PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Immunization Programs”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A program to immunize hospitalized preschool-aged children: evaluation and impact.

OBJECTIVE: The Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices suggest that hospitalization be viewed as an opportunity to vaccinate children. The purpose of the present study is 1) to determine the immunization status of an urban population of hospitalized preschool-aged children, 2) to study the impact of an immunization program designed to vaccinate hospitalized 0 to 2-year-old children who are underimmunized at admission, and 3) to make immunization a routine part of care for the hospitalized child. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of the immunization status of hospitalized 0 to 2-year-old residents of Philadelphia admitted to an urban children's hospital was performed. With verification of the child's immunization record through the primary care provider (PCP), needed immunizations were given and records were forwarded to notify the PCP. Educational information was provided to families and health care providers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The percentage of children fully immunized on admission compared with the percentage at the time of discharge. Results. Two thousand three hundred twenty-nine children from 0 to 2 years of age were hospitalized during the 22-month study period. Immunization records were verified in 86% (2006), requiring an average of 1.5 phone calls to the PCP. The mean patient age was 10 months. Average hospital length of stay was 4 days. On admission, 49% (980) of the 2006 study patients were fully immunized. The remaining 51% (1026) were eligible for vaccination. Immunizations were delayed greater than or equal to 2 months in 18% (355) of the children. Neither type of health care insurance nor site of primary care affected the immunization status of those evaluated at the time of admission. Sixty-six percent (N = 674) of eligible patients received at least one vaccination before hospital discharge. Medical contraindications accounted for only 4% of the reasons eligible patients were not immunized. Of the 2006 children evaluated, the percentage of those fully vaccinated for age increased significantly from 44% on admission to 70% on discharge. CONCLUSION: As a result of this program, there was a significant improvement in vaccination percentage at the time of hospital discharge in this group of urban preschool-aged children. The development of an immunization program to vaccinate hospitalized preschool children is an opportunity to immunize in the urban setting where there is a high prevalence of underimmunization. In addition, it provides an opening for educational programs for families, nurses, and housestaff and linkage to the community PCPs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Integration of vitamin A supplementation with the expanded program on immunization does not affect seroconversion to oral poliovirus vaccine in infants.

Childhood immunization programs may provide infrastructure for delivering vitamin A supplements to infants in developing countries. The effect of giving vitamin A, an immune enhancer, on antibody responses to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (TOPV) is unknown. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of giving vitamin A simultaneously with TOPV on antibody responses to poliovirus. Infants (n = 467) received oral vitamin A, 15 mg retinol equivalent (RE), 7.5 mg RE or placebo with TOPV at 6, 10 and 14 wk of age. Antibody responses to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were measured by a microvirus neutralization assay at enrollment and at 9 mo of age. Seroconversion rates to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 ranged from 98 to 100% in the three treatment groups, and there were no differences in mean antibody titers to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 among treatment groups. This study demonstrates that oral vitamin A does not affect antibody responses to poliovirus vaccine when integrated with the Expanded Program on Immunization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Integration of hepatitis B immunization in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Child Survival Project.

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a component of the Child Survival Project (CSP) whose objectives are to reduce the incidence rates of six childhood diseases (Measles, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis) and to reduce the number of infant deaths from those diseases by increasing effective vaccination coverage. In 1991, the CSP/EPI developed a national plan to introduce national immunization of infants against hepatitis B in an attempt to control the magnitude and seriousness of the damage which viral hepatitis causes in terms of morbidity, mortality and serious sequelae as hepatitis B is an endemic disease in Egypt causing an important public health problem which requires urgent control. This presentation will discuss the integrated effort undertaken to plan and implement the program, the different challenges it faces, control studies being performed as well as the proposed objectives of the hepatitis B vaccination program.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Management systems response to improving immunization coverage in developing countries: a case study from Cambodia.

