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PubMed2004

Risk factors for hypospadias in Norwegian boys - association with testicular dysgenesis syndrome?

It has been proposed that hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer, as well as decreasing sperm quality are symptoms of an underlying entity called testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). We wanted to study the risk factors for hypospadias and compare them with those of the other conditions belonging to TDS. A large case-control study was undertaken on data on all live-born boys registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during the period 1967-1998 (n = 961 396; hypospadias cases = 2382). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between potential risk factors and hypospadias, estimated by odds ratio (OR). The risk factors for hypospadias were divided into four categories: (i) maternal characteristics, e.g. low parity [p(trend) < 0.001], hypertension (OR = 1.49) and bleeding (OR = 1.39) during index pregnancy, and (pre)eclampsia (OR = 1.84); (ii) complications during delivery, e.g. retained placenta (OR = 1.67) or Caesarean section (OR = 1.36); (iii) characteristics of the newborn, e.g. low birth weight [p(trend) < 0.001], small for gestational age (OR = 2.16), and presence of congenital malformations other than hypospadias (OR = 2.72), e.g. inguinal hernia (OR = 5.65); (iv) prevalence among relatives of hypospadias cases, e.g. brother with hypospadias (OR = 20.81). The novel finding of retained placenta as a risk factor indicates that early malfunction of placenta could be a causative factor for hypospadias. When comparing with previously published risk factors for hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer, we found that the following risk factors were common to all three conditions: low parity, low birth weight, low gestational age, inguinal hernia, bleeding during pregnancy and Caesarean section. In conclusion, our results support the notion that the conditions of TDS share risk factors.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2002

Risk factors for metritis in Danish dairy cows.

A retrospective longitudinal study of metritis was conducted in Denmark on data collected during 1993-1994. Data on herd size, breed, parity, and treatment of disease were obtained from the Danish Cattle Database. Management and production-facility data were collected using a questionnaire, conducted as a telephone interview in 1994. The study included 2144 herds from three regions in Denmark (102,060 cows). Herd-level variables included were: herd size, housing, flooring, grazing, calving measures, and calving supervision. Cow-level variables were: parity, breed, calving season and whether the cow had been treated by a veterinarian for dystocia or the diseases: retained placenta, reproductive disease, ketosis, milk fever, or dry cow mastitis. Marginal multivariable logistic-regression analyses were performed. The cow with highest odds of metritis was a first or greater than or equal to third parity cow, of large breed, that calved during November-April, in a zero-grazing herd. The cow had been treated for dystocia, retained placenta, and at least one other reproductive disease, but not for ketosis.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1993

Efficacy of oxytetracycline and tetracycline-benzydamine in the prevention of infection after placental retention in cattle.

The efficacy of intrauterine oxytetracycline and a combination of benzydamine and tetracycline in preventing uterine infections in 150 Italian Friesian cows with retained placentas were compared. The animals were divided into three equal groups. Sixteen per cent of the oxytetracycline-treated group, 12 per cent of the benzydamine-tetracycline-treated group and 76 per cent of the untreated group developed endometritis. The difference between the two treatment groups was not significant but both treatments were effective in preventing septic complications in cows with retained placentas.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[The frequency of individual methods of treatment for health disorders in north German dairy herds].

Disease data were recorded in 143 north German dairy herds including cows of three breeds: Angler, German Red and White and German Black and White. The following disease complexes were analysed: retained placenta, sterility, mastitis, milk fever and claw disorders. Data recording was performed by the herdsman and included date and type of disease per cow and a note, by whom the medical therapy was conducted (veterinary or herdsman). A comparison of both, therapy performed by veterinary or by herdsman, indicated that 75% of all cases of mastitis, 48% of all claw disorders and 25% of all cases of retained placenta were treated by the herdsman, whereas concerning milk fever and sterility only 10 resp. 8% of all cases were treated by the herdsman. An analysis was performed to investigate which factors of region, farm and herd may be related to the extent, in which disorders are treated by the herdsman. The results indicated that region, housing system, herd size and herd milk (kg) and fat (%) were affecting at least two of the five parameters which were formed to describe the herdsman's willingness to conduct medical therapy himself.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Reproductive disorders in the periparturient dairy cow.

