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PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetics of iotrolan after intravenous injection into healthy volunteers.

In man Iotrolan is distributed in the extravascular space after intravenous injection with a half-life of about 11 minutes, the elimination half-life being about 108 minutes. After intravenous injection 99.2 +/- 1.8% of the dose was found in the urine and 0.5 +/- 0.1% in the feces within 5 days. No metabolization occurred in man and the pharmacokinetic behavior of iotrolan is comparable to that of known nonionic contrast media (e.g., iohexol, iopromide) (7, 9, 13).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The disaccharide effect of sucrose feeding on excretion of intravenously injected [1,2-3H]aldosterone and conjugated glucuronic acid in normotensive rats.

The hypothesis tested was that feeding rats sucrose rather than invert sugar (50:50 mixture of glucose and fructose) or cornstarch would result in a more rapid excretion of glucuronides and tritium from intravenously injected [1,2-3H]aldosterone. Thirty 56-d-old male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed for 8 wk one of three diets containing 45% of dietary energy from sucrose, invert sugar or cornstarch; 15% of energy was from protein and 40% from fat. Body weights and systolic blood pressures were measured weekly. After 60 d of feeding the diets ad libitum, all rats were injected intravenously with [1,2-3H]aldosterone and the percent recovery of tritium in both urine and feces was determined over the next 4 d. Urinary and fecal excretion of both free and conjugated glucuronic acid was determined over those 4 d. Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium (mg/d) was also determined. There were no differences between groups in food or water intakes, body weights, systolic blood pressures, daily fecal weights and daily urine volumes. The cornstarch-fed group excreted less sodium and potassium than did the other groups (P less than 0.05). The sucrose-fed group had a greater 4-d excretion of tritium (urinary + fecal) than did the invert sugar- or cornstarch-fed groups (P less than 0.01). The sucrose-fed group had a greater percentage of excreted glucuronic acid that was conjugated (urinary + fecal) than did the invert sugar- or cornstarch-fed groups (P less than 0.05). These results tended to confirm the hypothesis.

Aldosterone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myocardial contrast enhancement after intravenous injection of sonicated albumin microbubbles: a transesophageal echocardiography dipyridamole study.

Myocardial opacification after intravenous injection of an echo-contrast agent is a major end point in contrast echocardiography, but it has not yet been obtained in human beings. We propose transesophageal contrast echocardiography as a clinical tool for the study of myocardial perfusion in human beings. Sonicated albumin microbubbles are bright ultrasound reflectors that cross the pulmonary vasculature after intravenous injection and show physiologic transit times through tissues. Transesophageal echocardiography uses ideal transducer frequency and acoustic window for in vivo detection of sonicated albumin microbubbles. We have studied 11 patients receiving peripheral vein bolus injection of sonicated albumin microbubbles during transesophageal echocardiography at baseline and during dipyridamole infusion. Images were recorded on videotape and digitized off-line. Quantitative measurements were made on 11 normally perfused myocardial segments by tracing a region of interest of greater than 100 pixels on frozen end-systolic frames, at baseline, and during dipyridamole infusion. Transpulmonary passage with full left ventricular cavity opacification was obtained in all injections. In 8 of 22 injections there was also transient left ventricular cavity attenuation. In all patients there was a marked opacification of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root. At baseline, mean signal intensity in the myocardium increased from 80 +/- 37 to 117 +/- 49 IU (p < 0.05) and during dipyridamole infusion increased from 84 +/- 28 to 146 +/- 36 IU (p < 0.001). The analysis of background-subtracted data showed that mean pixel intensity increased from baseline to dipyridamole contrast injection (from 37 +/- 15 to 62 +/- 19 IU; p < 0.01). The opacification of normally perfused left ventricular myocardium is feasible during transesophageal echocardiography because there is a significant increase in signal intensity versus background intensity. During dipyridamole infusion there is a further increase in signal intensity that probably reflects pharmacologically induced increase in myocardial blood flow.

Albumins↗
PubMed1995

Visually discernible myocardial echocardiographic contrast after intravenous injection of sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles containing high molecular weight, less soluble gases.