INTRODUCTION: In contrast to the initial success following the establishment of the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Cambodia in 1986, infant vaccination coverage rates against the six expanded program immunization diseases have not improved since 1995. In response, the NIP of the Ministry of Health has undertaken a series of institutional initiatives to address the problem of static or declining rates of coverage. The aim of this paper is to describe and assess management strategies undertaken by the NIP in Cambodia in support of improved immunization coverage. METHODS: Sources of information used in preparing this report include international literature, national coverage and surveillance data, government policy documentation, information generated by national strategic planning and health centre microplanning processes, a functional analysis of human resources, and data quality audits. RESULTS: The NIP has implemented planning, organizational development and human resource development responses to the problem of low coverage. These have included: integration of the nip strategic and operational plans into the health sector plan; strengthening of needs-based microplanning; establishment of a national monitoring and management support strategy; and the introduction of performance-based agreements between levels of government for improved immunization coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of these findings, in particular of the international literature, suggests that NIP's responses have been appropriate, and that the development of NIP management systems and capacity will increase the likelihood for sustained immunization coverage gains within a reform environment of health system decentralization. In 2003, there are early signs that the reform processes undertaken by the NIP have resulted in improved immunization coverage in targeted areas, and this should place the national program in a stronger position to lift immunization coverage in 2004.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Lessons from 12 years of comparative risk projects.

Can an analytical tool for comparing environmental risks and policy activities be used to evaluate their relative efficacy in ultimately changing the allocation of public funds? Some insight is possible through a review of comparative risk projects that have been carried out at the city, state, and national levels, as well as among Indian tribes, over the past 12 years. The lessons from this review should apply to the field of public health. For every comparison of environmental issues, such as clean-air standards with fish consumption advisories, there is a parallel discussion of public health priorities and strategies, such as antismoking and pregnancy prevention programs, immunization programs and disease surveillance efforts, or well-baby clinics and food safety programs. Lessons from comparative risk projects and processes may offer the public health community new ways of thinking about using stakeholder assessment processes in developing public health policy.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed2005

Innovative workplace influenza program: boosting employee immunization rates.

Planning and implementing a successful immunization program at the worksite requires a committed, interdepartmental effort and a dedicated occupational health staff. Planning should start well in advance of influenza season with adherence to strict timelines. Key strategies for campaign success include generating a sense of enthusiasm about the campaign; creating an employee- and family-friendly atmosphere to diffuse possible uneasiness about receiving vaccinations; assuring easy access to vaccines; and providing employees with evidence-based information related to influenza and immunization using a variety of media. Using the proven best practices of its on-site employee health vendor and adapting other strategies, the vaccine manufacturer succeeded in raising employee influenza immunization rates from 34% in 2002 to 66% by the end of November 2003, well beyond the program's goal of 50%. By the end of December, after extra clinics were added in response to intense media coverage, the employee immunization rate increased to 76%.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2001

Results of the expanded program on immunization in the Macedonian refugee camps.

OBJECTIVES: This report summarizes the results of the Macedonian refugee camps' Expanded Program on Immunization. METHODS: Government agencies and nongovernmental organizations implemented an immunization program consisting of 3 mass vaccination campaigns in each of the 7 camps. Before the second mass campaign, weekly immunization clinics were initiated in each camp. Children younger than 48 months were immunized against 8 antigens according to a schedule established by the Macedonian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: Immunization coverage rates in the second campaign were 91% in Cegrane and 73% in Brazda. Coverage rates of the weekly clinics averaged 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating an expanded immunization program in the absence of a stable population is problematic.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Facilitating the WHO expanded program of immunization: the clinical profile of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Vaccines are important weapons in the fight against infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has been extended to include recommendations for hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccinations. The WHO has recommended that combined vaccines be used where possible, to reduce the logistic costs of vaccine delivery. This paper reviews the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of Tritanrix-HB/Hib, the only commercially available combined diphtheria, tetanus, whole cell pertussis, hepatitis B and conjugated Hib vaccine. METHODS: The immunogenicity and reactogenicity results of five published clinical trials involving Tritanrix-HB/Hib in a variety of immunization schedules and countries were reviewed. Based on these data and cost-effectiveness studies, an assessment of its suitability for use in national immunization programs was made. RESULTS: Tritanrix-HB/Hib has shown excellent immunogenicity in clinical trials using a variety of schedules, with no reduced immunogenicity observed for any of the components of the combined vaccine. It has similar reactogenicity to DTPw vaccines alone. Pharmacoeconomic analyses have shown combined DTP-HB/Hib vaccines to be cost-effective compared to separate vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of DTPw vaccination by Tritanrix-HB/Hib can be done without modifying the existing national immunization programs. This should facilitate widespread coverage of hepatitis B and Hib vaccinations and their rapid incorporation into the EPI.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