Incidence, predisposing factors, and implications of various reproductive disorders (dystocia, twinning, stillbirth, retained placenta, cystic ovaries, anovulation, infections of the reproductive tract, metritis, and abnormal health status) are reviewed as to their inter-relationships and collective impact on reproductive performance, milk yield and predisposition to other diseases or disorders in the periparturient dairy cow. All reproductive disorders reviewed reviewed reduce reproductive performance either directly or indirectly. Concurrent milk yield was reduced marginally in a few studies as a consequence of twinning, retained placenta, cystic ovaries, metritis, or other uterine disorders, and in cows with an abnormal health status. There is strong evidence for associated losses in milk yield following surgical delivery of a stillborn calf. We conclude that most periparturient disorders occur as a complex, rather than as a single abnormality. Cows with one disorders are at increased risk for other disorders, including metabolic ones. In contrast, actual milk yield or potential for high production generally does not predispose cows to increased risk for any of the reproductive disorders. The literature suggests that prophylactic measures to prevent occurrence of the one disorder might decrease the risk and incidence of other related disorders, either directly or indirectly.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Prepartum supplementation of selenium and vitamin E to dairy cows: assessment of selenium status and reproductive performance.

Incidence of retained placenta in dairy cows was evaluated in 627 parturitions. The herd was divided prepartum into three groups: 1) control, no treatment (n = 217 cows); 2) cows injected intramuscularly (n = 190) 21 to 10 d prior parturition with 45 mg Se and 2040 IU of vitamin E; and 3) cows intraruminally administered (n = 220) with two 30-g pellets containing 10% elemental selenium 2 mo prior to expected calving. Incidence of retained placenta (22.1%) was not reduced by Se in combination with vitamin E injection or intraruminal Se pellet nor were other measures of reproduction improved for cows fed a prepartum diet adequate in Se. At parturition the blood plasma Se concentrations were higher in treated postpartum with Se than in untreated cows. No difference in blood plasma Se was observed at parturition between cows with or without placenta retention. Cows dosed intraruminally with Se had a significant increase in milk Se, but this was too small to be a danger to human health. The present results on placenta retention suggest that this disorder is not a Se responsive disease in the dairy cow.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Plasma concentration of estrone sulfate during pregnancy in different breeds of Japanese beef cattle.

Plasma concentrations of estrone sulfate in different breeds of Japanese beef cattle and the relationship between those concentrations and feto-placental growth were examined in order to assess the possibility of monitoring abnormal growth of the fetus. Blood samples were obtained from cows from day 90 of gestation to parturition. The plasma concentration of estrone sulfate was measured by direct enzyme immunoassay. From day 180 of gestation, the mean concentration of estrone sulfate increased gradually and it was drastically elevated after day 240 of gestation with the maximum at day 285. Plasma concentrations of estrone sulfate on day 240 of gestation was significantly increased in F(1) cows (Holstein Friesian and Japanese Black) compared with those in other breeds of cow. From day 270 to 278 of gestation, estrone sulfate concentrations of Holstein Friesian cows inseminated by Holstein Friesian differed from those inseminated by Japanese Black. In the cow with retained placenta, the plasma concentration of estrone sulfate reached plateau at day 240 of gestation and did not increase thereafter. There was no significant relationship between estrone sulfate concentration and duration of gestation, calf birth weight, weight of placenta or viability of newborn calves. These results indicate that changes of plasma estrone sulfate concentration in Japanese beef cattle are very similar to those in Holstein dairy cattle. They also suggest that the plasma concentration of estrone sulfate is associated with the breed of pregnant cow and that its concentration is also affected by calf birth weight depending on the breed of bull. It seems possible to predict the incidence of retained placenta but not the calf birth weight and viability of newborn calves in Japanese beef cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The use of dimenhydrinate in conjunction with dexamethasone for induction of parturition in beef cattle.

