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PubMed1984

The Hemo-matic Analyzer: a new occult blood testing device.

It is now recognized that screening for fecal occult blood is useful to alert the clinician to possible colon cancer in an early stage. The guaiac impregnated card is not widely used because patients must maintain strict diets omitting red meat, peroxidase-containing foods, iron supplements, and ascorbic acid. The Hemo-matic Analyzer uses a special filter to adsorb fecal Hb which is then automatically washed free of interfering substances and quantitatively identified. The filter electrostatically binds Hb and not pepsinized blood or substances that interfere with occult blood testing. We evaluated the sensitivity of this device and compared it to the Hemoccult II test in vivo and in vitro. It was approximately six times more sensitive than Hemoccult II and was not influenced by the presence of ascorbic acid, plant peroxidase, or ingestion of a large quantity of rare red meat. In addition, the samples remained positive more than 10 wk after preparation. The Hemo-matic Analyzer is a useful new device that offers many advantages over Hemoccult card testing for screening for colon cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Epidemiology and risk factors for colorectal cancer.

The striking geographic differences in colorectal cancer incidence and the changes in disease risk among immigrants suggest an important environmental component to colorectal cancer risk. Table 1 lists risk factors for colorectal cancer. The categories in the table are somewhat arbitrary but are designed to provide an overall semiquantitative summary of the current epidemiologic literature. Certain of the most important risk factors (e.g., age, family history) cannot be modified. Individuals at high risk might benefit from surveillance. Dietary factors appear to be among the most important determinants of colorectal cancer risk. Diet helps to explain geographic variation in disease. A diet that is high in red meat and saturated fat appears to increase risk. Vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, and calcium may be protective. Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, and tall stature may be risk factors. Physical activity has been repeatedly shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy may also be protective. Exciting new data suggest a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer in regular users of aspirin and NSAIDs. It is important to recognize that the use of these drugs can have adverse as well as beneficial effects, and the appropriate dose and timing are not known. Enough information is available to make recommendations to lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Reducing red meat and fat consumption; increasing fruits, vegetables, and grains; avoiding obesity; and adopting a regular program of physical activity reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Fortunately, these modifications also decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, an even more important cause of mortality in Western societies.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed1999

Attitudes towards food containing fats in subjects of different body size.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at verifying the hypothesis that individuals belonging to different classes of BMI could show diversities in attitudes and beliefs toward the consumption of food containing fat within the Fishbein and Ajzen framework. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nine hundred and seventy-five families out of 1200 participated in a study aimed at assessing attitudes towards the consumption of foods containing fats. Only subjects over 17 years of age with BMI values over 18.5 kg/m2 were included in the present study. The recruited families were asked to record their food consumption for 7 days according to a mixed technique including the weighed inventory method and the individual daily record of food consumption. Each individual also completed a questionnaire containing questions on belief, attitude and intention items based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model. All questions were related to the consumption of eight foods containing fats. RESULTS: The main finding was an absence of differences in attitudes and beliefs towards foods containing fats between the two groups of normal weight and overweight subjects, obtained by the regression analysis. The subjective measure of habit outweighed attitude in the impact on intention of consuming. Evidence of something to be further investigated comes from the first Principal Component that showed the cognitive 'Beliefs on gaining weight and getting fat' was the best summary of information in relation to the choice of red meat for the group of normal weight subjects, whereas the same belief was the best summary of information in relation to the choice of butter and cheese for the group of overweight subjects. CONCLUSION: Attitudes and beliefs play a similar role in the choice of foods containing fats in the two groups of people considered. Habit was found to be an important predictor of behaviour for both the two groups of subjects. With attempts to modify diet, habit may serve as a barrier to change. Thus, elucidating the roles played by these variables is crucial to developing effective future intervention strategies. However, the slight difference found in the cognitive belief on gaining weight and getting fat for red meat, butter and cheese suggests that further investigations on opinions about the role of certain foods will be useful.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Concordance of diets and eating practices in a rural Guatemalan setting with the cancer prevention recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund: estimates from existing dietary intake.

