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Myiasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases, which affects the human welfare. The volatile oils of three plants were tested against adult Lucilia sericata. The LC50 was 80 ppm by Anethum graveolens, 180 ppm by Conyza dioscoridis and 130 ppm by Mentha microphylla. The slope functions were 1.9, 1.79 and 2.2 respectively. The whole results were discussed.
Volatile oil in Illicillm Verum Fruit was analyzed by on-line coupled packed capillary high performance liquid chromatography/capillary gas chromatography (micro-HPLC-CGC). A micro-HPLC column of 250 mm x 0.32 mm i.d. packed with 5 microm cyano-bonded silica stationary phase was used for group separation. n-Hexane/acetonitrile/dichloromethane (80:8:12, v/v) was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.8 microL/min. Five groups of eluents from the micro-HPLC were collected and stored in a multi-loop interface, which were then transferred to a capillary gas chromatograph sequentially for further analysis. A 10 m x 0.53 mm i.d. retention gap connected with a 30 m x 0.53 mm i.d. x 1.0 microm SE-54 analytical column was used for CGC analysis. In-column splitless injection mode was adopted for better quantitation and manipulation of chromatograms. Five chromatograms were obtained and compared with the result of direct CGC analysis of the same sample. It was found that there were at least 3 new compounds that were not found nor separated before by conventional capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method.
The study showed that Artemisia scoparia contained 0.38% of volatile oil, in which, a total of 38 chemical components were identified, accounting for 87.53% of the substances detected,and 12 kinds of terpenoids compounds were the main components, accounting for 45.04% of the total. The oil had a high and rapid poison activity on Culex pipiens pallens larva and adult. The LC50 value for the larva was 12.5 mg x L(-1) within 2 days, and the mortality of the adult in 24 hours was 70% and 100% when the dosage was 1 and 10 microg x cm(-2).
Twelve sesquiterpene compounds, derived from natural volatile oils, were investigated as putative skin penetration enhancers for human skin. Pretreatment of epidermal membranes with sesquiterpene oils, or solid sesquiterpenes saturated in dimethyl isosorbide, increased the rate of absorption of the model hydrophilic permeant, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Enhancers with polar functional groups were generally more potent than pure hydrocarbons. Furthermore, enhancers with the least bunched structures were the most active. The largest effect was observed following pretreatment with nerolidol, which increased pseudo-steady-state 5-FU flux over 20-fold. Molecular modelling suggested that terpenes with structures suitable for alignment within lipid lamellae were the most potent enhancers. Sesquiterpene enhancers had long durations of action implying that they did not wash out of the skin easily. This study attempted to improve enhancer clearance by replacing the aqueous donor and receptor phases by ethanol:water (1:1) solutions. Ethanol increased the permeability coefficient for 5-FU 13-fold, demonstrating that, in aqueous solution, it is a moderately potent penetration enhancer. Sesquiterpene and ethanol enhancement effects were approximately additive. Sesquiterpene effects were almost fully maintained for at least 4.5 days following pretreatment, illustrating poor reversibility. Stratum corneum/water drug partitioning studies suggested that an important mechanism of action of the enhancers was to increase the apparent drug diffusivity in the stratum corneum. Increases in drug partitioning into the entire stratum corneum following enhancer pretreatment were relatively small. Diffusivity increases were directly related to overall rises in permeability. This study has shown that sesquiterpene compounds, which are of low toxicity and cutaneous irritancy, can promote 5-FU absorption across human skin. Sesquiterpene compounds, therefore, show promise as clinically-acceptable skin penetration enhancers.
In order to investigate the effect of ginger on Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), the ginger volatile oil was taken as a scavenger and proved effective in inhibiting the production of hydrogen peroxide in chondrocytes induced by fulvic acid from KBD area.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for determination of nerolidol in the volatile oil of Dalbergia odorifera. METHOD: GC method was used. The samples were separated on Agilent HP-5 column (320 microm x 30 m, 0.25 microm) with the mobile phase of highly pure N2. Flow rate was 2 mL x min(-1). RESULT: Linearity of nemlidol was good linearity in the range of 0.059-1.97 mg x mL(-1), and the average recovery was 97.5%, RSD 2.3%. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, accurate, rapid and reproducible.
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the aerial parts of Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora. METHOD: The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical compositions were separated and identified by GC-MS. The relative contents in the oil were determined by area normalization. RESULT: 163 peaks were separated and 105 compounds were identified, constituting 85.68% of the total peak area. CONCLUSION: 105 compounds characterized by GC-MS analysis were found from I. eriocalyx var. laxiflora for the first time.
The effect of different processing conditions on contents of myrisiticin, volatile oil and fatty lipid in Semen Myristicae was studied by orthogonal design. The result shows that these processing conditions could not influence the contents of myrisiticin, volatile oil and fatty lipid in the processed products of Semen Myristicae, suggesting that processing does not necessarily lower toxicity.
