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PubMed1979

Tardive dyskinesia and the long-term patient.

A psychiatric patient's long-term use of antipsychotic medication often results in the irreversible movement disorder, tardive dyskinesia. The author uses a composite case history as a basis for discussing the symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. A number of drugs have been used to treat the disorder, but so far none have been effective. While tardive dyskinesia cannot be cured at this time, the author believes that it can be prevented by treating psychoses with the lowest possible dose of the least toxic drug for the shortest length of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Iatrogenic Psychoses.

Iatrogenic psychoses can cause disability, worsen previous disability, and render clinical management extraordinarily difficult. In certain cases, psychosis precedes more severe and overt toxicity, which can lead to encephalopathy or coma. This article offers an overview of iatrogenic (ie, treatment-induced) psychoses. "Pure" psychoses (ie, without confusion or mood disturbance) are emphasized. Shortcomings of available data are highlighted. The epidemiology, definition, diagnosis, differential diagnoses, risk factors, and course are discussed. Therapeutic measures include discontinuation or decreasing the dose of the suspected medication and the administration of neuroleptics, antimanics, and antidepressants. Other general principles of clinical management are given. A brief review of etiopathogenic mechanisms is offered and areas for future research are emphasized.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Frégoli syndrome after cerebral infarction.

A case of a rare form of delusional misidentification, the Frégoli syndrome, is described. Although usually occurring in the setting of primary or secondary schizophrenic psychoses, delusional misidentification has been reported in affective, neurological, and toxic-metabolic disorders. In this instance a diagnosis of paranoia (delusional disorder) secondary to predominantly right hemisphere pathology, rather than schizophrenia, seemed more appropriate.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

[The treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with hemodialysis].

A very controversial debate, concerning the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses by means of hemodialysis, started approximately in 1977, when American scientists reported outstanding successes with this method. Until now there is no clear evidence of the underlying principle of effectiveness of this method. According to present experiences there are three theories. Already in 1960 there were reports of successful application of hemodialysis in acute schizophrenic psychoses. The authors, among other things, assumed the filtration of a toxic blood substance to be the therapeutic principle. Later, however, changes in the blood circulation during dialysis, especially the improvement of cerebral perfusion, were seen as the real therapeutic factor. The recently reported findings of abnormal endorphin in the dialysate fluid of schizophrenics, brought back the theory of detoxification. At the same time there were claims by different authors, that the positive results were only due to a "changed psychological situation" of the treated patients. Which of these three theories is correct can not be decided yet. Whether blood purification methods have anything to offer for the treatment of some types of schizophrenic diseases requires further research.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1976

[Genetics of psychoses under a new aspect].

To analyze the biological pathways of the genetical activity in psychoses is growing more and more to an important goal. The research in this field should be started on the assumption of a multifactorial hereditary system controlling the somatic base of mental illness in a specific way as can be argued from twin and family studies. Screening the present data, there is strong evidence that the metabolism of affective psychoses is characterized by quantitative deviations only concerning the 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine turnover particularly. The biochemical findings in schizophrenic psychoses are suspicious for qualitative abnormities too. There are some indications of toxic products in the catecholamine metabolism and of antibodies against brain substances. All these disturbances could be caused by structural gene mutants or by mutations of the genetical regulatory system changing the sensitivity for the environmental stimulus. The simultaneous investigation of simple inherited serum groups is described as a useful tool for biological marking of the responsible genotypes.

Environmental Exposure↗