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PubMed1983

Congenital and hereditary anomalies in the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago.

During seven annual birth seasons, from January 1976 to July 1982, 963 infants were born in the Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The reproductive rate for mature females, 4 years of age and older, ranged between 74.1% and 84.7%, with a cumulative mean of 80.8% over 7 years. Live births comprised 95.3% of the total and the secondary sex ratio was 109 male to 100 female births. No twinning was observed. Aborted and stillborn monkeys represented 4.7% of all births. The percentage of stillborn females was greater than that of males (4.0% vs. 3.1%). Neonatal death, defined as mortality within 48 hours postpartum, occurred in 0.8% of the live births. Two cases of congenital abnormalities were observed. The first was an anencephalic, acranial female and the second a congenitally blind male. Both infants were born to matrilineally unrelated 7-and 8-year-old multiparous females with no prior history of delivering malformed offspring. The incidence of each defect, based on 963 births, was 0.10%, with a cumulative incidence of 0.20% for all teratisms seen during the study. Multiple occurrences of a rare, nonpathological and nonlethal hereditary anomaly were also seen. Five "golden" macaques were born into two genetically distinct social groups within the last 2 years of observation. The incidence of this phenotype, based on five cases, was 0.52%, 52 times the expected rate (.01%).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Twins born following fertility treatment: implications for quantitative genetic studies.

The rate of multiple births is substantially elevated in women who have had assisted reproduction treatment (ART; approximately 26%) compared to the general population ( approximately 1%), and these offspring are usually included in twin studies. Several studies have attempted to identify possible consequences of undergoing ART on the subsequent offspring. However, most studies have only included singleton births. We first examined whether twins born by ART differed from other twins on measures of childhood psychopathology, putative risk factors and correlates, and secondly tested for differences in the degree of twin similarity for available outcome measures. From a population-based twin sample, 101 families with dizygotic (DZ) twins conceived via ART were identified and compared with 1073 naturally conceived (NC) control DZ twin pairs. Analyses performed were (1) univariate and multivariate comparisons of between-group mean differences; and (2) comparison of twin 1-twin 2 correlations between the groups. The groups differed significantly on demographic factors (parental age, family size and social class) and pregnancy variables (smoking during pregnancy and birthweight) but did not differ on family conflict scores or in the frequency of obstetric complications. Family cohesion was higher in the ART group but this was accounted for by demographic factors. For child psychopathology there was a difference between the groups only for teacher-rated ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Differences were also found between groups for twin correlations. The differences found between ART and NC twins on group means and twin correlations suggest that researchers should be aware that including ART twins may influence results from twin studies.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed1996

Morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome at age five years of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that continuing regular, vigorous, sustained exercise throughout pregnancy adversely affects morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome in offspring at 5 years of age. STUDY DESIGN: The offspring of 20 women who exercised were compared with those of 20 physically active control subjects. The women and their offspring were matched for multiple prenatal and postnatal variables known to influence outcome. All women were enrolled before the index pregnancy, monitored throughout, and had clinically normal antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal courses. Morphometric measures were obtained at birth and at 5 years of age by a single, trained observer. Neurodevelopment was assessed by developmental psychologists masked to maternal exercise status. Data were analyzed with an unpaired Student t test. RESULTS: At birth, head circumference and length were similar, but the offspring of the exercising women weighed less (3.40 +/- 0.80 vs 3.64 +/- 0.70 kg) and had less fat (10.5% +/- 0.9% vs 15.1% +/- 0.6%). At 5 years of age, head circumference and height were similar, but the offspring of the women who exercised weighed less (18.0 +/- 0.5 vs 19.5 +/- 0.6 kg) and had a lower sum (sigma) of five site skinfolds (37 +/- 1 vs 44 +/- 2 mm). Motor, integrative, and academic readiness skills were similar. However, the exercise offspring performed significantly better on the Wechsler scales (125 +/- 2 vs 116 +/- 3) and tests of oral language skills (119 +/- 2 vs 109 +/- 3). CONCLUSIONS: These data refute the hypothesis and suggest that exercise during pregnancy reduces the subcutaneous fat mass of the offspring.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles as an anthelmintic in pregnant ewes and safety to offspring.

