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PubMed1997

Cellular and humoral immune response to exercise among gymnasts and untrained girls.

Recent studies reported reduced immunity in athletes following exercise. Physical activity affects both cellular and humoral immune functions. Scant information exists on exercise-induced changes in the immune system among children. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on several aspects of cellular and humoral functions among 10-12 year-old highly trained female gymnasts (n = 7) and untrained girls (n = 6). All girls were pre-pubertal. Venous blood samples were drawn before, immediately after and 24 h following 20 min of treadmill running (heart rate 170-180 beats.min-1). White blood cells' number rose significantly following exercise and remained elevated for 24 h. The increase in leukocyte number was due to an increase in granulocytes as well as an increase in lymphocytes and monocytes. While neutrophil count returned to basal values after 24 h, lymphocytes and monocytes number remained elevated 24 h following exercise. Exercise resulted in a significant elevation of T cell lymphocytes, T helpers, T suppressors and natural killer cells. All values returned to normal after 24 h. There were no changes in B cell lymphocytes following exercise. Exercise had no effect on serum IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and sub-types of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4). No differences were observed between gymnasts and untrained girls. In summary, the exercise-induced changes in cellular and humoral immune functions among the girls were generally similar to those described in adults. Whether the transitory effects of exercise on the immune system are related to increased susceptibility to illness is still questionable.

Child↗

PubMed1998

Restored humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively suppresses replication of HIV and is accompanied by an increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Whether the increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood is a reflection of a reconstitution of the immune functions is unknown. We investigated the recovery of the humoral immune response during HAART after immunization with T-cell-dependent influenza vaccine. METHODS: Forty-one men and three women infected with HIV and treated with HAART, and 15 healthy hospital staff members were immunized with trivalent influenza subunit vaccine. Antibody titres were determined by haemagglutination inhibiting assay in sera obtained before and 30 days after immunization. Lymphocyte subsets were determined in blood samples taken at the time of vaccination. RESULTS: In all HIV-infected individuals, treatment with HAART caused a median reduction of 2.3 log10 in HIV-1 load. The median increase of CD4+ T lymphocytes after initiation of HAART was 170 x 10(6)/l. The antibody response to influenza antigens was proportional to the number of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood at the time of vaccination. When a group of patients and healthy controls with approximately similar CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were considered, the antibody titres after vaccination for influenza strain H1N1 and influenza B did not differ between patients and controls (P=0.12). Vaccination of patients with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of < 200 x 10(6)/l (mean 85 x 10(6)/l) before the start of HAART and with a mean of 282 x 10(6)/l CD4+ T lymphocytes at the time of vaccination as a result of HAART, demonstrated a substantial antibody response whereas patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of < 200 x 10(6)/l (mean 56 x 10(6)/l) not treated with HAART (historical controls), and vaccinated with a similar influenza vaccine, failed to induce an antibody response. CONCLUSION: The present findings demonstrate a recovery of the humoral immune response to influenza antigens in HIV-infected individuals treated with HAART. This indicates that functional improvement of antigen specific CD4+ T helper cell reponses occurs.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

The humoral immune response to allografts of foetal small intestine in mice.

The influence of the presence of "passenger leucocytes" on the production of anti-H2 antibodies has been studied in mice receiving allografts of foetal small intestine, adult skin or intradermally injected spleen cells. It was found that the humoral immune response to foetal intestine (a tissue without passenger leucocytes) was identical temporarily to that elicited by skin allografts and these responses differed from that following injection of allogeneic spleen cells in that antibodies to solid grafts took longer to appear. The humoral immune response to small intestine grafts was not evident until several days after the onset of graft rejection as assessed morphologicallymanti H2 antibody production was not observed in thymus deprived recipients of foetal small intestine allografts or allogeneic spleen cells, and this suggests that the humoral immune response to transplantation antigens is thymus dependent.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Preliminary studies on humoral immune response of sheep to wohlfahrtiosis.

The humoral immune response of sheep to wohlfahrtiosis was studied. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to compare four different types of antigens obtained from the third-stage larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica. The antigen prepared from salivary glands detected a humoral response in all 35 infested sheep and was more specific in the ELISA than cuticular, intestinal or whole larval antigens. The level of the humoral response in sheep to wohlfahrtiosis differed according to the location of the wounds.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Monoclonal antibody-mediated modulation of the humoral immune response against mucosally applied Streptococcus mutans.