To evaluate concordance of eating practices in a rural Guatemalan setting with the 14-point cancer prevention recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Two-hundred sixty nine food-frequency questionnaires based on the Willett model were analysed with respect to concordance with the recommendations, aimed at constraining intakes of: fat, sugar, salt, red meat and alcoholic beverages within specific ranges; restricting nutritional supplements' use for the express purpose of avoiding cancer; maximizing the consumption of: edible plants, especially fruits, vegetables, cereals, tubers and legumes; achieving dietary variety and nutrient adequacy; avoiding high-temperature cooking, and exposure to food additives, pesticides and residues; adequately preserving perishable and fungal-prone foods; maintaining normal body composition and regular levels of physical activity. The study was conducted in the county seat and three hamlets from the rural province of Santa Rosa. 214 females and 55 males were evaluated. Daily food servings of plant origin varied from 18.2 to 99.1% (74.6 +/- 10.7%). The guidelines' criteria were met by more than 80% for total fat, red meat, ethanol, fruits and vegetables, cereals-tubers-legumes, sugar and nutritional adequacy, whereas 80% concordance was not met for nutritional supplements, and dietary variety. The other variables could not be evaluated. Concordance with national standards for micronutrient intake was not achieved most frequently for calcium, riboflavin, and iron. Guatemalan cuisine and diet in this rural setting has features of a cancer-protective diet, but complementary actions must be taken, within the social and economic realities of the region.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Dietary fat and cancer.

Based on current epidemiologic knowledge, public health recommendations to decrease total fat intake for the prevention of cancer appear largely unwarranted. Recommendations to decrease red meat intake, particularly processed meat or beef intake, may, on the other hand, decrease the risk of colorectal cancer and prostate cancer; it may have a beneficial effect on breast cancer as well, although the evidence is much less compelling in this regard. There appears to be no particular benefit regarding cancer prevention that would accrue from reducing fat intake from vegetable sources, and in the case of breast cancer, there is some suggestive but preliminary evidence that olive oil or other sources of monounsaturated fatty acids may modestly decrease risk. Overall, recommendations focused on controlling weight by regular physical activity and avoidance of excessive energy intake from all sources; increasing plant food intake; consuming a variety of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits; and decreasing red meat intake are likely to be more effective in decreasing risk of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer than decreasing total fat intake. This conclusion is consistent with current recommendations for cancer prevention as promulgated by the American Cancer Society.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1999

Covert self-reinforcers, fear of consequences, and health behavior.

A sample of 125 U.S. college students reported how frequently they exercised vigorously; wore seat belts in automobiles; and avoided consumption of red meat and foods high in dietary cholesterol, saturated fat, and salt. They also reported their fears of long-term negative effects from the unhealthful alternatives and both the frequencies and intensities of 6 self-administered covert consequences: 3 positive for healthful behaviors and 3 negative for the unhealthful alternatives. Diet-related health behaviors were best predicated by a single scale composed of all 12 covert-consequence items. Factor analyses suggested the use of 2 scales for exercise and use of seat belts: 1 rating positive consequences and the other rating negative consequences. For both behaviors, only the positive-item scale predicted in multiple regression. Fear was correlated with all health behaviors except exercise, but it contributed independently only to red-meat avoidance.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Colorectal cancer: lifestyle and dietary factors.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer is the most common tumor in the developed countries, and the number of new cases annualy is aproximately equal for men and women. Several environmental factors can interact in all steps of carcinogenesis. Lately the balance between genetic predisposition and these factors, including nutritional components and lifestyle behaviors, determines individual susceptibility to develop colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to revise the references about lifestyle include diet, physical exercise, tobacco smoking and use of alcohol, and the risk of colorectal cancer in databases published during 1994-2004. DIETARY FACTORS: According to the reports high intake of red meat, and particularly of processed meat and positive energetic balance (high intake of total fat and carbohydrate) was associated with a moderate but significant increase in colorectal cancer risk. Convincing preventive factors include increase consumption of a wide variety of fruit and vegetable, particularly, dark-green leafy, cruciferous, a deep-yellow on tones, and fibre. LIFESTYLE: Physical activity as a means for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer. There is a probable synergic effect among physical inactivity, high energy intake and obesity and incidence of colorectal cancer. A growing body of evidence supports that avoidance overweight and the use of tobacco and alcohol is recommended to prevent colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Current data suggest that lifestyle modification including proper diet such as the ones rich in vegetable and poor in red meat and fat, regular physical activity and maintaining an appropriate body weight and avoiding the use of tobacco and alcohol may lead to reduce colorectal cancer risk.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1998

Energy, macronutrient, and food intakes in relation to energy compensation in consumers who drink different types of milk.

