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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Laboratory evaluation of face paint repellent formulation using human volunteers under three climatic regimens.

A new combination of repellent with camouflage face paint was evaluated on volunteers against the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi (Liston) in an environmental chamber under three climatic regimens: tropical open, tropical forested, and hot dry environments. The duration of protection varied significantly among different climates. The camouflage face paint with diethylmethylbenzamide (deet) provided 95% protection from mosquitoes for 4 h, except under tropical open climate, where it provided only 2 h protection.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

Yearly change in antibody level to Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae) among humans exposed naturally to infected mosquitoes.

The IgG antibody level to Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) increased significantly in 10.0% of 558 paired sera collected yearly from inhabitants in Miki City, Japan, indicating that they were exposed to infected mosquito bites. An additional 15.2% of paired sera showed decreases in IgG level. The binominal distribution of ELISA antibody levels among paired sera suggested an equilibrium between continued infection and antibody decreases after infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

N,N-diethylphenylacetamide in treated fabrics as a repellent against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

The efficacy of fabrics impregnated with N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA), a new repellent, was studied in the laboratory and field against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. DEPA-treated polyester cotton and cotton fabrics provided repellency for 30 and 36 d and had a half-life of 11 and 5 d, respectively. The repellent could not be applied at a rate of greater than 15% of fabric weight. DEPA-treated fabric patches were found to be a practical and novel approach and were effective for 90 d in the laboratory against Ae. aegypti and 77 d in the field against Cs. quinquefasciatus.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1991

Defensive behavior of eastern chipmunks against Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus L.) were placed in Plexiglas cages with 0, 2, 5, 10, or 20 female Aedes triseriatus Say mosquitoes for 2 h. Previously published studies demonstrated little effective mosquito defensive behavior because of pause behavior by the chipmunks. By recording chipmunk behavior on videotape, pause behavior was reduced, and the chipmunks exhibited effective mosquito defense. The chipmunks defended themselves actively by attacking mosquitoes in flight, biting, head shaking, body turning, face grooming, hindfoot scratching, and flicking the tail. These defensive behaviors were correlated positively with the number of mosquitoes exposed to the chipmunks and with the number of mosquitoes killed.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

Ability of Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) to acquire and transmit bovine herpesvirus-1.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) was detected in Musca autumnalis De Geer after feeding on virus suspensions in bovine albumin or sucrose. Virus was detected for 48 h in flies fed an albumin suspension, with the highest titers recovered in crops (1.0 x 10(4) TCID50/ml) and whole-body (5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml/fly) specimens immediately after feeding; the level of virus declined rapidly thereafter. Virus titers in flies fed sucrose suspensions were 5 x 10(4) TCID50/ml in excised crops and 5 x 10(5) TCID50/ml in whole-body specimens; virus was not detected in flies 72 h after feeding. Four Hereford calves exposed for 4 h to BHV-1 fed flies did not develop any clinical symptoms related to BHV-1 transmission (i.e., elevated temperatures, ocular/nasal discharges, and labored breathing). Serum neutralization and plaque reduction tests did not show antibody production in calves exposed to BHV-1 infected flies. While we demonstrated that face flies retained BHV-1 for a short period of time, it does not appear that M. autumnalis is involved in either the mechanical or biological transmission of BHV-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mechanical control of greenhead flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in a marsh environment.

The effectiveness of New Jersey box traps for the control of adult greenhead flies, Tabanus nigrovittatus, Macquart, T. conterminus Walker, was assessed at Wallops Island, Va. Trap shape and placement were tested. Shallow (0.45 m high) traps caught significantly fewer flies than cubic (0.60 m high) traps. Traps located in the inner two of four layers of traps caught fewer flies than traps in the outer layers.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Method to estimate relative transmission efficiencies of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in human malaria transmission.

A mathematical expression was derived to estimate the relative malaria transmission efficiency of an anopheline species with respect to a standard well-characterized species for which all vector parameters can be sufficiently determined. The method is particularly useful in situations where multiple anopheline species contribute to human malaria transmission and requires the estimation of the man-biting rate, the sporozoite rate, and the human malaria incidence. Under stable conditions of vector abundance, the average sporozoite rate in a species during a transmission season would by itself reflect its relative transmission efficiency. This "efficiency" then was used to calculate the "effective human-biting rate"; i.e., the human-biting rate of that species if it were to have ecological properties identical to those of the standard species. The standard well-characterized species then could be used with the effective human-biting rate of all species to quantify transmission, thus overcoming the need to measure vector parameters for all anopheline species contributing to transmission. An expression also was derived to calculate the relative contribution made by each species to malaria transmission. The usefulness of this method was illustrated using entomological and epidemiological data from Kataragama, Sri Lanka.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Malaria transmission and vector biology on Sainte Marie Island, Madagascar.

