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Results for “PROBLEM SOLVING”

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PubMed2004

Verbal memory, problem-solving skills and community status in schizophrenia.

Neuropsychological deficits have been associated with poor community functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Previous research suggests that verbal memory capacity is related to functional capacity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between verbal memory, problem-solving skills and community functioning, as measured by treatment status (inpatient vs. outpatient) in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Evaluations were done on 162 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, seen in inpatient (n=87) and outpatient settings (n=75). Verbal memory was assessed using narrative recall and list recall measures. Problem-solving skills for independent living were assessed using a social reasoning measure and a daily problem-solving skills measure. Better verbal memory performance was associated with better problem solving for independent living. However, inpatient vs. outpatient status was best determined by problem-solving skills for independent living rather than verbal memory performance. The results reveal the importance of daily problem-solving skills for community status in schizophrenia. Although verbal memory performance is associated with problem-solving skills for independent living, predictive probability of community status does not improve when memory performance is taken into account.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Having the memory of an elephant: long-term retrieval and the use of analogues in problem solving.

The authors report 4 experiments exploring long-term analogical transfer from problem solutions in folk tales participants heard during childhood, many years before encountering the target problems. Substantial culture-specific analogical transfer was found when American and Chinese participants' performance was compared on isomorphs of problems solved in European versus Chinese folk tales. There was evidence of transfer even among participants who did not report being reminded of the source tale while solving the target problem. Comparisons of different versions of a target problem indicated that similarity of solution tool affected accessing, mapping, and executing components of problem solving, whereas similarity of goal object had only a moderate effect on accessing. High school students also evidenced greater transfer than did middle school students.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The problem-oriented dental record: a key to dental hygiene treatment planning and the problem-solving model for dental hygiene practice.

The problem-solving model for dental hygiene practice requires careful assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation to provide quality dental hygiene care. To facilitate this problem-solving approach, a method of recording information in an organized and highly communicative manner must be established. This paper describes the components of a problem-oriented dental record used by students at the Vancouver Community College and discusses the benefits of using this tool in clinical practice.

Dental Hygienists↗

PubMed2000

Problem-solving skills of senior student nurses: an exploratory study using simulation.

The Stages Model of problem-solving as evidenced in the use of the nursing process is the key vehicle for the operationalisation of problem-solving in current nursing practice. An expanded variant of the model formed the theoretical framework for this study which aimed to explore and compare the problem-solving skills of senior student nurses (n=253) from three pre-registration nurse education programmes (RGN, diploma RN, integrated degree). Students' care planning skills were explored using a video-tape simulation exercise and data were subjected to statistical testing. Findings indicated a large range in the global care plan scores and while performance was similar in a number of areas independent of programme type, certain key differences also emerged. The findings are discussed in the wider context of professional education and practice and the potential for further development of problem-solving skills in pre-registration nurse education is explored.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMed1980

Task demands and problem-solving strategies in middle-aged and older adults.

Elderly individuals tend to use less efficient strategies on problem-solving tasks such as the Twenty Questions task than younger adults. Two studies were undertaken in an attempt to facilitate the problem-solving performance of elderly individuals by manipulating the demands of the problem-solving tasks. In the first study, problems that were so difficult as to be virtually insoluble without the use of an efficient strategy were compared with standard Twenty Questions problems. While middle-aged individuals tended to use an efficient strategy on both the difficult and the standard problems, elderly individuals tended to use an efficient strategy much more frequently on the difficult problems than on the standard problems. In the second study, problems with stimuli that were more easily classifiable than the standard stimuli were compared with standard Twenty Questions problems. Middle-aged individuals again tended to use an efficient strategy on both types of problems while elderly individuals tended to use an efficient strategy much more frequently on the problems with the easily classifiable stimuli. The fact that elderly individuals can use more efficient strategies under certain circumstances when they have not been given training in the use of such strategies suggests that the elderly have such strategies in their repertoires. It is not clear why they are less likely than younger adults to use efficient strategies in at least some problem-solving situations.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Interpersonal problem solving in preschool and first grade: developmental change and ecological validity.