The objective of the experiment was to determine the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in pregnant ewes and safety to lambs. COWP have been used recently as an anthelmintic in small ruminants to overcome problems associated with nematode resistance to chemical dewormers. Doses of COWP (<or=4 g) have been used in lambs without clinical signs of copper toxicity. Use in pregnant ewes has not been examined. Mature Katahdin ewes were administered 0 (n=14), 2 (n=15), or 4 (n=15)g of COWP 33+/-1.6 days before lambing in late March 2004. Fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV) were determined between Days 0 (day of COWP administration) and 35. Lambs were weighed within 24h after birth, at 30 and 60 days of age, and in mid-September ( approximately 120 days of age). Blood was collected from lambs within 24h after birth and at 30 days of age for determination of the activity of the liver enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma. Within 7 days after COWP administration, FEC decreased by 1308 and 511 eggs/g (epg) in the 2 and 4 g groups, respectively, compared with an increase of 996 epg in the control group (P<0.02). PCV was similar among groups between Days 0 and 35. Lamb plasma AST activity at birth increased with increasing dose of COWP in dams (P<0.001). Plasma AST activity at 30 days of age was similar for lambs from ewes treated with 0 and 2g COWP, but was slightly greater in lambs from ewes treated with 4 g COWP (P<0.02). Birth weights decreased with increasing COWP (P<0.003). By 30 (COWPxbirth type, P<0.02) and 60 (COWPxbirth type, P<0.02) days of age, weight of multiple-born lambs decreased with increasing COWP, while weight of single-born lambs was similar among treatments. In mid-September ( approximately 120 days of age) weights of multiple-born lambs from ewes treated with 4 g COWP tended to be lightest compared with lambs from ewes treated with 0 or 2g COWP or single-born lambs (P<0.09). Lamb survival to 30, 60, or 120 days of age was not affected by COWP treatment to ewes. Administration of 4 g COWP to late pregnant ewes may negatively impact multiple-born offspring, but the 2g appears to be safe for production.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The association between pregnancy processes, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depressions--the need for interdisciplinary integration.

Pregnancy and peripartum/perinatal periods are characterized by significant biologic as well as psychosocial processes and changes that influence the 2 individuals at focus (mother and fetus), as well as their interactions with the immediate environment. Multiple intertwined pathologic pregnancy processes (hormonal, biologic, stress and other mental occurrences) may lead to fetal distress, preterm delivery (PTD), low birth weight (LBW), and other delivery complications as well as to postpartum disorders. PTD and LBW in particular have been demonstrated to be associated with significant mortality as well as short- and long-term morbidity. Underlying processes and risk factors for PTD, LBW and postpartum disorders may overlap. Their impact on the offspring is compounded. Currently, the multiple clinical and research disciplines that are concerned with the various aspects of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period are not conceptually and practically integrated. Specifically, obstetricians are more concerned with delivery complications, whereas mental health professionals are concerned with postpartum depression. An interdisciplinary approach is needed for better understanding of developmental processes and the development of measurements and interventions to prevent long-term impact on the offspring.

Anxiety↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Observations of mating, birthing and parental behaviour in three subspecies of slender loris (Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus ) in India and Sri Lanka.

Studies of the life history parameters of slender lorises in captivity have led to conflicting results regarding gestation length, birth seasonality, interspecies variation in litter size and the degree of parental care given to offspring. During the course of field studies of Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, L. l. nordicus and L. tardigradus tardigradus, data were collected on these life history variables, as well as on behaviours relating to mating. All 3 taxa displayed courtship behaviour involving the pursuit of a female by multiple males. Mating corresponded closely with captive observations, with a period of prolonged single intromissions lasting 3-11 min. One gestation period of 163 days was calculated for L. l. lydekkerianus. Births for all 3 taxa were distributed throughout the year, and males were seen mating throughout the year. All 3 taxa gave birth to singletons and twins; no subspecific pattern in litter size was evident. Females carried infants for the first 4 weeks of life and were regularly attended by males, which groomed both the mother and her offspring. After infants had been parked, female L. l. lydekkerianus and L. l. nordicus rarely returned before dawn, though males visited and played with infants. Female L. t. tardigradus maintained proximity with their infants, whilst males were not observed in proximity to infants during the night. All 3 taxa slept in social groups. High-energy milk, in combination with male care, may aid in the potentially high reproductive output of 4 infants per year.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The one-year morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that continuing regular exercise throughout pregnancy alters morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year. STUDY DESIGN: The offspring of 52 women who exercised were compared with those of 52 control subjects who were similar in terms of multiple prenatal and postnatal variables known to influence outcome. All women were enrolled before pregnancy and had clinically normal antenatal and postnatal courses. Neurodevelopment was assessed by blinded examiners at 1 year of age, and morphometrics were obtained at birth and at 1 year of age. RESULTS: At birth, the offspring of the exercising women weighed less (3.38 +/- 0.06 kg vs 3.58 +/- 0.07 kg) and had less body fat (9.5% +/- 0.8% vs 12.6% +/- 0.6%). However, at 1 year, all morphometric parameters were similar, and no clinically significant between-group differences were observed in performance on either the Bayley psychomotor (108 +/- 1 vs 101 +/- 2) or mental (120 +/- 1 vs 118 +/- 1) scales. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the offspring of exercising mothers have normal growth and development during the first year of life.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Hereditary multiple exostoses: clinicopathologic features of a comparative study in horses and man.