Systemic immunization with antigen coupled to monoclonal antibody (MAb) has been used by several investigators to increase the number of MAb-producing hybridomas against an antigen and to elicit antibodies specific for poorly immunogenic epitopes. This strategy has implications for vaccine design in that protective immunity is not necessarily directed at immunodominant epitopes of pathogens and may be improved by deliberately shifting the immune response toward subdominant epitopes. To our knowledge, no studies to date have addressed the potential for immunomodulatory activity mediated by MAbs bound to mucosally applied antigen. To test whether administration of an exogenous MAb directed against a streptococcal surface protein could influence the humoral immune response, BALB/c mice were immunized orally by gastric intubation or intranasally with Streptococcus mutans alone or S. mutans complexed with a MAb directed against the major surface protein P1. Significant changes in the subclass distribution, as well as the specificity, of anti-P1 serum immunoglobulin G antibodies were demonstrated in groups of mice which received S. mutans coated with the anti-P1 MAb versus those which received S. mutans alone. Alterations in the humoral immune response were dependent on the amount of anti-P1 MAb used to coat the bacteria. In addition, differences in the anti-P1 immune responses were observed between groups of mice immunized via oral versus intranasal routes. In summary, an exogenous MAb complexed with a streptococcal antigen prior to mucosal immunization can influence the immunoglobulin isotype and specificity of the host humoral immune response against the antigen.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2003

Enhancement of the humoral immune response by Echinacea purpurea in female Swiss mice.

Various preparations of the plant Echinacea purpurea have been investigated for their potential to enhance immune function, primarily through activation of innate immune responses. Few studies have examined the potential for enhancement of humoral immunity. Using female Swiss mice we administered a volumetric dose of a glycerine extract of E. purpurea by oral gavage, to evaluate effects on the IgM specific antibody forming cell (AFC) response. Four days of treatment following immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) produced a significant enhancement over naive controls at doses of 0.4 and 0.8 mL/kg/day. A few clinical trials and anecdotal reports have suggested that the greatest efficacy for E. purpurea occurs in acute use following onset of illness. A time course study, using the time of SRBC immunization to mimic the onset of illness, examined the effects of 8 and 4 days of E. purpurea treatment at 0.6 mL/kg/day. Only in the 4-day administration, with dosing beginning 1 hour after SRBC immunization, was there an observed enhancement of the antibody forming cell response. This supports the acute use of E. purpurea as suggested by anecdotal reports, and demonstrates the potential for enhancement of humoral immune responses as well as innate immune responses.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1994

Need for cellular and humoral immune responses in bovines to ensure protection from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)--a point of view.

The published studies on immunization of experimental animals, cattle, and sheep with synthetic peptides containing the antigenic domains in FMDV structural protein VP1 were analyzed. The results obtained with various FMDV synthetic peptides designed to stimulate the humoral immune response in bovines were compared to the current knowledge on MHC class I and class II, and the properties of the peptide binding grooves in each of them. X-ray crystallography of MHC class I proteins provided the three-dimensional structure of the peptide binding groove and led to the isolation and identification of "self" and viral peptides that naturally associate with the peptide binding grooves of both types of MHC and HLA molecules. The available knowledge of the amino acid motifs in MHC and HLA class I-bound viral peptides priming the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses must be coupled with the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of BoLA class I. This would aid in the development of an experimental approach to induce bovine anti-FMDV CD8+ cytotoxic cells to complement the humoral immune response to FMDV, which is currently achieved by a killed virus vaccine and, at the experimental level, by a peptide vaccine. Stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses against FMDV in cattle may reduce the risk of disease and virus shedding.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1977

[Cellular and humoral immune reactions in fungus allergy].