Examined problem-solving strategies, their correlation with multiple-informant ratings of behavior problems and social competence, and developmental change over a 2-year period. Shure's (1999) model targets children's production of alternative solutions to interpersonal problems. Others have found that solution quality correlates more highly with adjustment. Children (N = 208, M age = 60 months) completed the Preschool Interpersonal Problem Solving (PIPS) task in Head Start and again 2 years later. Many children achieved substantial gains in problem-solving skill as measured by PIPS. The prosocial or forceful quality of children's responses correlated with observational, caregiver, and teacher ratings of behavior problems and social competence. Quality of response appeared more important than solution quantity in predicting ecologically valid behaviors, implying that interventions should concentrate on response content more than quantity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Dissociation between performance on abstract tests of executive function and problem solving in real-life-type situations in normal aging.

This study examined the effects of normal aging on real-life-type problem-solving performance, using problems that had previously been found to be sensitive to lesions involving the frontal lobes. Executive skills assessed on abstract neuropsychological tests tend to decrease with normal aging. The effects of aging on tasks reliant on everyday knowledge and experience are less well understood. In the present study, groups of healthy older and younger people were compared on ability to solve real-life-type problems covering a range of everyday interpersonal situations. Performance was also examined on a range of standardized neuropsychological tests involving executive skills. Older people were similar to younger people in most aspects of everyday problem-solving performance, although the older group appeared to use a different strategy to the younger group in generating potential problem solutions. Both groups performed normally for their age on the executive tests. Comparisons based on raw scores rather than age-adjusted scores showed the younger group to perform better on the executive tests, but not on the problem-solving task. The possible contribution of knowledge and experience to problem solving on the current task is discussed. The greater life experience of the older group is likely to be the biggest contributory factor in maintaining problem-solving performance.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Problem-solving and distress in prostate cancer patients and their spousal caregivers.

GOALS OF WORK: Prostate cancer, the most common life-threatening cancer among American men, increases risk of psychosocial distress and negatively impacts quality of life for both patients and their spouses. To date, most studies have examined the relationship between patient coping and distress; however, it is also likely that what the spouse does to cope, and ultimately how the spouse adjusts, will affect the patient's adjustment and quality of life. The present study examined the relationships of spouse problem-solving coping, distress levels and patient distress in the context of prostate cancer. The following mediational model was tested: Spouses' problem-solving coping will be significantly inversely related to patients' levels of distress, but this relationship will be mediated by spouses' distress levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-one patients with prostate cancer and their spousal caregivers were assessed for mood; spouses were assessed for problem-solving coping skills. Structural equation modeling was used to test model fit. MAIN RESULTS: The model tested was a good fit to the data. Dysfunctional spousal problem-solving was a significant predictor of spouse distress level but constructive problem-solving was not. Spouse distress was significantly related to patient distress. Spouse dysfunctional problem-solving predicted patient distress, but this relationship was mediated by spouse distress. The same mediational relationship did not hold true for constructive problem-solving. CONCLUSIONS: Spouse distress mediates the relationship between spouse dysfunctional coping and patient distress. Problem-solving interventions and supportive care for spouses of men with prostate cancer may impact not only spouses but the patients as well.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Using hypermedia to improve the mathematics problem-solving skills of students with learning disabilities.