Investigation of hereditary multiple exostoses in horses under controlled research conditions for 10 years and epidemiologic studies that have spanned up to five generations of human families contain notable similarities. The present study demonstrated that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for hereditary multiple exostoses in horses and man. Affected individuals transmit this trait to approximately 50% of their progeny, whereas nonaffected individuals do not transmit the condition to their offspring. The tumors in affected horses are most often present at birth. They tend to be bilaterally symmetrical and vary in size, shape, and texture. Those on the legs generally do not appear to enlarge as the animal matures, but others, notably those on the ribs and scapulae, enlarge until skeletal maturity, Histologically, the tumors appear as typical ostosteochondromas in both horse and man. Sarcomatous transformations have not yet been detected after 10 years in horses, although such changes are occasionally reported in the similar disease condition in man. The remarkable similarities of hereditary multiple exostoses in the horse to that in man provide an opportunity for comparative biomedical study.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Oxytocin is required for nursing but is not essential for parturition or reproductive behavior.

Oxytocin, a neurohypophyseal hormone, has been traditionally considered essential for mammalian reproduction. In addition to uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during nursing, oxytocin has been implicated in anterior pituitary function, paracrine effects in the testis and ovary and the neural control of maternal and sexual behaviors. To determine the essential role(s) of oxytocin in mammalian reproductive function, mice deficient in oxytocin have been generated using embryonic stem cell technology. A deletion of exon 1 encoding the oxytocin peptide was generated in embryonic stem cells at a high frequency and was successfully transmitted in the germ line. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from homozygote offspring and in situ hybridization with an exonic probe 3' of the deletion failed to detect any oxytocin or neurophysin sequences, respectively, confirming that the mutation was a null mutation. Mice lacking oxytocin are both viable and fertile. Males do not have any reproductive behavioral or functional defects in the absence of oxytocin. Similarly, females lacking oxytocin have no obvious deficits in fertility or reproduction, including gestation and parturition. However, although oxytocin-deficient females demonstrate normal maternal behavior, all offspring die shortly after birth because of the dam's inability to nurse. Postpartum injections of oxytocin to the oxytocin deficient mothers restore milk ejection and rescue the offspring. Thus, despite the multiple reproductive activities that have been attributed to oxytocin, oxytocin plays an essential role only in milk ejection in the mouse.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting.

Primates that are identical in both nuclear and cytoplasmic components have not been produced by current cloning strategies, yet such identicals represent the ideal model for investigations of human diseases. Here, genetically identical nonhuman embryos were produced as twin and larger sets by separation and reaggregation of blastomeres of cleavage-stage embryos. A total of 368 multiples were created by the splitting of 107 rhesus embryos with four pregnancies established after 13 embryo transfers (31% versus 53% in vitro fertilization controls). The birth of Tetra, a healthy female cloned from a quarter of an embryo, proves that this approach can result in live offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Differential effect of various 6-hydroxydopa treatments on the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons.