Forty-eight crossbred Chianina cows (3 to 5 years of age), with an expected gestation length of 288 days, were randomly divided into four treatment groups to evaluate the use of dimenhydrinate (an antihistamine agent) in conjunction with dexamethasone (DEX) for inducing parturition in beef cattle. Group (A) received a 20 mg dose of DEX (im) on day 282 of gestation and a carrier vehicle (iv) 24 hours later (day 283); Group (B) was given a carrier vehicle (im) on day 282 and 500 mg of dimenhy-drinate (DMH) diluted in 200 ml of 2.5% dextrose-0.9% saline solution given (iv) on day 283 and Group (C) received 20 mg of DEX (im) on day 282 and 500 mg of DMH in solution (iv) on day 283 of gestation. The remaining 12 cows assigned to Group (D) were not handled and were allowed to calve under natural conditions. The number of cows calving and percent calving within 60 hours after the first injection were: 10(91%), none(0%) and 12(100%) for the DEX, DMH and DEX plus DMH groups, respectively. The mean gestation length of the control cows in Group (D) was 288.6 days. Frequency of dystocia was: 18.2, 8.3, 0 and 0% and retained placentae (>/=24 hours) was: 72.8, 16.6, 33.3 and 0% for DEX, DMH, DEX plus DMH and control groups, respectively. In this study, a 20 mg dose of DEX (im) followed 24 hours later with 500 mg of DMH (iv) was more successful for calving induction than when DEX or DMH was used alone. The combination DEX and DMH treatment induced calving in a shorter interval from treatment (P<.05) and decreased the incidence of retained placentae (P<.01) when compared with those induced following DEX treatment.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Vaginal misoprostol versus concentrated oxytocin and vaginal PGE2 for second-trimester labor induction.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy, side effects, and complications of high-dose vaginal misoprostol with concentrated intravenous oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal prostaglandin (PGE(2)) for second-trimester labor induction. METHODS: One hundred twenty-six consenting women with maternal or fetal indications for pregnancy termination and no prior cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to receive either vaginal misoprostol 600 microg 1x, 400 microg every 4 hours 5x (misoprostol group, n = 60) or escalating-dose concentrated oxytocin infusions (277-1,667 mU/min) plus vaginal PGE(2) 10 mg every 6 hours 4x (oxytocin group, n = 66). Both groups received concurrent extra-amniotic saline infusion for cervical ripening. Women who failed their assigned regimen received 20 mg of PGE(2) suppositories every 4 hours until delivery. Analysis was by intent to treat. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were similar between study groups. Median induction-to-delivery interval was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group (12 hours) than in the oxytocin group (17 hours; P <.001). There was a higher induction success rate at 24 hours in the misoprostol group (95%) than in the oxytocin group (85%; P =.06), although this difference did not reach statistical significance. The incidence of live birth (25% versus 17%), chorioamnionitis (5% versus 2%), and postpartum hemorrhage greater than 500 mL (3% versus 3%) were similar between the misoprostol and oxytocin groups, respectively. Diarrhea (2% versus 11%; P =.04), nausea/emesis (25% versus 42%; P =.04), and retained placenta requiring curettage (2% versus 15%; P =.008) were significantly less common in the misoprostol group when compared with the oxytocin group, respectively. Isolated intrapartum fever, however, was more frequent in the misoprostol group (67%) than in the oxytocin group (21%; P <.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with concentrated oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal PGE(2), high-dose vaginal misoprostol is associated with significantly shorter induction-to-delivery intervals, fewer side effects, a lower incidence of retained placenta, and comparable incidence of live birth.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed1990

[The problems of the success of afterbirth removal in cattle. Expert veterinary opinion].

If a severe uterine inflammation is diagnosed 15 days post partum in a cow with retained placenta by clinical examination, it has to be assumed that this inflammation was already manifest two days before (in the discussed case at the time of purchase). By an external examination of the animal this genital inflammation cannot be seen, if there is no vaginal discharge or dried uterine fluids at the tail and around the vulva. The inflammation is the consequence of the placental retention, even if there has been veterinary assistance (manual removal of the retained placenta, antibiotic treatment of the uterus) in time. After manual removal of the placenta, part of it is normally left in the tips of the uterine horns; they cannot be reached by the veterinarian's hand. Even by additional means - like application of oxytocin, lifting the abdomen of the cow with the aid of a plank or trying to invert the tip of the uterine horn - the fetal membranes cannot always be totally removed. The statement that the placenta has been totally removed, is correct only if the end of the chorionic membranes could be clearly identified. Each placental retention in cattle carries the risk of reduced fertility. If a cow is sold a few days post partum, this defect, which can reduce the animal's breeding value, may be unnoticed.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows. Age and seasonal patterns.

Influences of age and season on occurrence of dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic follicle, and luteal cyst were studied retrospectively. The 6 yr of data were from 2960 lactation records of 1401 registered Holstein cows from 20 commercial herds that participated in the dairy herd health program of the Ontario Veterinary College. For each disease, odds ratio analyses compared the risk of disease in each age group to the risk in all other age groups pooled. The following age groups were at increased risks of diseases: dystocia, 2 to less than 4 yr; retained placenta and metritis, 7 to less than 10 yr and 10 or more yr; cystic follicle and luteal cyst, 10 yr or more. For all diseases except dystocia, age 2 to less than 4 yr was at decreased risk. Formal statistical methods were used to test for unimodal seasonal patterns in monthly calvings, in monthly disease incidence (number of diagnoses), and in risk (lactational incidence rate) of disease according to month of calving. There were the following significant peaks: fall calvings in the age group 2 to less than 4 yr, summer-fall risk of metritis, fall-winter incidence of dystocia and metritis, and fall-winter risk of dystocia.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows. Data.

