["Short-term" or "long term care" with antibiotics].
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
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Results for “Long term”
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['Trigger thumb' in 38 children: good short-term and long-term results from surgery].
OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct and long-term effectivity of incision of the pulley in a trigger thumb (tendovaginitis stenosans). DESIGN: Retrospective study with follow-up. METHODS: In the period 1984-1995, 38 children (24 boys and 14 girls) were diagnosed and operated on 45 trigger thumbs in the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (Amsterdam) and Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, the Netherlands. Data were obtained from notes, operation reports and review in follow-up, at least 2 years after the operation. RESULTS: The mean age of the children at the moment of surgery was 3 years and 2 months (range: 11 months-10.33 years). 39 out of 45 thumbs were reviewed. Four thumbs had limited postoperative function. Two of these had a revision operation. There was 1 thumb with a postoperative superficial infection. At follow-up all thumbs had maximal function. The nodule in the tendon, which was palpable in 43 out of 45 thumbs preoperatively, had (almost) disappeared in all 39 thumbs at follow-up. There was a family history of trigger thumb in 33% of the 33 patients with follow up. 18% had bilateral involvement of the thumbs. The 6 digits not included in follow-up had a normal function according to the last notes. CONCLUSION: The results of surgery in the short term are good, in the long term excellent. Few complications occur. Based on the findings, it seems advisable to operate on children with a trigger thumb if there is no spontaneous recovery within half a year. Trigger thumb is the result of a congenital tight pulley.
Child↗
[Short-term and long-term therapy with slow-release ISDN. Echographic, vector cardiographic and ergometric findings (author's transl)].
The effect of slow-release isosorbide dinitrate (Maycor retard) on the myocard was investigated in a short-term study (single dose of 20 mg slow-release ISDN) and in a long-term study (2 X 20 mg slow-release ISDN daily) in 10 patients with coronary heart disease. The parameters assessed were heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperature at rest, load ECG, orthogonal ECG and VCG by computer and UCG echocardiography. The reductions of diastolic and systolic ventricular diameter are statistically significant in the short-term and long-term trials. The ejection time decreases. The velocity of circumferential fiber shortening as a measure of myocardial contractility increases highly significantly. R peak and T wave amplitude in the Y lead change significantly. These findings can be interpreted as an expression of improved myocardial tension and a normalization of the contraction and relaxation.
Blood Pressure↗
Short-term versus long-term cefuroxime prophylaxis in patients undergoing emergency cesarean section.
A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of long-term and short-term prophylaxis with cefuroxime in preventing morbidity after cesarean section. Sixty patients who required emergency cesarean section were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a control group of 20 patients receiving no prophylactic antibiotics; a group of 20 patients receiving 24 hours of cefuroxime prophylaxis (0.75 gm 30 to 60 minutes before surgery and at 8 hours and 16 hours after surgery); and a group of 20 patients receiving five days of cefuroxime prophylaxis (0.75 gm three times a day, the first dose being given postoperatively). The short-term and long-term prophylaxes were equally effective in reducing morbidity, assessed by postoperative temperatures, presence or absence of endometritis, and duration of postoperative hospital stay.
Cefuroxime↗
Short-term and long-term clinical evaluation of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant (mazindol) in the treatment of obesity.
The effectiveness and tolerance of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant drug has been evaluated in a short-term and in a long-term clinical trial in simple obesity and in refractory obesity. In the short-term 'crossover' trial, a more evident effectiveness and tolerance result when the anorexiant is given in a late phase of treatment. The association of an anorexiant drug with the hypocaloric diet was seen to be effective in the treatment of so-called refractory obesity. In the evaluation of the long-term treatment it is seen that weight loss is greater and remains so farr longer periods in patients receiving anorexiant, as compared to controls. This is related to a better maintenance of a restricted calorie regimen. Mazindol did not affect the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion which follows the weight reduction.
Adolescent↗
Short-term versus long-term filter cassette sampling for viable fungi in indoor air: comparative performance of the Sartorius MD8 and the GSP sampler.