6-Hydroxydopamine or 6-hydroxydopa injected systemically into newborn rats produced marked changes in the development of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline concentration was elevated in the brain stem, particularly in the pons, and decreased in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord while in the cerebellum, the effects were dependent on the mode of administration. The changes produced by 6-hydroxydopa in brain regional noradrenaline were related to the dose injected at birth. Similar modifications in the development of central noradrenergic neurons were found in the offspring of rats which had received 6-hydroxydopa at 16 days of gestation. The involvement of peripheral sympathetic neurons varied with the compound used and the form of its administration. Thus, 6-hydroxydopamine produced a permanent although partial peripheral sympathectomy, an effect which was less evident following multiple injections of 6-hydroxydopa after birth and almost minimal after a single injection. The prenatal administration of 6-hydroxydopa did not alter peripheral sympathetic neurons. It is concluded that with the appropriate treatment schedule, it is possible to lesion selectively the noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Occurrence of congenital heart defects in relation to maternal mulitivitamin use.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between maternal multivitamin use and risk for cardiac defects in the offspring, using a population-based approach. The Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control study is a population-based case-control study of infants born between 1968 and 1980 to mothers residing in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. The 958 case infants with nonsyndromic cardiac defects were actively ascertained from multiple sources. The 3,029 infants without birth defects (control infants) were selected from birth certificates by stratified random sampling. Periconceptional multivitamin use, defined as reported regular use of multivitamins from 3 months before pregnancy through the first 3 months of pregnancy, was contrasted with no use during the same time period. Periconceptional multivitamin use was associated with a reduced risk for nonsyndromic cardiac defects in the offspring (odds ratio (OR) = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.60, 0.97). The risk reduction was strongest for outflow tract defects (OR = 0.46; 95% Cl 0.24, 0.86) and ventricular septal defects (OR = 0.61; 95% Cl: 0.38, 0.99). No risk reduction was evident when multivitamin use was begun after the first month of pregnancy. If these associations are causal, the results suggest that approximately one in four major cardiac defects could be prevented by periconceptional multivitamin use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The clinical relevance of sex selection techniques.

Clinical and laboratory attempts to alter the sex ratio require more complete and thorough study. Improved identification of Y-bearing sperm through chromosome evaluation rather than by F-body identification is critical to provide a more precise definition. The tentative conclusions stated below are based on an assessment of literature from which it is generally difficult to draw conclusions: 1. The timing of intercourse in relation to ovulation and subsequent fertilization appears to influence the sex ratio. More females are conceived when coitus occurs relatively close to ovulation, and more males are conceived when the sperm or egg is in the reproductive tract for a relatively longer time before conception. The influence of coital timing on the sex ratio is overall quite subtle and is not a practical method to alter the sex ratio for individual couples. 2. The use of ovulation-inducing medications slightly favors female offspring. A decrease in sex ratio of 5% to 10% has been shown in multiple studies. 3. Artificial insemination with fresh donor or homologous spermatozoa results in more male births with a reported 7% to 10% increase in the sex ratio. It appears that ovulation induction combined with artificial insemination cancels the respective influences of each on the sex ratio. 4. Sperm separation techniques using albumin (for selection of Y-bearing sperm) or Sephadex column filtration (for selection of X-bearing sperm) are the only techniques that have been reported to alter the sex ratio to a degree that is clinically relevant. Although clinical birth data are just beginning to accumulate, these methods appear to have a 70% to 80% success for selection of assumed Y-bearing sperm and a 75% to 80% success for selection of assumed X-bearing sperm. The validity of these results will remain questionable until fully detailed accounts are published and successfully repeated. Free-flow electrophoresis appears to achieve significant separation; however, the depressed postprocedure spermatozoa motility presently limits the usefulness of this procedure. 5. There is a potential to combine clinical and laboratory methods to maximize the efficiency of sex selection for interested couples. Modern methods to identify ovulation (e.g., urinary LH kits, ultrasonography) may help the timing of coitus for sex selection. Clomiphene citrate may enhance female sex preselection when Sephadex column filtration is also employed. 6. The priority of sex preselection in terms of medical, social, and demographic consideration remains to be determined. The avoidance of sex-linked genetic disorders is a reasonable and desirable goal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cell Separation↗

PubMed1999

Maternal pesticide exposure from multiple sources and selected congenital anomalies.