OBJECTIVES: The central hypothesis of this study was that microbubble survival, and subsequent left ventricular and myocardial ultrasound contrast, could be improved by altering microbubble gas to consist of a higher molecular weight (less diffusible) and less soluble gas. BACKGROUND: Microbubble survival after intravenous injection is shortened because of rapid diffusion of blood-soluble room air gases (nitrogen and oxygen) across the permeable bubble membrane into blood. METHODS: Thirteen open chest dogs received intravenous injections of a constant dose of sonicated dextrose albumin that was incubated with either room air or 100% nitrogen, 100% helium or 100% sulfur hexafluoride. Nitrogen (100%) is less blood soluble than room air, whereas helium and sulfur hexafluoride are the least soluble. Sulfur hexafluoride has the slowest diffusion rate. To further decrease the diffusion rate, each sample was administered during inhalation of room air and again during brief inhalation of the same gas with which it had been incubated. RESULTS: The highest peak videointensity in the left ventricular cavity was produced by the sonicated dextrose albumin incubated with sulfur hexafluoride, the gas having lowest blood solubility and diffusion rate, while sulfur hexafluoride was briefly inhaled during the period of intravenous injection (peak videointensity 139 +/- 10 vs. 54 +/- 11 for room air-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin, p < 0.001). Myocardial contrast was visually evident in > 80% of the intravenous injections of sulfur hexafluoride-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin when the agent was given as an 8-fold concentrated sample during brief inhalation of sulfur hexafluoride. CONCLUSIONS: Visual myocardial echocardiographic contrast is possible after intravenous injection of sonicated dextrose albumin if the microbubbles contain a gas with low blood solubility and diffusivity.

Albumins↗
PubMed1963

CIRCULATING INTERFERON IN MICE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF VIRUS.

Circulating interferon was detectable in mouse serum within 1 hour after the intravenous injection of various types of virus and it reached maximum levels in about 4 hours. Rapidly produced interferon may play a role in the pathogenesis of viral infection and in viral interference.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Does flumazenil correct disorders of intracardiac conduction induced by accidental intravenous injection of bupivacaine?].

The authors report the case of a patient who experienced intracardiac conduction disturbances from accidental intravenous injection of bupivacaine, which were reversed by an intravenous injection of flumazenil. Flumazenil could act either in displacing bupivacaine from its binding site, or by an interaction involving the GABAergic system, unless a specific interaction between flumazenil and bupivacaine does exist. In case of experimental confirmation of this feature, flumazenil could be proposed as a new therapeutic tool for bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1986

Haemodynamic effects of intravenous injection of peritoneal exudate in experimental acute pancreatitis.

The haemodynamic effects of intravenous injection into the test animals themselves of peritoneal exudate obtained during experimental acute pancreatitis in pigs were studied. The exudate had a distinct but moderate vasodilating effect when injected into the test animal. This decrease in afterload and a slight compensatory increase in heart rate led to a small increase in cardiac output. The profound hypotensive effect of intravenous injection of peritoneal pancreatic exudate observed by others when injecting the exudate into healthy animals could not be reproduced. In an organism severely affected by pancreatitis, the added pharmacological insult of peritoneal exudate intravenously seems to be of little haemodynamic consequence. Some of the effects previously reported may be caused by trypsin added to the fluid injected intraductally to produce the ailment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Effect of injection volume on the pharmacokinetics of oil particles and incorporated menatetrenone after intravenous injection as O/W lipid emulsions in rats.