Since the past decade, there is growing concern on the health implications of fungal exposure in indoor environments. Several methods are available for the measurement of airborne viable fungi, however, there is still a lack of standardization and comparability of these methods. The purpose of our field study was to apply the recommendations of the newly released technical standards TRBA 405 and 430 to the conditions of non-industrial indoor environments and to investigate the comparative performance of the two recommended filter cassette samplers (Sartorius MD8 and GSP) using the direct method. During two sampling phases (August to beginning of December 2000, and December 2000 to February 2001) a total of 360 short-term samples and 30 long-term samples were analyzed in parallel at 20 sampling days. Mean fungal CFUs varied from 2 x 10(1) to 3 x 10(2) CFU/m3, with the relative recovery of the GSP (vs. MD8) method being 1.00 (range, 0.89-1.14). We found a good correlation (Pearson's r = 0.95) between the MD8 and the GSP method. Both samplers showed good reproducibility, the coefficients of variation being 19.4% for the MD8, and 13.2% for the GSP sampler. Aspergillus and Penicillium (median proportions > 20% of the fungal CFUs, each) were the most prevalent indoor fungal genera during this season, followed by Wallemia (> 10%) and Cladosporium. The coefficients of variation for single genera ranged from 27% to 89%. We conclude that the recommendations of the technical standards TRBA 405 and 430 can efficiently be applied to survey fungal exposure under the conditions of non-industrial indoor environments. If short-term samples by using the MD8 are conducted for orientating purposes, at least two to three samples per sampling site are necessary in order to minimize intra-sampler variability (r > 0.95). Due to easy overloading of the small filter surface of the GSP at higher airborne spore concentrations, the more representative long-term sampling should preferably be done by using the indirect method, however, the results of both methods may not be equated. The interpretation of the fungal spectrum should be conducted with caution, particularly at low absolute concentrations.
Air Pollutants↗
Long-term care issue brief: long-term care insurance: year end report-2004.
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Humans↗
Accumulation and cellular localization of fibrinogen/fibrin during short-term and long-term rat liver injury.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: During liver fibrosis, there is a putative pacemaker role of fibronectin. Fibrinogen is closely linked to fibronectin during clotting processes. The aim of this study was to show fibrinogen gene expression during liver damage. METHODS: Fibrinogen/fibrin deposition in damaged livers was studied by immunohistology. Fibrinogen gene expression was analyzed in vivo in a model of CCl4-induced rat liver damage and in vitro in isolated liver cells by means of Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Immunohistology showed striking amounts of fibrinogen and fibrin deposits in pericentral necrotic areas (short-term damage) and within fibrotic septa (long-term damage). Total RNA extracted from short-term-damaged livers contained an increased fibrinogen messenger RNA level. By in situ hybridization, fibrinogen transcripts were localized in cells of the nonnecrotic areas (short-term damage) and outside fibrotic septa (long-term damage). In vitro studies showed fibrinogen de novo synthesis restricted to hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The results show fibrinogen/fibrin deposition during short-term liver injury and liver fibrogenesis, which may suggest the involvement of a "clotting-like process" in short-term liver damage and liver fibrosis. The data might indicate that fibrin/fibronectin constitute a "provisional matrix," which affects the attraction and proliferation of inflammatory and matrix-producing cells.
Animals↗
Simultaneous expression of long-term depression of NMDA and long-term potentiation of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in the CA1 area of the kainic acid-lesioned hippocampus.
This study investigates the plasticity of the excitatory synapses in an experimental model of epilepsy, the kainic acid-lesioned rat hippocampus. Stimulation of afferents in the CA1 area of lesioned hippocampi produced an epileptiform burst of action potentials, with an underlying synaptic potential composed of mixed alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA; 80%) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 20%) receptor-mediated components. Tetanic stimulation yielded a long-term potentiation (LTP) of the mixed AMPA/NMDA receptor-mediated population excitatory postsynaptic potentials. However, the same type of tetanus resulted in a long-term depression (LTD) of pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor-mediated responses. This LTD occurred independently of the antagonism of AMPA receptors. This suggests that tetanic stimulation produced LTP of AMPA and LTD of NMDA receptor-mediated responses simultaneously. Finally, both LTP and LTD were shown to be NMDA dependent. This property has profound functional implications for the control of excitatory networks in temporal lobe epilepsy.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
Interferon-alpha inhibits long-term potentiation and unmasks a long-term depression in the rat hippocampus.