Upon GC-MS analysis of the volatile oil extracted from Salvadora persica L. leaves, we were able to identify benzyl nitrile, eugenol, thymol, isothymol, eucalyptol, isoterpinolene, and beta-caryophyllene. Toxicity of the aroma was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality test which gave an LC50 > 1,000 ppm. Using Disc Diffusion Test, it was found that the extract of the leaves has a considerable antibacterial effect on several different oral aerobic bacteria with comparable results to known antibiotics. The extract can be used effectively as a natural tool for teeth cleaning and as a natural analgesic for the disturbing toothache.
A HPLC method for the determination of eugenol, methyleugenol and methylisoeugenol in the volatile oil of differently processed natmeg has been used. The result has shown that the content of eugenol is only sliahtly changed before and after processing, but that of methyleugenol and methylisoeugenol has obviously increased.
We established the hydrodistilled essential oil yields from the dried flower heads of A. collina J. Becker ex Reichenb. (collected in Austria and Romanina), A. millefolium L. (s.l.) (Romania) and of three mixtures of some species belonging to the Achillea millefolium L. group. Constitutents of the essential oils were studied by GC method. The main components of the monoterpene fraction of the oils were 1.8 cineol, camphor, and borneol. The main active principle of the volatile oil, chamazulene, was in highest concentration (53%) in the essential oil hydrodistilled from A. collina collected in Austria. The results obtained for a mixture of some species (Plafar Botoşani) differ from literature data in the presence of bisabolol, which have not been found so far in Achillea species.
A comparison has been made of the enveloping rate of volatile oil by three different methods with beta-cyclodextrin. The result indicates that the saturated water solution enveloping method is very close to the gas-liquid enveloping method, P greater than 0.05, but the liquid-liquid enveloping method is apparently higher than the saturated water solution enveloping method, P less than 0.01.
OBJECTIVE: To study and determine the chemical constituents of the volatile oil and the trace elements in the fruits of the Clausena lansium. METHOD: The essential oils were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and separated on capillary columns with HP6890GC-5973MS. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS. And the trace elements were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. RESULT: 36 Components constituting 95% of the total essential oil were separated and identified, and 11 trace elements were identified. CONCLUSION: 18 Compounds were found from the fruit of C. lansium for the first time.
The efficiency of headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was evaluated for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of virgin olive oil volatile compounds. The behaviour of four fibre coatings was compared for sensitivity, repeatability and linearity of response. A divinylbenzene-Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fibre coating was found to be the most suitable for the analysis of virgin olive oil volatiles. Sampling and chromatographic conditions were examined and the SPME method, coupled to GC with MS and flame ionization detection, was applied to virgin olive oil samples. More than 100 compounds were isolated and characterised. The presence of some of these compounds in virgin olive oil has not previously been reported. The main volatile compounds present in the oil samples were determined quantitatively.
The major component (35-65%) of the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of Melaleuca triumphalis has been identified as (rel)-1beta-pentyl-1alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,4-dione (trivial name triumphalone). Relative stereochemistry was established by nuclear Overhauser experiments and X-ray studies on the 2-(3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) derivative. The remainder of the oil was composed of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols. On prolonged standing the presence of a rearrangement product of triumphalone was observed which was characterized as (rel)-1beta-pentyl-1alpha,3alpha-dihydroxy-4,4,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,5-dione (trivial name isotriumphalone), presumably arising from an acid catalyzed shift of the pentyl group from C-1 to C-2.
In isolated guinea pig papillary muscles and atrium, Cymbopogon goeringii volatile oil (CGCO) markedly inhibited the contraction, prolonged the functional refractory period (FRP) and depressed epinephrine-induced automatically. The results suggested that CGCO may possess antiarrhythmic action.
OBJECTIVE: To study the analgesic effect and mechanism of bornyl acetate, the main ingredient of Amomum Villosum Volatile oil. METHODS: The analgesic effects were tested by pressing tail method. The I, and II phase pain were observed with the pain model caused by formalin test. Influence of naloxone antagonism test on analgesic effect of bornyl acetate. RESULTS: Bornyl acetate produced obvious analgesic effects on pain models induced by pressing tail. Bornyl acetate had inhibitory effect on I and II phase pain in formalin inducing pain model animals. Analgesic effect induced by Bornyl acetate wasn't significantly reduced by naloxone. CONCLUSION: Bornyl acetate shows analgesic effects. The analgesic site may locate in both central and peripheral nervous system. Its analgesic action way not be related to the opioid receptor.
GC and GC-MS analyses of the volatile oils from Guarea macrophylla (Meliaceae) collected during three different periods in one year (February, June and October) indicated a seasonal variation in chemical composition. Whilst sesquiterpenes were the predominant class of components present in the leaf oil, a seasonal dependent variation in the degree of oxygenation of these compounds was detected, which seemed to be associated with phenological factors. The leaf oil, and fractions thereof, were subjected to GC coupled with electroantennographic detection employing antennae of females of Hypsipyla grandella, an insect pest that attacks several meliaceous species. Five compounds elicited significant responses and these were identified as ledol, 1-cubenol, guai-6-en-10beta-ol, 1-epi-cubenol, and tau-muurolol. The results suggest that these components could be responsible for the attraction of H. grandella to G. macrophylla.