To examine whether total fat intake is actually lower in reduced-fat (low-fat and skim) milk drinkers and whether reduced-fat-milk drinkers compensate for energy intake we compared the intakes of foods, energy, and energy-yielding nutrients in reduced-fat-milk drinkers and whole milk drinkers by using the US Department of Agriculture's 1989-1991 nationwide food intake database, the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. This database represents a national stratified sample population of 15 128 individuals. Of the survey population, approximately one-third consumed whole milk, one-third consumed low-fat milk, one-tenth consumed skim milk, and one-tenth consumed mixed types of milk. The data provided the following information: 1) total fat intake of reduced-fat-milk drinkers is significantly (P < or = 0.05) lower than that of whole milk drinkers; 2) in general, males but not females compensate for energy by increasing their carbohydrate intake; 3) reduced-fat-milk drinkers consume more fruit and vegetables (P < or = 0.05) and less red meat and sweets (P < or = 0.05) than whole milk drinkers; 4) through their reduction in total fat intake, several age groups of skim milk drinkers have achieved the US dietary goal for fat intake, ie, < or = 30% of energy intake from fat; 5) teenagers compensate for energy intake the least of all age groups; and 6) with advancing age, fewer people drink milk and fewer drink whole milk. The data indicate significant sex differences in energy compensation, that reduced-fat-milk drinkers consume significantly (P < or = 0.05) less fat than whole milk drinkers, and that the US dietary goal for fat intake may be practically achieved by consuming reduced-fat foods such as skim milk and limiting intakes of high-fat foods such as red meat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

SULT1A1 genotype and susceptibility to colorectal cancer.

Several procarcinogens that are present in cooked red meat and tobacco smoke are substrates for sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1). The association between environmental exposures and colorectal cancer risk may be modified by individual differences in the metabolism. Thus, we investigated the effect of a common polymorphism in the SULT1A1 gene associated with decreased enzyme activity on the susceptibility to colorectal cancer in a population-based case-control study. Patients (505) and 604 age- and sex-matched controls provided detailed risk factor information and were genotyped for SULT1A1 G638A using a fluorescence-based melting curve analysis method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate colorectal cancer risk associated with environmental exposures by SULT1A1 genotype. SULT1A1 genotype was not an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer. Risk of colorectal cancer associated with frequent consumption of red meat was significantly elevated among carriers of the SULT1A1*2 allele but not increased among subjects with the SULT1A1*1/*1 genotype (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.1 and OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.5-2.1, respectively). Colorectal cancer risk associated with 30+ pack-years of active smoking was higher among carriers of the SULT1A1*2 allele (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.2) than among individuals with the SULT1A1*1/*1 genotype (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-2.1). Our results do not support a main effect of SULT1A1 genotype with regard to colorectal cancer but suggest that individuals with the low activity SULT1A1*2 allele may be at higher risk following carcinogen exposure than those with the SULT1A1*1/*1 genotype.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutrition and colorectal cancer].

Colorectal cancer is the most common tumor behind lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women. Its prevalence shows a wide geographic variability, which, along with epidemiological and experimental evidence, suggests a considerable participation of environmental factors, mainly dietary in its cause. It is not known which dietary components have an undisputed influence on the risk of colorectal cancer, nor how they condition the different genetic susceptibilities of the individuals. However, we do know of the protective action that consuming vegetables has, and the increased risk associated with saturated fats and red meats, especially when associated with other factors like a hypocaloric diet, obesity, sedentary life, or the use of alcohol. Fiber, however, has not proven the risk reducing properties that were attributed to it by epidemiological studies, possibly because this term encompassed several very different substances. Moreover, it is very difficult to know the effect of an isolated nutrient as these are intimately entwined in the foods. It should be kept in mind that many substances, like plants, as well as the usual nutrients, contain a large number of components with unknown effects and that the manner in which the foods are prepared or eaten, no doubt are of influence. A healthy lifestyle with regard to the risk of colorectal cancer, should no doubt include the consumption of large amounts of vegetables and whole cereals, a limit of the caloric intake with fats not exceeding 30%, to eat fish and chicken rather than red meat, to avoid alcohol, and to regularly partake of physical exercise.