Interferons (IFN) appear to have various neuromodulatory actions. Here, we characterized the actions of IFN-alpha on the electrophysiological properties of CA1 hippocampal neurons using intracellular recordings. Superfusion of this cytokine did not alter the resting membrane potential, cell input resistance, action potentials, nor GABA-mediated fast synaptic potentials. IFN-alpha inhibited glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (gEPSPs) and reversed or prevented long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by high-frequency tetanic stimulation. IFN-alpha reduced gEPSP amplitude far below its control value. Only a short-term potentiation (STP) was observed when either IFN-alpha or D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerato (APV; NMDA receptor antagonist) were present during tetanic stimulation. After this STP in presence of APV, IFN-alpha had no effect on gEPSPs. APV had no effect on LTP when applied after tetanic stimulation and did also not prevent IFN-alpha effect on LTP. Genistein (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) or heat inactivation prevented IFN-alpha effects. IFN-alpha also decreased the depolarization induced by local application of glutamate but did not modify those induced by NMDA. Similarly, IFN-alpha reversed the potentiation (induced by tetanic stimulation) of glutamate-induced depolarizations. IFN-alpha did not affect long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency tetanic stimulation. In conclusion, IFN-alpha-induced inhibition of LTP is, at least in part, mediated by a postsynaptic effect, by tyrosine kinase activity, and by non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Inhibition of LTP by IFN-alpha unmasks LTD which is induced by the same high-frequency tetanic stimulation.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
Short-term and long-term initial stay in hospital of children with insulin-dependent diabetes: adjustment of families after two years.
A randomized prospective trial on the effect of the length of initial hospital stay (23 +/- 4 days and 9 +/- 3 days) in 61 consecutive children with newly diagnosed diabetes was carried out. Since the metabolic outcome was similar in the treatment groups for the first two years, we analyzed the adjustment and subjective well-being of families to the diabetes after a two-year follow-up period. A semi-structured interview by a psychologist who was blinded to the initial treatment length and medical history of the child showed that 74% of the families in the short-term and 58% in the long-term treatment groups had good overall psychosocial ability to function (ns); there were no unusual fears in 37% and 15% of the families (ns), respectively. After short-term treatment, families needed slightly but not significantly less time to be confident about the management of diabetes in the family. These findings show that the short-term initial hospital stay does not unfavorably affect the adjustment of the family to diabetes and should probably be preferred over the long-term initial hospital stay.
Adolescent↗
Effects of short-term and long-term administration of amiodarone on hepatobiliary function in male rats.
Functional, biochemical and histological parameters of hepatotoxicity were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving amiodarone (Am) short-term by gavage (5, 50, 150 and 500 mg Am kg-1 day-1, 10 days) or dietary exposure (50 ppm, 1500 ppm, 4-week duration), or by long-term dietary exposure (50 ppm, 8-month duration). Serum enzyme (ALT, AST, ICD) levels and histopathological examination indicated no observable evidence of toxicity among rats of any of the treatment groups. Reduced food intake and reduction in weight gain was observed for rats exposed short-term to 1500 ppm dietary Am. Assessment of hepatobiliary function in treated rats indicated that short-term and long-term dietary exposure to Am resulted in a compromised excretion of readily excretable phenolphthalein glucuronide (PG), although inanition may account for this effect in the 1500 ppm group. Rats receiving Am by gavage exhibited a reduction in biliary excretion of PG, which was not dose-dependent. Distribution of Am and its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone, was similar to previous reports wherein both compounds accumulated in adipose, lung and liver tissue. These data suggest that minor alterations of hepatobiliary function occur in the absence of histological alterations and may preceed biochemical changes, as assessed in this study.
Amiodarone↗
A persistent reduction in short-term facilitation accompanies long-term potentiation in the CA1 area in the intact hippocampus.