We explored the relation between various potential sources of maternal periconceptional pregnancy exposures to pesticides and congenital anomalies in offspring. Data were derived from a case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants with orofacial clefts, neural tube defects, conotruncal defects, or limb anomalies, among 1987-1989 California births and fetal deaths. We conducted telephone interviews with mothers of 662 (85% of eligible) orofacial cleft cases, 265 (84%) neural tube defect cases, 207 (87%) conotruncal defect cases, 165 (84%) limb cases, and 734 (78%) nonmalformed controls. The odds ratio (OR) estimates did not indicate increased risk for any of the studied anomaly groups among women whose self-reported occupational tasks were considered by an industrial hygienist likely to involve pesticide exposures. Paternal occupational exposure to pesticides, as reported by the mother, revealed elevated ORs for only two of the cleft phenotypes [OR = 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-3.4] for multiple cleft lip with/without cleft palate and OR = 1.6 [95% CI = 0.7-3.4] for multiple cleft palate]. Use of pesticide products for household gardening, by mothers or by professional applicators, was associated with ORs > or =1.5 for most of the studied anomalies. Use of pesticide products for the control of pests in or around homes was not associated with elevated risks for most of the studied anomalies, although women who reported that a professional applied pesticides to their homes had increased risks for neural tube defect-affected pregnancies [OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1-2.5)] and limb anomalies [OR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.0-2.7)]. Having a pet cat or dog and treating its fleas was not associated with increased anomaly risk. Women who reported living within 0.25 miles of an agricultural crop revealed increased risks for offspring with neural tube defects [OR = 1.5 (95%CI = 1.1-2.1)]. For many of the comparisons, data were sparse, resulting in imprecise effect estimation. Despite our investigating multiple sources of potential pesticide exposures, without more specific information on chemical and level of exposure, we could not adequately discriminate whether the observed effects are valid, whether biased exposure reporting contributed to the observed elevated risks, or whether nonspecific measurement of exposure was responsible for many of the observed estimated risks not being elevated.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Socioeconomic status over the life course and stages of cigarette use: initiation, regular use, and cessation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between multiple indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) over the life course and three stages of cigarette use: initiation, regular use, and cessation. DESIGN: Prospective birth cohort study. SETTING: Providence, Rhode Island. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (n=657) aged 30 to 39 were offspring of participants in the Brown University cohort of the United States National Collaborative Perinatal Project started in 1959. MAIN RESULTS: A significantly increased risk of smoking initiation was observed among people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Low SES in childhood also increased the risk for progression to regular smoking, and was associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking cessation. Progression to regular smoking and smoking persistence were also associated with lower adult SES. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic conditions over the life course accumulate to produce increased rates of smoking uptake and reduced rates of cessation among lower SES people. Addressing SES gradients in smoking will require persistent and extended intervention over multiple life stages.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Maternal risk of breast cancer and birth characteristics of offspring by time since birth.

We examined the association between birth characteristics of offspring and the subsequent maternal risk of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 998,499 women, 13 to 48 years of age at entry. There were 9,495 incident cases of breast cancer during 12.8 million person-years of follow-up among these women. Compared with mothers of singleton infants, mothers having a multiple birth had an increased risk of breast cancer in the first 5 years after a birth (relative risk (RR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-2.8). The risk for mothers having a heavy-weighted child (>3.75 kg), as compared with a child of light weight (< or =3 kg), was also slightly increased (RR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.9-1.5). This latter effect was primarily due to an increased incidence of tumors larger than 2 cm at diagnosis (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.9-1.9). Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the hormonal level during pregnancy influences the risk of breast cancer in the early years after delivery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Impact of multiple antenatal doses of betamethasone on growth and development of mice offspring.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine in a randomized, placebo-controlled manner whether multiple antenatal doses of betamethasone affect long-term growth and development of exposed mouse offspring. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty pregnant CD-1 mice received either two, four, or eight antepartum doses of 0.1 mg betamethasone or placebo. Perinatal outcomes, growth, and development of the offspring were compared in a blinded manner. Variables were compared by analysis of variance or chi 2 testing. RESULTS: Betamethasone-exposed subjects gained less weight during pregnancy and were delivered of fewer live pups, with fewer male survivors and lower birth weights. These trends were dose related. Growth measurements were similar after the neonatal period. No differences in functional development and physical maturation in the offspring were noted. The reproductive capability, perinatal outcomes, and growth and development of the second-generation offspring were unaffected by betamethasone exposure. CONCLUSION: Multiple antenatal dosings of betamethasone, reaching toxic levels, did not have an impact on the long-term growth and development of the surviving mouse offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The effects of chronic undernutrition over generations on rat development.

Experimental rats were fed 2/3 (10g/24 hours) of adlibitum diet throughout pregnancy and post-weaning, thus far for six generations; their brain and body development was compared with those of controls fed ad libitum (15.5 g/24 hours). As expected from previous reports, neonatal F1 offspring exhibited highly significant decreases in body weight, cerebral wet weight, cerebral DNA and cerebral protein. However, neonatal decreases were not greater in F2 through F6 than in F1 indicating that there was no cumulative effect of this undernutrition on offspring's parameters over generations. Maternal body weight at mating (90 days) and percentage of females that did not litter steadily decreased over generations. The observed high mortality in F1 through F6 and the resulting strong natural selection in favor of best mothers and weanlings could explain these findings. The phenomena contributing to high mortality are multiple and involve maternal factors during pregnancy and before weaning, as well as offspring factors.

Aging↗