Central Nervous System Depressants↗

PubMed2001

EatSmart: efficacy of a multifaceted preventive nutrition intervention in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated a multifaceted preventive nutrition intervention to improve dietary habits among adult primary care patients. METHODS: We randomized six group practices in a managed care organization. Participants completed baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. The intervention comprised (1) mailed personalized dietary recommendations and educational booklets focusing on fruits and vegetables, red meat, and dairy foods, tailored to patients' baseline intake and stage of readiness to change eating behaviors; (2) verbal endorsement by the primary care provider of the benefits of these recommendations; and (3) two motivational counseling sessions with telephone counselors to set dietary goals. RESULTS: Among the 230 subjects in the intervention group and 274 in the control group, mean age was 54 years, 70% were female, and 91% were white and 7% African American. Eighty-nine percent of the participants completed the follow-up survey. We measured change in intake of foods using results from the baseline and follow-up food frequency questionnaires. Using an intention-to-treat analysis and adjusting for age, sex, race, and baseline intake, the change in fruit and vegetable intake in the intervention group was 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.3, 0.8) servings/day higher than in the control group. There was no intervention effect on red meat and dairy products. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored clinical nutrition interventions that combine brief physician endorsement with practice supports may be effective in changing patients' eating behavior.

Diet↗

PubMed2004

Adolescents eating diets rich in either lean beef or lean poultry and fish reduced fat and saturated fat intake and those eating beef maintained serum ferritin status.

Reducing red meat intake to lower serum cholesterol may also lower iron and zinc intake. Eighty-six seventh and eighth graders who enrolled in a study comparing serum ferritin, zinc, and cholesterol levels were randomized to a low-fat eating pattern emphasizing either lean beef or lean poultry and fish. Serum data and three 24-hour recalls were collected at baseline and 3 months. The lean beef group ate significantly more beef [26 (4, 37) g/d; P<.01] and both groups reduced total and saturated fat intake. Although serum ferritin level change between baseline and intervention was significantly different between the lean beef and lean poultry and fish groups (median [interquartile range] 0.7 [-6, 8] and -6.8 [-12, 2] microg/dL, respectively), the drop in the lean poultry and fish group was not clinically significant. No differences were observed in iron and zinc intake or in serum zinc and cholesterol levels. Teenagers eating diets low in saturated fat may benefit from adequate amounts of lean red meat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Dietary factors and microsatellite instability in sporadic colon carcinomas.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in 10-20% of the sporadic colon carcinomas and appears to be primarily due to alterations in hMLH1 and hMSH2. Little is known about the role of diet in MSI-related colon carcinogenesis. We used data from a Dutch population-based case-control study on sporadic colon carcinomas (184 cases and 259 controls) to evaluate associations between dietary factors previously reported as being associated with colon cancer risk and MSI, hMLH1 expression, and hMLH1 hypermethylation. Red meat intake was significantly differently related to microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors compared with microsatellite instability-low/microsatellite stable (MSI-L/MSS) [odds ratio (OR), 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-0.9]. It was inversely associated with MSI-H tumors when compared with the population-based controls (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-1.2) and positively associated with MSI-L/MSS tumors (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9-2.6). A positive association was observed for alcohol intake with MSI-H tumors (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.8-4.7). Fruit consumption seemed to especially decrease the risk of MSI-H tumors with hypermethylated hMLH1 (Methyl(+) tumors) [Methyl(+) versus controls: OR = 0.4 and 95% CI = 0.2-0.9; MSI-H tumors without hypermethylated hMLH1 (Methyl(-) tumors) versus controls, OR = 1.2 and 95% CI = 0.8-1.7; Methyl(+) versus Methyl(-) tumors, OR = 0.2 and 95% CI = 0.1-0.9]. Most other evaluated dietary factors were not distinctively associated with a specific MSI or hMLH1 methylation status. Our data suggest that red meat consumption may enhance the development of MSI-L/MSS carcinomas in particular, whereas alcohol intake appears to increase the risk of MSI-H tumors. Fruit consumption may especially decrease the risk of MSI-H carcinomas exhibiting epigenetically silenced hMLH1.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China.