Exploration of the nature of the relationship between short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity should aid our understanding of their roles in brain function. The effects of inducing long-term potentiation on short-term facilitation at CA1 synapses in the stratum radiatum of the intact hippocampus were examined by recording the slope of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential in both urethane and freely behaving adult rats. Facilitation of the second synaptic response to paired-pulse stimulation (40ms interstimulus interval) was monitored before and after the induction of long-term potentiation by high-frequency stimulation (10 trains of 20 pulses at 200Hz). The tetanus triggered a rapid overall reduction in paired-pulse facilitation that persisted for at least 2h. In the anaesthetized animals a detailed correlation analysis revealed that initial paired-pulse facilitation level correlated strongly with the subsequent reduction in paired-pulse facilitation and the magnitude of long-term potentiation. The reduction in paired-pulse facilitation also correlated with long-term potentiation magnitude. These relationships were not observed in animals with low initial degrees of paired-pulse facilitation. It was concluded that the relative contribution of different expression mechanisms of long-term potentiation varies depending on the initial facilitation characteristics of the synapses. Furthermore, the temporal selectivity and gain control of synapses can be altered persistently in the intact hippocampus. This suggests that there is considerable variation in the fidelity of temporal information storage at different synapses during learning and memory in the CA1 area.
Animals↗
Short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury and their management.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: During the past decade increasing attention has focused on the problem of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Although risk factors are now well known, the effects of such damage have received less study. This review focuses on the early and long-term problems that may arise subsequent to anal sphincter injury following childbirth and assesses therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS: Up to 25% of women experience altered faecal continence after vaginal delivery, with 4% having persistent symptoms. In those women who have sustained a recognized tear to the sphincter, the quality of primary repair is crucial. Nevertheless, evidence clearly supporting the superiority of overlap over approximation repair is still lacking. The importance of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of postpartum faecal incontinence is gaining increasing attention. Augmented biofeedback physiotherapy is the gold standard for treatment of women with such injury, whereas sacral nerve stimulation represents a newer treatment option. SUMMARY: The short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury warrant increased attention, because with increasing longevity more women are surviving into their 80s and the prevalence of faecal incontinence in this population will increase if measures are not taken to address the problem. Prevention of such injury is not always possible and management options must be further explored. Adequate primary treatment of third-degree tears is of paramount importance.
Anal Canal↗
Improved glycemic control with decreased hypoglycemia prevents long-term complications in type 2 diabetes patients: long-term simulation analysis using the "diabetes mellitus model".
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of insulin glargine (glargine) and NPH insulin (NPH) on long-term outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients using the Diabetes Mellitus Model (DMM). METHODS: The DMM predicts short- and long-term complications over ten years using data in studies published previously. The main effect on outcome is the influence of the treatment on the HbA1c level which is simulated over time. The simulation was based on a cohort size of 10,000 type 2 diabetes patients taking either glargine or NPH. The best scenario, baseline scenario and worst case scenario were simulated based on differences of 0.13%, 0.44% and 0.85%, respectively, in HbA1c values and corresponding to potentially attainable improvements with comparable or lower hypoglycemia rates in glargine-treated patients and NPH-treated patients. Assumptions for scenarios 1, 2 and 3 were based on a regression analysis of clinical trial data (pooled data clinical trials comparing glargine and NPH) in which the effect of glargine on the HbA1c/hypoglycemia incidence ratio was superior to that of NPH. RESULTS: The relative risks (RR, glargine/NPH) obtained for scenarios 1, 2 and 3 were 0.97, 0.89 and 0.81, respectively, for long-term microvascular complications and 0.99, 0.95 and 0.91, respectively, for long-term macrovascular complications. RR reductions ranged from 1% in the less optimistic scenario to > 20% in the "best case" scenario. Sensitivity analyses showed that variations in the mean baseline HbA1c values and duration of the diabetes were without effect on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is a need to corroborate the results of these simulations with real, long-term clinical data, they have demonstrated that, assuming comparable or lower rates of hypoglycemia, a better glycemic control (HbA1c reduction) can be expected with glargine when compared to NPH together with a reduction in long-term complications, mortality and associated costs.