Described are data in a retrospective study of the epidemiology of dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic follicle, and luteal cyst. The 2960 lactation records by 1401 registered Holstein cows in 20 commercial herds were from the Canadian Record of Performance, and the disease data were from the herd health program of the Ontario Veterinary College. Means and standard deviations of production variables were age 4.6 yr, days dry 77.0 +/- 46.9, calving interval 417.6 +/- 71.5 days, breed class average for milk 129.4 +/- 22.5, fat 132.5 +/- 25.5, and days in milk 342.1 +/- 60.6. Rates of disease per lactation were dystocia 5.0%, retained placenta 7.1%, metritis 13.8%, cystic follicle 12.9%, and luteal cyst 3.2%. The distribution of calving ages suggested that the annual herd turnover was 20 to 25%. The distribution of diseases per lactation suggested that diseases occurred together in lactations more often than expected.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea.

The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for postpartum endometritis by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows, and to determine the effect of endometritis on the subsequent reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea. The data, including health status, parity and body condition score (BCS) of cows, and calving date, were collected from 320 cows in eight dairy herds calving from January 2001 to October 2002. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effects of these factors on endometritis. A stepwise procedure, used to obtain the appropriate model with alpha=0.05, revealed that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and parity are the important risk factors for endometritis. The mean intervals from calving to first service and conception were prolonged (P<0.01) by 23 and 36 days, respectively, in the endometritis group compared to the non-endometritis group. The first service conception rate was lower (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (47.6%) than in the non-endometritis group (62.6%). The number of services per conception was higher (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (1.9) than in the non-endometritis group (1.6). We conclude that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and cow parity are strongly correlated with the development of postpartum endometritis, which decreases reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of disease on milk production in the dairy cow: a review.

Estimates of milk losses consequent to dystocia, stillbirth, milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, ketosis, displaced abomasum and locomotor disorders were reviewed. Papers were selected if they provided quantitative estimates of losses based on data collected after 1965, with a sample size resulting in a minimum number of disease cases of 25. Thirty-five papers fulfilled the selection criteria. Milk losses were expressed in kg/day over the period under study to allow comparison of results. Milk fever and cystic ovaries were not associated with yield losses (six studies for each disease). Less than half of the studies found losses associated with dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis, with, respectively, five studies out of 13 (0.3-2.3 kg/day across the lactation), five studies out of 13 (0.8 kg/day across the lactation to 2.5 kg/day across 100 days in milk), and two studies out of 10 (0.4 kg/day across the lactation, and 2.3 kg/day across 119 days in milk). More than half of the studies found losses associated with stillbirth, clinical ketosis, ketosis evidenced by a diagnostic test, and locomotor disorders, with, respectively, three studies out of five (0.7-1.3 kg/day across the lactation), seven studies out of 11 (2.6-5.7 kg/day short-term, and 1.2 kg/day across the lactation), five studies out of seven (1-7 kg/day on the day of diagnosis, and around 1 kg/day across 200 days in milk), and six studies out of 11 (0.3-3.3 kg/day across the lactation). All the five studies, investigating effects of displaced abomasum, found losses (3.5-10.9 kg/day across 80 days in milk, or 0.8-2.5 kg/day across the lactation).

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in holstein cows. Path analysis.

Path models were constructed to investigate causes and effects of dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic follicle, and luteal cyst. The general model included 12 variables: five diseases, age, previous and current breed class average for milk, previous and current days in milk, days dry, and calving interval. The general model indicated 40 bivariate relationships (34 allegedly causal). Restricted models were derived. These included all variables except dystocia (possibly because the set of 810 lactation records excluded data on primiparous cows) and 26 bivariate associations (20 causal). In these models, breed class average, days in milk, and dry period in the previous lactation had little effect on disease. The most important cause and effect relationship among the diseases was retained placenta causing metritis. Excluding dystocia, all of the diseases caused increases in calving interval (16.79 to 35.82 days), in the breed class average for milk (.50 to 6.51 points), and in days in milk (8.72 to 19.73 days). Most increases in the breed class average were of less than 2 points and were mediated by the increase in calving interval (days open); however, there was a direct effect of cystic follicle on the breed class average for mild of +5.58 points (+297 kg).

