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PubMed1996

Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats.

Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are highly infective to intermediate hosts including humans, pigs, and mice, but are considered less infective for cats, the definitive host. To determine infectivity of T. gondii oocysts for cats, 20 2- to 3-mo-old T. gondii-free cats in groups of 4 were fed graded doses of oocysts estimated to have 1, 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 mouse infective oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii. Feces of cats were examined for at least 35 days after feeding oocysts. All cats were killed, necropsied, their sera were tested for T. gondii antibodies, and tissues were bioassayed in mice. Three of the 4 cats fed 10,000 oocysts, 3 of the 4 cats fed 1,000 oocysts, and 2 of the 4 cats each fed 100 oocysts shed 7.3-162 million T. gondii oocysts in their feces, with a prepatent period of 18-44 days. Based on bioassay and antibody production, all 4 cats fed 10,000 oocysts, 3 of 4 cats fed 1,000 oocysts, 2 of 4 cats fed 100 oocysts, and 0 of 8 cats fed 1 or 10 oocysts acquired T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by the modified agglutination test in all 9 bioassay-proven T. gondii-infected cats and in none of the 11 cats without demonstrable T. gondii. In a series of other experiments, the age of the cat at the time of oocyst feeding and the administration of corticosteroids were found to have no influence on the prepatent periods after ingestion of oocysts. A review of published and unpublished data indicated that the minimum prepatent period to shedding of oocysts after the ingestion of oocysts by cats is 18 days.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Low seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in feral pigs from a remote island lacking cats.

Serum samples from 1,264 feral pigs from Ossabaw Island, Georgia were initially screened for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole-formalinized tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Seropositive samples were also tested by the Sabin-Feldman dye test, the latex agglutination test (LAT), and the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT). Ossabaw Island is a remote, barrier island located southeast of Savannah, Georgia. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 11 (0.9%) of 1,264 pigs. The antibody titers were 1:20 (1 pig), 1:80 (2 pigs), 1:160 (2 pigs), 1:320 (4 pigs), and 1:640 (2 pigs) by the MAT, and 1:8 (2 pigs), 1:16 (3 pigs), 1:32 (1 pig), 1:64 (2 pigs), 1:128 (1 pig), and > or = 1:256 (2 pigs) by the Sabin-Feldman dye test. By the LAT, 5 pigs had a titer of > or = 1:64 and by the IHAT all 11 pigs had a titer of < 1:64. Antibodies (MAT titer, > or = 1:25) were found in 31 (18.2%) of 170 feral pigs from mainland Georgia. This seroprevalence on the mainland was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) as compared on Ossabaw Island. The markedly low prevalence of T. gondii on Ossabaw Island was attributed to the virtual absence of cats on the Island; only 1 domestic cat was known to be present.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

[Amebic liver abscess: ultrasound and clinical follow-up of 20 patients].

A retrospective analysis of 20 patients with amoebic liver abscesses was performed. Seven of 20 patients had more than one abscess. In all, 33 separate abscesses were observed. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings such as malaise, fever, abdominal discomfort, and pain in the right abdomen, haematological and serological anomalies, such as leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and slightly elevated liver enzymes. The serological investigation included complement fixation, indirect haemagglutination, and latex fixation test, this latter test produced strong reactions in all patients with acute symptoms. The typical ultrasonographic pattern resembled that of a minor echogenic lesion at the time of diagnosis and initiation of therapy. However, in a few acutely ill patients the lesions could not be identified by ultrasonography on first examination, but were clearly identifiable on second investigation on the following days. This finding has not been published previously. It may be observed in a very early stage of the disease only and is, therefore, dependent on rapid diagnosis of amoebiasis. During the follow-up investigations of three months to one year, the majority of abscesses could still be identified.

Amebicides↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sensitivity and specificity of several immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of new different immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer, including Iatro Hemcheck, Immudia-Hem Sp, LA Hemochaser, Monohaem and OC-Hemodia. METHODOLOGY: Ninety-six patients with colorectal cancer and the same number of healthy controls served as subjects for the study. In this study, each subject received a set of five immunochemical tests over three consecutive days; and sensitivities and specificity of these tests were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean sensitivity and specificity in a set of five immunochemical tests were 91.0% and 95.2%, respectively. Sensitivities and specificity of five different immunochemical tests were calculated as 92.7% and 92.7% for Iatro-Hemcheck, 90.6% and 96.9% for Immudia-Hem Sp, 88.5% and 96.9% for LA Hemochaser, 91.7% and 95.8% for Monohaem, and 91.7% and 93.8% for OC-Hemodia, respectively, showing no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity among five tests. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that immunochemical tests for fecal occult blood tests has high diagnostic validity for colorectal cancer. In addition, there is no significant difference in the degree of accuracy among the several types of immunochemical tests.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗

PubMed1998

Current trends in the detection of antigenaemia, metabolites and cell wall markers for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of fungal infections.

There have been several recent developments in the diagnosis of fungal infections, including the production of novel antigen detection tests, the G-test, and assays for the detection of fungal metabolites. In this article we present an overview of these developments and examine the value of including these tests in clinical trials.

Antigens, Fungal↗

PubMed1963