This article discusses current knowledge about teaching problem solving to students with learning disabilities (LD), using computers for teaching math to students with LD, and using computers for teaching problem solving to students with learning problems. Building upon identified effective learning strategies, direct instruction procedures, and principles of effective instructional design, the case is presented for the use of hypermedia in helping students with learning disabilities to improve their mathematics problem-solving abilities. Specific ideas and suggestions for applying hypermedia to cognitive strategy instruction and the graduated word problem sequence are given. Several cautions regarding hypermedia use are presented.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Preventing adolescent depression: an evaluation of the problem solving for life program.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Problem Solving For Life program as a universal approach to the prevention of adolescent depression. Short-term results indicated that participants with initially elevated depressions scores (high risk) who received the intervention showed a significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms and increase in life problem-solving scores from pre- to postintervention compared with a high-risk control group. Low-risk participants who received the intervention reported a small but significant decrease in depression scores over the intervention period, whereas the low-risk controls reported an increase in depression scores. The low-risk group reported a significantly greater increase in problem-solving scores over the intervention period compared with low-risk controls. These results were not maintained, however, at 12-month follow-up.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Risk of suicide ideation associated with problem-solving ability and attitudes toward suicidal behavior in university students.

The present paper investigates the risk of lifetime suicide ideation associated with problem-solving ability and attitudes toward suicidal behavior in a sample of 328 university students (41% male, 59% female). The response rate was 77% based on the total number of students registered for the relevant courses. A series of questions assessed lifetime suicide ideation, while problem solving and attitudes toward suicide were measured using the Self-Rating Problem Solving scale and four subscales of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire, respectively (McLeavey, 1986; Domino et al., 1989). Almost one-third of the students surveyed had lifetime suicide ideation. Both genders were similar in terms of their suicide ideation history, problem solving, and attitudes toward suicidal behavior with the exception that male students were more in agreement with the attitude that suicidal behavior lacks real intent. Compared with 2% of nonideators and ideators, one in four planners reported that they would more than likely attempt suicide at some point in their life. Greater agreement with the attitude that suicidal behavior is normal was associated with significantly increased risk of being an ideator, as was poor problem solving and less agreement with the attitude that suicidal behavior is associated with mental illness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The impact of two multiple-choice question formats on the problem-solving strategies used by novices and experts.

BACKGROUND: Pencil-and-paper examination formats, and specifically the standard, five-option multiple-choice question, have often been questioned as a means for assessing higher-order clinical reasoning or problem solving. This study firstly investigated whether two paper formats with differing number of alternatives (standard five-option and extended-matching questions) can test problem-solving abilities. Secondly, the impact of the alternatives number on psychometrics and problem-solving strategies was examined. METHODS: Think-aloud protocols were collected to determine the problem-solving strategy used by experts and non-experts in answering Gastroenterology questions, across the two pencil-and-paper formats. RESULTS: The two formats demonstrated equal ability in testing problem-solving abilities, while the number of alternatives did not significantly impact psychometrics or problem-solving strategies utilized. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the notion that well-constructed multiple-choice questions can in fact test higher order clinical reasoning. Furthermore, it can be concluded that in testing clinical reasoning, the question stem, or content, remains more important than the number of alternatives.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Academic achievement, situational stress, and problem-solving flexibility.

Academic overachieving (n equals 12) and underachieving (n equals 10) tenth grade boys were randomly assigned, with their parents, to either a success or a failure treatment in a problem solving task to determine the effects of induced stress on problem solving flexibility. For the underachievers, Ss in the success treatment were the most flexible, while for the overachievers, Ss in the failure treatment were the most flexible. A curvilinear proposition, consistent with Hebb's cue-arousal postulate was proposed to explain the results and also to explain the apparent discrepancies in the literature as to whether situational stress increases or decreases flexibility in problem solving. An implication of the proposition is that for persons with feelings of personal inadequacy, increases in situation stress result in decreased problem solving flexibility, but for persons with feelings of personal adequacy such increases enhance their problem solving flexibility.

Achievement↗

PubMed2006

Exploring the role of GIS during community health assessment problem solving: experiences of public health professionals.