Cellular and humoral immune reactions upon the polysaccharide preparations of trichophyton-rubrum-cultures have been proved in the most of 185 examined patients. Quantitative and qualitative specific changes of the cells connected with their sensibilization, could be observed in the early period of trichophyton-rubrum-mycosis, in the course of the further development of the disease we also saw an accumulation of circulatory antibodies. Humoral reactions have become predominant. The peculiarity of humoral and cellular mycotic allergy may be responsible to a great extent for the polymorphism of the clinical symptoms of the disease, is persistent course and resistibility to the treatment.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗

PubMed1987

Humoral immune response in dogs with old dog encephalitis and chromic distemper meningo-encephalitis.

The humoral immune response in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) of dogs with various forms of canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced encephalitis was assessed by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, membrane (M), haemagglutinin and fusion proteins. Sera from vaccinated dogs and hyperimmune sera contained antibodies to all the above antigens. In two cases of old dog encephalitis the sera and CSFs showed a restricted response to the M protein of CDV, whilst in three other cases of old dog encephalitis, two cases of chronic distemper (meningo-) encephalitis and experimentally induced encephalitis the humoral immune response appeared to be directed primarily to the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein and the M protein but not the haemagglutinin or fusion proteins. Precipitation of the M protein by most of the sera was observed only when the antigen had been prepared by in vitro translation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of anti-respiratory syncytial humoral immunity during persistence of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in adult patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis].

Specific humoral immune response has been studied in 8 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, in whom the persistence of RSV was detected, and in a group of patients without RSV persistence. Humoral immunity in patients with RSV persistence vs. those with acute and chronic bronchitis without viral persistence was characterized by the following features: a) earlier and more active production of IgG and, even more so, IgM and IgA; b) long persistence of high titers of anti-RSV IgG, IgM, and IgA-up to 17, 28, and 30 weeks, respectively; c) low anti-RSV neutralizing activity of serum antibodies.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Modulation of humoral immune responses by endogenous opioids.

The effects of opioid agonists and antagonists were investigated on humoral immune mechanisms in mice and rats. Opioid agonists like morphine, Leu-enkephalin, and Met-enkephalin, enhanced antigen-induced histamine release from mixed peritoneal cells of rats in vitro; this enhancement was effectively antagonized by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Naloxone, per se, decreased anaphylactic mortality in doses of 10 mg/kg, while it increased mortality in a dose of 1 mg/kg. Reduced IgE antibody titer, measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, decreased hemagglutination titer to sheep red blood cells, blocked histamine release from mixed peritoneal cells of rats in vitro induced by antigen, but had no significant effect when histamine release was induced by compound 48/80. Thus, it appears that endogenous opioids are involved in humoral immune responses.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1976

Comparison of cellular and humoral immunity against streptococcal and adult human oral mucosa antigens in relation to exacerbation or recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral mediated immunity (HMI) against streptococcal and adult human oral mucosa (AHOM) antigens were investigated in patients with inactive and active recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The CMI and HMI were examined by means of the leucocyte migration test (LMT) and a double layer immunofluorescence (IF) technique. The CMI against Streptococcus sanguis strain 2A, streptococcus pyogenes strain M5, and AHOM was significantly increased in inactive and active RAS. Significant difference between active and inactive RAS was only demonstrated when Strep. 2A was used as antigen in the leucocyte migration cultures. Longitudinal observations in relation to exacerbation of RAS revealed significant changes in the migration indices (MI) when Strep. 2A and AHOM were used as antigens. Extracts of Strep. M5 and other tissues as kidney and uterus did not show any significant changes of MI in relation to the exacerbation of RAS. The IF-investigations detected significantly raised IgG antibodies against washed whole cells of Streptococcus sanguis strain 2A and Streptococcus pyogenes strain M5 in sera from patients with RAS. The autoantibodies in RAS belonged to the immunoglobulin classes IgG and IgM. The detected antibodies were able to blind serum complement (C3). The distribution of endpoint titres (EPT) against Strep. 2A, Strep. M5, and AHOM antigens did not differ significantly in patients with active RAS in relation to those with inactive RAS. Furthermore, the EPT against Strep. 2A and AHOM were not significantly changed in relation to exacerbation of RAS. The present investigations show that CMI and HMI against streptococcal and AHOM antigens are characteristic features of RAS and indicate that the CMI against Strep. 2A and AHOM is significantly increased in relation to exacerbation of RAS.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1995

Low molecular weight Cooperia oncophora antigens: characterization and humoral immune responses in calves mono-infected with 100,000 infective larvae.