A 17-mo longitudinal malaria survey (November 1988-March 1990) was carried out on Sainte Marie Island, an area on the east coast of Madagascar which is frequently visited by tourists. During 706 man-nights of capture, 46,401 mosquitoes belonging to 32 species were caught. Sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA and incriminated Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s., An. funestus Giles, and An. mascarensis De Meillon as vectors of malaria. An. gambiae, the main vector, was highly anthropophilic but largely exophilic. Transmission by this species occurred mainly from November to April; the overall circumsporozoite antigen positivity rate was 1.7%, with a maximum of 3.2% in March-April. The nightly peak of transmission occurred between midnight and 0400 hours. The annual inoculation rate was calculated to be 100 infective bites per human, of which 92 were of Plasmodium falciparum. An. funestus played a minor role in transmission. An. mascarensis, an anopheline endemic to Madagascar, was incriminated for the first time, as a malaria vector. The sporozoite rate in this species varied from 0.4 to 0.9% as shown by both ELISA and salivary gland dissections. Parasite indices in humans up to 20 yr of age fluctuated during the year from 64 to 80%. Bed nets are recommended for malaria protection for the local population and tourists.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and field evaluation of five repellents against the black flies Prosimulium mixtum and P. fuscum (Diptera: Simuliidae).

Deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide), the lactone CIC-4 ([2-hydroxy-methyl-cyclohexyl] acetic acid lactone), the USDA Proprietary Chemicals AI3-37220 (1- [3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine) and ++[3-35765 (1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine), and the U.S. military extended duration repellent formulation (EDRF) of deet were evaluated for repellency in the laboratory and field against the black flies Prosimulium mixtum and P. fuscum. CIC-4, AI3-37220, and AI3-35765 were as effective as deet at repelling P. mixtum and P. fuscum in laboratory and field experiments. Only the EDRF provided significantly longer protection than the deet standard against these black flies in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Indoor and outdoor host-seeking rhythms of Anopheles albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Trinidad, West Indies.

The diel host-seeking periodicity of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga (sensu latu) was monitored on humans during a period of 6 mo in Frederick Settlement, County Caroni, Trinidad, West Indies. Similar abundances and periodicities were recorded at indoor and outdoor sites, with peak host-seeking occurring at 1900 hours. Only 78 An. albitarsis females were collected resting indoors, indicating that most females rest outdoors and, therefore, may escape contact with residual insecticides applied on wall surfaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between female Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) body size and parity in a biting population.

Wing length of host-seeking Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison was measured in Tha-Mai District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand. Overall, wing length of nulliparous females (mean = 3.035 mm) was not significantly smaller than that of parous females (mean = 3.039 mm). Wing length was correlated with rainfall and minimum air temperature; females tended to be smaller in the rainy season and larger in the cool and early dry seasons, often in association with a high parity rate. Malaria transmission potential based on daily survivorship was estimated to be highest during the cool and early dry seasons, and during the first half of the rainy season.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Detection of multiple blood feeding in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle using a histologic technique.

We evaluated a histologic technique for its usefulness in detecting multiple blood feeding by Aedes aegypti (L.) in a single gonotrophic cycle. To standardize the procedure, we carried out a laboratory study in which 166 mosquitoes imbibed two blood meals at known intervals. Eighty percent (78/98) of the multiple meals were detected when the interval between meals was from 1 to < to = 24 h and the time from the second meal to fixation ranged from 0 to 12 hr. At intervals outside this range, only 34% (23/68) of the multiple meals were detected. Overall, 61% (101/166) of the double meals were detected. Examination of 96 engorged Ae. aegypti collected by aspiration from inside houses in San Juan, Puerto Rico, indicated that 50% had imbibed multiple meals. Most wild-caught mosquitoes took their last meal the day before capture, and most multiple feeders fed twice on consecutive days. A dark line of digested blood, or heme, around the first meal and a physical separation between meals were the most useful histologic parameters for detecting multiple feeding in wild Ae. aegypti. An association of multiple feeding with advanced stages of oocyte development suggests that, at the time of collection, most Ae. aegypti from the study site had fed twice in each gonotrophic cycle. We conclude that, although it is labor intensive, histologic examination is an appropriate technique for a longitudinal, community-wide survey of multiple feeding by Ae. aegypti.

Aedes↗