Computer Simulation↗
Long-term ethanol administration and short- and long-term liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term ethanol consumption affects the long-term regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy and to study whether the metabolic demands imposed on the liver by the regenerative process accentuate liver damage produced in the liver by ethanol. Animals fed alcohol (35% of total calories) in liquid diets over time were partially hepatectomized (68% removal) and then were given ethanol-containing diets until complete liver restitution. They were studied at 24 hr and at 7 and 14 days. At these times, prior and continued ethanol administration did not result in changes in total DNA restituted, percent of cells undergoing mitosis, or incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA as determined chemically and by autoradiography. After partial hepatectomy, ethanol-fed animals showed a reduction in both DNA and proteins per gram of liver. However, these effects were the result of the hepatomegaly induced by ethanol and were also observed in sham-operated animals fed the diets containing ethanol. An apparent decrease in percent restitution of live weight was observed at 24 hr after hepatectomy in the ethanol-fed animals. However, this was caused by a marked increase in hepatocyte size in the controls, which matched the already enlarged hepatocytes in the ethanol-fed animals. Partial hepatectomy was found to transiently increase the lipid content of the livers in control animals. In ethanol-fed animals partial hepatectomy resulted in markedly fatty livers, as observed both histologically and chemically, which exceeded these abnormalities in alcohol-fed sham-operated rats. In conclusion, long-term ethanol consumption prior to partial hepatectomy and continuous ethanol consumption after the operation did not affect negatively the complete restitution of the liver when compared with controls.
Animals↗
Ear surgery in osteogenesis imperfecta. Clinical findings and short-term and long-term results.
Preoperative and postoperative hearing results and long-term results of stapedectomy have been investigated in 58 ears (47 patients) with osteogenesis imperfecta. After 3 months, hearing gain had been achieved in 49 (85%) of 58 ears. Twenty-seven (68%) of 40 ears followed up for an average of 9.6 years (range, 2 to 24 years) had no deterioration of their immediate postoperative hearing gain. In the other ears, the decrease in hearing gain in the long term was due to progression of the sensorineural component of the hearing loss. Complete closure of the air-bone gap remained unchanged in 26 (70%) of 37 ears. In 5 (9%) of 58 ears the sensorineural component of the hearing loss increased as an immediate result of the operation. In 6 other ears (10%) progressive sensorineural hearing loss was seen only after more than 1 year. A natural course of the disease is assumed as the cause because progressive sensorineural hearing loss has also been seen in the nonoperated on contralateral ears of these patients.
Adult↗
[Twelve year triage and thrombolysis treatment prior to hospitalization for myocardial infarction patients in the Rotterdam area of the Netherlands: outstanding short-term and long-term results].
OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of thrombolysis prior to hospitalisation in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHOD: The 'Reperfusion for acute infarcts Rotterdam' (Dutch acronym: REPAIR) programme aims to minimise treatment delay in patients with evolving myocardial infarction by the initiation of thrombolytic therapy prior to hospital admission. For patients with symptoms that indicate a developing myocardial infarction, treatment is initiated immediately by the ambulance personnel at the patient's home, once the diagnosis has been confirmed with the help of a portable 12-lead ECG system. The interval between the onset of symptoms and the thrombolysis infusion was recorded for all patients, as well as any complications which occurred during transportation. The long-term survival was determined using data from the municipal registration. RESULTS: In the period 1988-2000, 1487 patients were treated using the REPAIR protocol, 80% of these within two hours after the onset of symptoms. In 9 cases (0.6%) a thrombolytic treatment had been initiated, whereas the diagnosis 'myocardial infarction' was not confirmed at the hospital. During transport 40 patients (2.7%) experienced ventricle fibrillation, 25 (1.7%) severe hypotension, and 2 patients (0.1%) died. Mortality at 30 days and at one, five, and ten years was 4.9%, 7.3%, 16.2% en 30.1%, respectively. Patients treated within two hours after the onset of symptoms had lower mortality rates than those treated later: at one year 6.7% versus 9.7%, and at 5 years 14.0% versus 25.1% (Kaplan-Meier estimates; log rank test: p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Immediate thrombolytic treatment of patients with a developing myocardial infarction which could be safely initiated by ambulance personnel, resulted in excellent short-term and long-term survival.
Aged↗