Heterozygosis and phenotypic mixing with Newcastle disease virus.
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Animals↗
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Results for “NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS”
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Cytopathogenicity of classical swine fever viruses that do not show the exaltation of Newcastle disease virus is associated with accumulation of NS3 in serum-free cultured cell lines.
Pestiviruses can be distinguished as two biotypes, cytopathogenic (cp) and noncytopathogenic (noncp), by the morphological changes that they induce during growth in cultured cells. In this study, the cp phenotype of several classical swine fever viruses (CSFV) was evaluated by the detections of the nonstructural proteins NS2-3 and NS3 using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting in different porcine cell lines. Most CSFVs that showed the exaltation of Newcastle disease virus (END) phenomenon (END(+) viruses) did not induce cytopathic effect (CPE) in any cell line, and detections of NS2-3 and NS3 showed a strong signal for NS2-3 in the END(+) virus-infected cells. However, clear CPE was observed in serum-free cultured cells (FS-L3 and CPK-NS) infected with viruses that induce intrinsic interference but did not show the END phenomenon (END(-) viruses), and signal of NS3 was strongly detected than that of NS2-3 in these cells at 72 hr after infection. As the results of the analysis of FS-L3 cells infected with ALD (END(+) virus) and ALD-END(-) virus (END(-) virus) at several incubations, the signal of NS3 detected was strengthened with CPE that become evident progressively. These results suggest that CPE is associated with the accumulation of NS3, which is promoted in serum-free cell lines infected with END(-) viruses. Thus, indicating there is a close relationship between CPE and the quantity of NS3 produced in END(-) CSFV infection.
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[Pathogenic power of Newcastle disease virus in the fowl eye and its possibility of migration from one eye into another].
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Animals↗
[Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Newcastle disease virus. II) Effects mediated by infected lymphoid cells in vitro].
Murine lymphoid cells, infected in vitro with the virus of Newcastle disease, acquire the ability to activate the alternative pathway of mouse complement. At least two different mechanisms are involved: one dependent on the neuraminidasic activity of NDV, the other due to virus-induced epitopes on the surface of murine lymphoid cells.
Animals↗
Administration of a vaccine prepared from the Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus by aerosol and drinking water.
An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3-or 6-week-old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus. When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37 degrees C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk. Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus. Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination-inhibition in chicks vaccinate once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level. From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.
Aerosols↗
Characterization of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (Psittacus erythracus) in Nigeria.
The characteristics of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from a parrot (Psittacus erythracus) in Nigeria were examined using standard laboratory tests. Minimum lethal dose in embryos was 10(-10), mean death time 44.8 h. The intracerebral and intravenous pathologic indices were 1.65 and 2.42, respectively. The virus was resistant at pH 3 and pH 7.2 and the hemagglutinin was thermostable at 56 C for 120 min. Of 10 mammalian species of erythrocytes examined, those of equine and rat were not agglutinated. The isolate was typed as a velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus.
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Clinical epidemiologic and experimental evidence for the transmission of Newcastle disease virus through eggs.
Sporadic outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred in Taiwan during 1998-2000. In some cases, the disease occurred in broilers less than 2 wk old that originated in a broiler breeder farm, so spread of the ND virus (NDV) from the infected breeder farm to broiler ranches was suspected. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility of the transmission of NDV through eggs. Both clinical and experimental evidence were used to prove that this is possible. From epidemiological investigation, the possibility of transmission through eggs was suggested in two separate ND cases from a breeder farm and its progeny because two identical NDVs were isolated from both cases. In order to clarify the possibility of the transmission through eggs, one mean egg lethal dose (ELD50) of NDV was inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 155 9-to-11-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Seventy-one hatching chicks from the inoculated embryos were raised for 14 days. The cloacal swabs from those chicks at the ages of 1, 4, and 7 days and the tissues after necropsy at the ages of 14 days were taken for virus isolation. The same NDV was reisolated from three hatching chicks. This experiment confirms that a few chicken embryos infected in ovo with a low titer of NDV can hatch and contain NDV after hatching, which results in NDV spreading through eggs.
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Characterization of French avian paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV 1) isolates with a Panel of monoclonal antibodies to the Ploufragan strain of Newcastle disease virus.
Eight monoclonal antibodies against the Ploufragan strain of Newcastle disease virus were used to characterize 58 virus strains including 29 French isolates. By combining ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition tests, PMV 1 strains were differentiated from other avian PMV 1 and grouped into 7 classes.
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[Infectivity of mumps virus to chicks and its relation to Newcastle disease virus].
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Animals↗
Atypical disease produced in chickens by Newcastle disease virus isolated from exotic birds.
Chickens were infected with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recovered from exotic birds with severe clinical disease and with lesions characteristic of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND). The infection in chickens was inconsistently lethal, some infected chickens were not clinically affected, and gastrointestinal involvement was only marginally evident. Pathogenicity of the virus for chickens was not detectably altered by laboratory passage in chickens or by limit dilution passage in chicken embryos. The results suggest that the difference between velogenic NDV pathotypes may not always be distinct and that clinical manifestations of VVND in chickens may not always be predictable based on signs and lesions observed in exotic birds.
Age Factors↗
[Agglutinability of cell cultures infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV)].
A study was carried out on the re-distribution of cell receptors with regard to Concavalin A, depending on two factors: the virulence of the strain the different time of the infection. It was proved that the difference in the virulence of the strains, with the use of a low multitude in the early hours after the infection, was not determined though agglutination with Koh A. The changes on the surface of the cells infected with the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) occurred in the early hours after the infection and before the appearance of a cytopathic effect.