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Change of milk yield with clinical diseases for a high producing dairy herd.

Changes in milk production associated with occurrence of clinical diseases (dystocia, stillbirth, twin births, milk fever, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, limping due to foot lesions, metritis, ketosis, and mastitis) were investigated. Data were collected daily on 388 lactation. Stepwise least squares regression was used to evaluate existence of associations between diseases and six yield measures that characterized milk production in the first 119 d postpartum. Logistic regression was used to investigate whether milk yield 1 to 5 d in milk might be of use to detect cows with early postpartum metritis (less than 21 d after calving). Lower milk production to 5 d postpartum was associated with an increased risk of early postpartum metritis in the logistic regression model. Yield to 5 and to 21 d postpartum was lower in cases of stillbirth, retained placenta, and early postpartum metritis. Yield from 22 to 49 d postpartum remained lower in cows diagnosed with early postpartum metritis. Milk yield losses occurred during diagnosis and treatment of displaced abomasum and mastitis. Ketosis was associated with yield losses prior to and at treatment. Ketosis to 21 d in milk was also associated with lower production after treatment. Limping diagnosed in the first 49 d postpartum coincided with higher yield to 5 d, to 21 d, and after 49 d postpartum.

Abomasum↗

PubMed2005

Termination of pregnancy in patients with previous cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of termination of pregnancy using mifepristone and misosprostol at more than 15 weeks' gestation in patients with uterine scar due to previous cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary maternity ward between January 2000 and October 2004. A total of 252 women at more than 15 weeks' gestation underwent termination of pregnancy including 50 women with uterine scar due to previous cesarean section (Group 1) and 202 control patients (Group 2) without known uterine scar. Abortion was induced with mifepristone and a prostaglandin analogue. Women between 15 and 34 weeks' gestation received misoprostol intravaginally every 3 h at doses of 200 microg (Group 1) or 400 microg (Group 2). Women at more than 34 weeks' gestation received Prostin E2 vaginal gel. Main end points were hemorrhage, fever, retained placenta, occurrence of complications including uterine rupture and dehiscence, and final outcome. RESULTS: A total of 13 (26%) patients in Group 1 and 79 (39.1%) in Group 2 were at more than 24 weeks' gestation. The abortion failure rate was 2% (1/50) in Group 1 and 0.5% (1/202) in Group 2 (p = .28). The median induction-to-delivery interval was 8.5 h (range, 3.0-114.2 h) for Group 1 and 9.0 h (range, 1.3-124.3 h) in Group 2 (p = .26). One case of uterine rupture and one case of dehiscence were observed, both in women in Group 1. The incidence of hemorrhage was not significantly different between Group 1 and Group 2 (2% vs. 0.9%, respectively, p = .56). The incidence of retained placenta was higher in the Group 1 (70% vs. 52.5%, respectively, p = .025). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective series of women who underwent abortion at 15-35 weeks' gestation using mifepristone and a prostaglandin analogue for labor induction abortion, history of cesarean section was not associated with higher morbidity except risk of uterine rupture. However, dose and interval of misoprostol should be determined. A larger study is needed before drawing definitive conclusions about the safety of these regimens.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed1986

[Continuing eco-pathological survey: 4. Demonstration of pathologic associations in dairy cow stock: herd data].

Data concerning frequencies of 17 main diseases in 59 dairy farms from continual eco-pathological survey, are analyzed by classical regression test, principal components analysis and analysis of variance. Thirty-three statistical relations (positive simple correlations) are shown. Clinical mastitis and retained placenta are associated to nine diseases each, metritis, stillbirth and non-infectious foot disorders to six, dystocia and infectious foot disorders to four, pathology of calf and abortion to three, mammary edema and appetite disorders to two. Ovarian pathology, digestive disorders and teat lesions are "isolated", being associated to only one other disease. The pathological frequencies in dairy farms seem to change in the same way, indicating the existence of common risk factors, and leading to propose a global hygienic prevention. The pathological associations allow to definite some groups of dairy farms showing one or other dominant pathological complex. In the frame of our sample of dairy farms, two groups seem to be determined: one with calving disorders and calf pathology centred on retained placenta, the other with foot disorders, infectious and metabolic troubles, centred on mastitis, as dominant diseases.

Abortion, Veterinary↗