BACKGROUND: A Community health assessment (CHA) involves the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in conjunction with other software to analyze health and population data and perform numerical-spatial problem solving. There has been little research on identifying how public health professionals integrate this software during typical problem solving scenarios. A better understanding of this is needed to answer the "What" and the "How". The "What" identifies the specific software being used and the "How" explains the way they are integrated together during problem solving steps. This level of understanding will highlight the role of GIS utilization during problem solving and suggest to developers how GIS can be enhanced to better support data analysis during community health assessment. RESULTS: An online survey was developed to identify the information technology used during CHA analysis. The tasks were broken down into steps and for our analysis these steps were categorized by action: Data Management/Access, Data Navigation, Geographic Comparison, Detection of Spatial Boundaries, Spatial Modelling, and Ranking Analysis. 27 CHA professionals completed the survey, with the majority of participants (14) being from health departments. Statistical software (e.g. SPSS) was the most popular software for all but one of the types of steps. For this step (detection of spatial boundaries), GIS was identified as the most popular technology. CONCLUSION: Most CHA professionals indicated they use statistical software in conjunction with GIS. The statistical software appears to drive the analysis, while GIS is used primarily for simple spatial display (and not complex spatial analysis). This purpose of this survey was to thoroughly examine into the process of problem solving during community health assessment data analysis and to gauge how GIS is integrated with other software for this purpose. These findings suggest that GIS is used more for spatial display while other software such as statistical packages (the "What") are used to drive data management, data navigation, and data calculation (the "How"). Focusing at the level of how public health problems are solved, can shed light on how GIS technology can be enhanced to encompass a stronger role during community health assessment problem solving.

Community Health Planning↗

PubMed2004

A brief problem-solving intervention for family caregivers to individuals with advanced cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a brief problem-solving intervention for family caregivers to individuals with advanced cancer. METHOD: Family caregivers were recruited through oncology clinics of a large tertiary care hospital in Canada. Those providing informed consent completed a baseline survey, received a brief problem-solving intervention, received a detailed home care guide, and completed a follow-up survey over the telephone 4 weeks after receiving the intervention. RESULTS: Thirty-four family caregivers completed all aspects of the study. Sixty-eight percent of caregivers were women, 73.5% were married to the care recipient, and their average age was 53.6 years. This brief intervention resulted in improvements in emotional tension (P<.03), caregiving confidence (P<.06), and positive problem-solving orientation (P<.06). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that even a brief problem-solving intervention may be beneficial for family caregivers to individuals with advanced cancer.

Caregivers↗

PubMed1993

Adolescent substance users: problem-solving abilities.

Cognitive ability and cognitive egocentrism were examined as predictors of problem-solving ability in adolescent substance users in a vocational training program. Problem-solving outcome variables were significantly predicted by two cognitive ability measures, as well as by measures of cognitive independence and egocentrism in thinking. Extent of substance use did not affect cognitive ability, cognitive egocentrism, or problem-solving ability.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Imagery in thinking and problem solving.

The possible role of imagery in thinking and problem solving was examined by giving 20 subjects a practical construction test (Maier's hat rack problem). 5 men and 4 women solved the problem. Posttest questioning indicated two distinct types of imagery were used to solve the problem, imagination or memory in imagery. The solvers tended to use imagination in imagery and the nonsolvers memory in imagery. In Exp. 2, 40 subjects were specifically instructed to use one or another of these strategies. Those using imagination in imagery were more likely to solve the problem than those using memory in imagery. The conclusion was drawn that imagination in imagery favours and memory in imagery impedes the solving of this problem.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effective problem solving in suicide attempters depends on specific autobiographical recall.

The relationship between over-general autobiographical memory and interpersonal problem solving was investigated by comparing a group of suicide attempters with a nonsuicidal psychiatric control group and a normal control group. Results showed that suicide attempters were more over-general in memory and displayed significantly poorer problem solving than the other two groups. Furthermore, suicide attempters who were more over-general displayed greater deficits in problem solving. It was concluded that effective problem solving in suicide attempters depends on specific autobiographical recall.

Adult↗