Agglutination Tests↗
Comparison of electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and virulent avian influenza virus.
Electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or virulent avian influenza virus (AIV) were characterized and compared. The ECG were monitored by radiotelemetry and were recorded twice daily before virus infection and during the course of the infection. Thirteen lead II intervals, segments, and amplitudes were measured and analyzed. The ECG of NDV-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) ST segments and increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The ECG of AIV-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) RS intervals, ST segments, TP intervals, and PR segments and by increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The TP intervals and PR segments of ECG of AIV-infected chickens were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) longer than those of NDV-infected chickens. The pronounced conduction delays indicated in the ECG of AIV-infected chickens may have diagnostic importance.
Animals↗
Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, Hitchner B1 and La Sota in chickens. 2. Tests in chickens with maternal antibody to the virus.
The immunogenicity of three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains--V4, Hitchner B1 and La Sota, was assessed in chickens that had varying levels of maternal antibody to the virus. Chickens were immunised at different ages by the eye drop and aerosol methods. The immune response of chickens to similar doses of the strains was affected by the presence of maternal antibody. Both the level of maternal antibody and the strain of virus used affected the result. Strain La Sota was least affected as it took higher levels of maternal antibody to depress response to it than were required to have a similar effect on Hitchner B1 and V4. Strain V4 was the strain most affected by circulating maternal antibody. The results demonstrated that strain V4 was less immunogenic than Hitchner B1 and La Sota when used in chickens with maternal antibody to NDV.
Animals↗
The comparative antigenic characterization of Newcastle disease virus strains isolated in Kenya and Kazakhstan.
Twenty six Newcastle disease viruses--12 reference strains and 14 strains isolated in Kenya and Kazakhstan--were characterized by means of a large panel of 38 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) directed against all the three envelope proteins: matrix, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion. The essential distinctions were revealed between the viruses isolated in Kenya and Kazakhstan while the differences amongst the viruses belonging to the same local group were much smaller. The heterogeneity amongst the viruses isolated in Kenya was more expressed as compared to the Kazakhstanian strains.
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The effects of cyclosporin A and cyclophosphamide on the populations of B and T cells and virus in the Harderian gland of chickens vaccinated with the Hitchner B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus.
The cellular response to conjunctival vaccination with the Hitchner B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus was studied in the Harderian gland (HG) by immunohistochemistry. Bu-1+ cells and all subpopulations of T cells, (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, TCR gamma delta, TCR alpha beta 1, and TCR alpha beta 2) were in the interstitial tissue between the ducts and the acini. Plasma cells with cytoplasmic IgM were more dispersed than the other cells and outlined the acini. Bu-1+ cells and all subpopulations of T cells increased at least three-fold after vaccination when compared to uninfected birds on the basis of the average cell counts in sections taken at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 20 days after vaccination. The most marked increase was in the CD8+ cells which increased six-fold. Virus replicated for 10 days in cyclophosphamide (Cy) treated birds and for 7 days in cyclosporin A (CsA) treated birds compared with 5 days in untreated birds. Cy treatment prevented an antibody response to NDV and reduced Bu-1+ and IgM cells in the HG by 20-fold. Cy treatment resulted in a doubling of the number of T cells in the HG but these T cells may have been transiently disabled because it also caused a poor response of the lymphocytes in whole blood to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA). CsA reduced the T cell numbers in the HG and whole-blood responses to ConA by about 4-fold but T cell numbers rebounded to normal resting values after vaccination with NDV. The clearance time was prolonged either by T cells being less numerous than normal after CsA or being disabled after Cy. T cells, but not B cells, may therefore be essential for virus clearance. CD8+ cells expanded more than CD4+ cells after the vaccination of untreated and CsA-treated birds indicating that CD8+ cells may be key players in vaccinal immunity to NDV.
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Destruction of virus hemagglutination inhibitor of egg-white by Newcastle disease virus.
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Animals↗
Mucosal immunity in chickens vaccinated with the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus.
Chickens vaccinated orally with the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and possessing low levels or undetectable levels of serum haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies against NDV may resist challenge with virulent virus. Evidence for vaccine-induced mucosal immunity was sought. HI antibodies were detected in serum, lachrymal fluid and tracheal washing after vaccination with V4 virus by intranasal, eyedrop or intracrop routes. IgA was detected by immunodiffusion in lachrymal fluid of both vaccinated and control birds. Lymphoid accumulations were detected in tracheas of chickens after vaccination and there were significant increases in the numbers of plasma cells in sections of Harderian glands from chickens after vaccination. In a second experiment, ELISA was used to demonstrate the production of NDV-specific IgA which was detected in serum, lachrymal fluid, tracheal washing and intestinal washing after intracrop or eyedrop vaccination with V4 virus. It was concluded that oral vaccination of chickens with V4 virus induces a mucosal immune response.
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Detection of virulent Newcastle disease virus using a phage-capturing dot blot assay.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains can be classified as virulent or avirulent based upon the severity of the disease. Differentiation of the virus into virulent and avirulent is necessary for effective control of the disease. Biopanning experiments were performed using a disulfide constrained phage displayed heptapeptide library against three pathotypes of NDV strains: velogenic (highly virulent), mesogenic (moderately virulent) and lentogenic (avirulent). A phage clone bearing the peptide sequence SWGEYDM capable of distinguishing virulent from avirulent NDV strains was isolated. This phage clone was employed as a diagnostic reagent in a dot blot assay and it successfully detected only virulent NDV strains.
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