Characteristics of the humoral immune response of Cooperia oncophora-infected calves to low molecular weight antigens of C. oncophora were studied. Immunoblotting with sera obtained from calves 6 weeks after a single oral infection with 100,000 third-stage (L3) C. oncophora larvae revealed several corresponding antigenic fragments between adult worms and the fourth-stage (L4) larvae. No reactivity in the immune sera was found against the L3 stage. A previously defined complex of low molecular weight proteins (12-15 kDa) was found on both L4 and adult Cooperia stages, but not on the L3 stage. C. oncophora adults differed from the L4 larvae at the 31/32 and 37 kDa level. Several adult and L4 proteins were bound by biotinylated Concanavalin A, as was also true for L3 proteins. A 31/32 kDa glycoprotein of adult worms was recognised by a monoclonal antibody with specificity for phosphorylcholine. Using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA and Western blotting, the serum antibody response of C. oncophora-infected calves to adult worm antigen was almost entirely IgG1. Binding of the IgG1 antibodies was restricted to a complex of reduced 12-15 kDa protein(s) and a 27 kDa fragment of adult worms. The data suggest that the systemic humoral immune response of calves during a primary infection with C. oncophora consists mainly of an IgG1 response, and is directed to a non-glycosylated Cooperia protein (molecular weight estimated at 12-15 kDa under reducing conditions and 18 kDa under nonreducing conditions). This protein is probably present in both L4 larvae and adults. Since it was not bound by immune sera from calves mono-infected with several other nematodes, the 12-15 kDa protein complex may represent a Cooperia-specific component that can be used for serodiagnosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Impaired germinal centre formation and humoral immune response in the absence of CD28 and interleukin-4.

The generation of an optimal humoral immune response requires fully activated T-cells. For complete activation at least two signals are needed. The first one is an antigen dependent one via the T cell receptor, the second one is a costimulatory signal which can be delivered by the CD28 molecule after binding to CD80 (B7.1) or CD86 (B7.2). Fully activated T helper cells are competent to deliver help to B-cells by secreting cytokines (e.g. interleukin (IL)-4) or up-regulating CD40 ligand for proliferation and differentiation of B cells. These interactions mainly take place in germinal centres (GC) that arise after antigen stimulation in B cell-follicles of peripheral lymphatic tissues and are the sites of massive B-cell proliferation, affinity maturation and class switch. The roles of CD28 and IL-4 were investigated in GC formation and antibody production. A markedly diminished humoral immune response was observed in IL-4(-/-) xCD28(-/-) mice whereas in CD28(-/-) and IL-4(-/-) mice the defect was less severe. Especially the formation of germinal centres was significantly reduced in CD28(-/-) or IL-4(-/-) mice and almost undetectable in IL-4(-/-) xCD28(-/-) mice. Taken together these data indicate that CD28 and IL-4 are synergistically involved in GC formation and immunoglobulin production.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immune response kinetics in Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis infected and immunized by Trypanosoma cruzi employing an immunofluorescence antibody test.

Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis considered the most ancient mammals and an evolutionary success, maintain parasitism by Trypanosoma cruzi without developing any apparent disease or important tissue lesion. In order to elucidate this well-balanced interaction, we decided to compare the humoral immune response kinetics of the two didelphids naturally and experimentally infected with T. cruzi and immunized by different schedules of parasite antigens, employing an indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Both didelphids responded with high serological titers to different immunization routes, while the earliest response occurred with the intradermic route. Serological titers of naturally infected P. opossum showed a significant individual variation, while those of D. marsupialis remained stable during the entire follow-up period. The serological titers of the experimentally infected animals varied according to the inoculated strain. Our data suggest that (1) IFAT was sensitive for follow-up of P. opossum in natural and experimental T. cruzi infections; (2) both P. opossum and D. marsupialis are able to mount an efficient humoral immune response as compared to placental mammals; (3) experimentally infected P. opossum and D. marsupialis present distinct patterns of infection, depending on the subpopulation of T. cruzi, (4) the differences observed in the humoral immune responses between P. opossum and D. marsupialis, probably, reflect distinct strategies selected by these animals during their coevolution with T. cruzi.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[The relationship between intrathyroidal dendritic cells and humoral immune disorder in Graves' disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between intrathyroidal dendritic cells and humoral immune disorder in Graves' disease. METHODS: With the use of S-100 protein antibodies and the help of SP immunohistochemical method, the number and distribution of S-100 protein positive dendritic cells were observed in thyroid glands from 34 patients with Graves' disease and 5 controls. Serum thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) before operation were measured with human embryo-kidney cells expressing the recombinant thyrotrophin receptor. The correlation between the infiltrating degree of intrathyroidal dendritic cells and the values of serum TSAb was analyzed in patients with Graves' disease. RESULTS: In normal thyroid glands, no S-100 protein positive dendritic cells were found. Dendritic cells were seen in all observed thyroid glands from patients with Graves' disease. Most of the dendritic cells were seen in close contact with the adjacent thyroid epithelial cells or infiltrating lymphocytes. The infiltrating degree of intrathyroidal dendritic cells in Graves' disease correlated closely with the values of serum TSAb (r = 0.4461, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the intrathyroidal dendritic cells have a close relation with humoral immune disorder and play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of thyroid autoimmune reaction in Graves' disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Exposure to short days, but not short-term melatonin, enhances humoral immunity of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Many non-tropical rodent species rely on photoperiod as the primary cue to co-ordinate seasonally appropriate changes in physiology and behavior. Among these seasonal changes, several rodent species (e.g. deer mice, prairie voles, Siberian hamsters) adjust immune function in response to changes in ambient day lengths. The goals of the present study were to examine the effects of photoperiod on immune function of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), and to determine the role of melatonin in mediating photoperiodic changes in immunity. In Experiment 1, male Syrian hamsters were housed in long (LD 14:10) or short days (LD 10:14) for 10 wk. In Experiment 2, hamsters were housed in long days and half of the animals were given 10 consecutive days of i.p. melatonin injections (15 microg) in the early evening, while the remaining animals received injections of the vehicle alone. After the respective experimental manipulations, animals were injected with the antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), blood samples were obtained and anti-KLH IgG antibody production was assessed. In Experiment 1, short-day hamsters underwent gonadal regression and reduced serum testosterone as well as displayed increased humoral immune function compared with long-day animals. In Experiment 2, short-term melatonin treatment did not affect gonadal mass, testosterone or humoral immune function. These results confirm previous findings of photoperiodic changes in immunity in rodents and suggest that changes in humoral immunity are not due to short-term changes in melatonin.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Importance of persistent cellular and humoral immune changes before diabetes develops: prospective study of identical twins.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of cellular and humoral immune changes associated with insulin dependent diabetes before diabetes develops. DESIGN: Prospective study over 10 years of 25 non-diabetic identical twins of patients with insulin dependent diabetes. The non-diabetic twins were followed up either till they developed diabetes or to the end of the study. SETTING: Teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: 25 non-diabetic identical cotwins of patients with diabetes; 46 controls of the same sex and similar age tested over the same period. Of the 25 twins (total follow up 144 patient years), 10 developed diabetes (prediabetic twins); the remainder were followed up for a mean of 7.7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of glucose tolerance tests or fasting blood glucose concentrations at each sample point. Measurements of activated T lymphocytes, expressing the HLA-DR antigen, islet cell antibodies, and insulin autoantibodies in samples. RESULTS: All 10 prediabetic twins had both cellular and humoral changes initially and in most samples before diabetes was diagnosed (activated T lymphocytes in 39/40, islet cell antibodies in 45/47, and insulin autoantibodies to islet cells and insulin were detected infrequently (in 8/54, 6/69, and 0/69 samples, respectively). The combination of cellular and humoral (islet cell antibodies or insulin autoantibodies) immune changes were detected in all 10 of the prediabetic twins but in only one of the 15 non-diabetic twins (P < 0.001). The positive predictive value in this cohort of increased percentages of activated T cells and the presence of antibodies to islet cells or insulin on two consecutive occasions was 100%. CONCLUSION: Most of the twins had cellular or humoral immune changes at some stage. A combination of cellular and humoral immune changes and their tendency to persist is highly predictive of insulin dependent diabetes and distinguishes twins who develop diabetes from those who do not.

Adolescent↗