State↗

PubMed1993

[Application of the mathematical model to forecast the incidence rates of seasonal infectious diseases].

The incidence rates of infectious diseases were selected and analysed according to data from the Beijing Railway Area during 1981-1991. We put forward the mathematical model to forecast the incidence rate of dysentery each quarter in 1992. The best mathematical model was selected from analysis of precision, and very useful in the prevention and treatment of seasonal infectious diseases.

China↗

PubMed1983

Recommendations for pregnant employee interaction with patients having communicable infectious diseases.

The transmission of communicable infectious diseases from hospitalized patients to health care providers is a well-documented phenomenon. This occurrence is of particular concern when the health care worker is a pregnant female and there is worry about the development of a congenital infection or transmission of infection at the time of delivery. Infection control practitioners and Employee Health Service personnel are often consulted by pregnant hospital employees who are concerned about interacting with patients having communicable infectious diseases, and appropriate advice is sought. Since it has often been necessary in the past to consult numerous resources in order to respond to these issues, we have compiled recommendations that can serve as a reference to help ICPs and Employee Health Service personnel deal with these situations.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2006

The role of biosensors in the detection of emerging infectious diseases.

Global biosecurity threats such as the spread of emerging infectious diseases (i.e., avian influenza, SARS, Hendra, Nipah, etc.) and bioterrorism have generated significant interest in recent years. There is considerable effort directed towards understanding and negating the proliferation of infectious diseases. Biosensors are an attractive tool which have the potential to detect the outbreak of a virus and/or disease. Although there is a host of technologies available, either commercially or in the scientific literature, the development of biosensors for the detection of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is still in its infancy. There is no doubt that the glucose biosensor, the gene chip, the protein chip, etc. have all played and are still playing a significant role in monitoring various biomolecules. Can biosensors play an important role for the detection of emerging infectious diseases? What does the future hold and which biosensor technology platform is suitable for the real-time detection of infectious diseases? These and many other questions will be addressed in this review. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of biosensors particularly in relation to EIDs. It provides a synopsis of the various types of biosensor technologies that have been used to detect EIDs, and describes some of the technologies behind them in terms of transduction and bioreceptor principles.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2006

[Physicians referent for antimicrobial therapy in French hospitals. Origins and expectations. A French infectious diseases society survey].

The French Infectious Diseases Society (SPILF) conducted a web-based survey of physicians' referent for antimicrobial therapy (ABT). The 106 respondents came mostly from public (95%) big (median 815 beds) hospitals. A referent according to health ministry requirements was identified in 88 hospitals. In, 18 others, a physician performed the job without identification per se. This activity had a specific financing in only 12% of cases. Two thirds of the referents were infectious diseases physicians, the others had for training a university degree in ABT. Expectations about SPILF were mostly implementation of good practices of ABT (73%), organization of CME sessions (61%), a referent dedicated session during the annual SPILF meeting (58%), a SPILF driven certification (58%) and the creation of regional networks of referents (55%). Implementing a training and evaluation program for ABT referents becomes a priority for the SPILF.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