Oil-in-water lipid emulsions are promising drug carriers for lipophilic drugs, however, the pharmacokinetics after entering the circulation should be clarified at clinical injection volume in order to utilize them in a clinical situation. In the present study, the standard lipid emulsions, consisting of soybean oil, egg yolk phosphatides and menatetrenone with diameters of about 150 nm, were prepared using a microfluidizer system. The pharmacokinetics of menatetrenone and the oil particles after intravenous injection as standard lipid emulsions at various injection volumes, from the clinical injection volume (0.1 ml/kg) to the experimental injection volume (3.0 ml/kg), were examined in rats. The plasma concentrations of menatetrenone and the oil particles were similar after administration, showing that menatetrenone was not released even after entering the circulation. Menatetrenone was delivered to the liver and spleen at the clinical injection volume, and more menatetrenone was delivered to the liver at clinical injection volume compared with the experimental volume. Moreover, additional information on injection volume-dependency was also obtained from these findings. These results at various injection volumes suggested that the standard lipid emulsions can be utilized as a useful drug delivery system at the clinical injection volume, especially for liver and spleen targeting.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Transient myocardial contrast after initial exposure to diagnostic ultrasound pressures with minute doses of intravenously injected microbubbles. Demonstration and potential mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: We have observed a transient but significant increase in myocardial contrast intensity with intravenously injected perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles that occurs on initial exposure to pulsed ultrasound (transient-response imaging). The characteristics and magnitude of this response were examined in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 14 dogs, the myocardial contrast intensity produced by transient-response imaging (TRI) was compared with conventional 30-Hz imaging (CI) after a 0.005 to 0.030 mL/kg intravenous injection of PESDA. TRI was produced either by measuring myocardial contrast during triggered (1 pulse per cardiac cycle) ultrasound or by withholding real time ultrasound transmission until after microbubbles had entered the myocardium after intravenous injection. Both first-harmonic imaging (2.0 to 3.5 MHz) and second-harmonic imaging (2.0 to 2.5 MHz fundamental, 4.0 to 5.0 MHz received) were used. TRI produced over three times the anterior myocardial contrast intensity of CI (36 +/- 12 U TRI versus 11 +/- 11 U CI; P < .01), with visually better anterior and posterior myocardial contrast. The spatial extent of myocardial ischemia was easily visualized after intravenous PESDA by use of TRI and correlated closely with risk area as measured with Monastral blue (r = .99, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: TRI produces significantly greater myocardial contrast than CI and may dramatically enhance the ability of intravenous ultrasound contrast agents to identify myocardial perfusion abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Animal experiments on the distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) (author's transl)].

The distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected, radioactive biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) were studied in the mini-pig after the induction of choledochal, thoracic duct and gall bladder fistulae. The investigations were carried out with free lymph and bile flow during artificial cholestasis and after occluding both ureters. Following intravenous injection of 0.24 to 1.0 ml. Bilivistan, there was a cholersis up to six times original value. Ther thoracic duct lymph showed only a small volume rise. The lymphatic circulation played no significant quantitative role in contrast distribution of Ioglycomate in the animal, nor did it influence the blood clearance curves. During normal bile flow, only 1.3% of the injected dose appeared in the thoracic duct within three hours, and during acute biliary obstruction, only 2.6%. The investigations have indicated a biliary transport maximum Ioglycomate in the mini-pig of 2.9 mg./min./kg. body weight. If the excretory capacity of the liver is exceeded and during cholestasis there is compensatory excretion of the biliary contrast medium through the kidneys.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to intracarotid and intravenous injections of serotonin in rats.

The possible central regulation of cardiovascular system by serotoninergic neurones was investigated in rats by using a cross-circulated head preparation. Intracarotid injections of serotonin (5-HT, 0.1-10 micrograms) consistently produced neurally mediated vasodepression in the recipient body. Although intravenous injections of 5-HT (0.1-1 micrograms) caused similar depressor responses, larger doses (5-10 micrograms) caused biphasic responses, consisting of vasodepression followed by a sustained pressor response. Despite the biphasic blood pressure responses, sympathetic nerve activity was consistently reduced by the intravenous 5-HT. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the vasodepressor responses to intravenous injections of 5-HT (10 micrograms) and made the responses purely pressor, but the vasodepressor responses to intracarotid injections of 5-HT (10 micrograms) were largely unaffected. Following destruction of central noradrenergic neurones by intracerebroventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine, the vasodepressor responses to intracarotid 5-HT (1-10 micrograms), but not to the intravenous 5-HT, were significantly reduced. These results suggest that intravenous injections of 5-HT reduce nerve activity by affecting the reflex mechanism via the vagus nerves. On the other hand, the vasodepression and reduction of the nerve activity by the intracarotid injections appears to be of central origin, and the vasodepression could be mediated via noradrenergic mechanisms in the brain.

Animals↗