Colon cancer incidence rates have risen sharply in Shanghai, China, since the early 1970s, and diet may have contributed to the rising incidence. To clarify the role of dietary factors for colon cancer in Shanghai, we analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of 931 cases (462 males and 469 females) and 1552 controls (851 males and 701 females) ages 30-74 years in Shanghai, China, from 1990-1993. Subjects were interviewed in person for a detailed history of dietary practices and food preferences by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Colon cancer risk was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, total energy, and other confounding factors. Risk for the highest versus the lowest quartile of intake was elevated for red meat (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1 for men and OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.2 for women), fish (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4 for men and OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.7 for women), and eggs (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9 for men and OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9 for women), but was reduced for fresh fruit (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-1.0 for men and OR, 0.6, 0.4-0.9 for women). High intake of preserved foods, whether animal or plant source, was associated with an excess risk of colon cancer (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.9 for men and OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.8 for women). For dietary nutrients, risk generally declined with greater consumption of fiber and micronutrients common in fruit and vegetables, including vitamin C, carotene, and vitamin E. Intake of macronutrients in general was not significantly related to risk. Our findings suggest that diets high in fruit and antioxidant vitamins that are common in plant foods reduce the risk of colon cancer, whereas diets high in red meat, eggs, and preserved foods increase the risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and lamb cuts: results of a one-year study.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been associated with a broad spectrum of diarrhoeal syndromes. Some of these cases have been attributed to foods of bovine origin or other foods cross-contaminated by beef products or cow manure. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of STEC distribution in selected red meats over time. Samples of ground beef and lamb cuts were collected over a 52-week period from 31 different outlets and 25 g portions were assayed for STEC. STEC were isolated from 46/285 (16%) ground beef and 111/275 (40%) lamb samples using an stx PCR screen followed by colony hybridisation. All isolates were tested by PCR for additional STEC virulence markers with 95% of ground beef isolates shown to possess stx(2) and 80% of lamb cutlet isolates shown to possess stx(1) and stx(2). The enterohaemolysin gene (ehxA) was detected in 65% and 53% of ground beef and lamb isolates respectively. Putative enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), i.e. STEC possessing the E. coli attaching and effacing gene (eae) were not isolated. The STEC isolates comprised 18 and 15 different serotypes from ground beef and lamb respectively. STEC of serotypes O157, O111 and O26 (common enterohaemorrhagic E. coli serotypes) were not isolated. Serotypes O174 and O91 were the most common serotypes isolated from ground beef samples and O128 and O91 the most common from lamb cutlet samples. The presence of STEC in retail red meats highlights the need for a clearer understanding of STEC in food and human illness to interpret the public health significance of these findings.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1995

Non-promoting effects of lean beef in the rat colon carcinogenesis model.

Recent epidemiologic studies have implicated red meat consumption as a risk factor for colon cancer in both men and women. However, it has been very difficult to separate the effects of meat as a protein source from the accompanying fat content of the diets analyzed in these studies. Experimental data from rodent feeding trials show mixed results, with no firm conclusions being possible in terms of the colon-cancer promoting effects of meat fat. The goal of the present study was to compare, in an experimental animal model, the effects of beef with casein as a protein source, within the context of a low- and high-fat diet containing either corn oil or beef tallow, on promotion of colon carcinogenesis. Tumors were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg body wt for 10 weeks). Two hundred and eighty male weanling rats were randomized to eight dietary treatment groups of a 2x2x2 factorial design with fat source (corn oil vs. beef tallow), fat level (5% vs. 20%), and protein source (very lean beef vs. casein) as the factors. Diets were fed ad libitum before, during and after carcinogen treatment for a total of 27 weeks. At termination of the study, animals were examined for location, size and type of colon or extracolonic lesions. The total incidence and number of colon tumors were significantly lower in the groups fed beef rather than casein. High fat levels, regardless of source, significantly increased the number of colon adenomas. These results demonstrate that when lean beef is used as the protein source in the context of a low-fat diet, fewer intestinal tumors develop. These data do not support the belief that red meat consumption increases the risk for colon carcinogenesis, but underscores the importance of fat level in dietary context.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed1986

Effect of diet on fecal occult blood testing in patients with colorectal polyps.

To determine the effect of a red-meat-free, high-fiber diet, patients performed fecal blood testing before colonoscopy for suspected polyps. One hundred twenty-nine patients were allowed an unrestricted diet, and 159 consumed the special diet. Without dietary restrictions, 31 of 77 patients with adenomas, five of eight with cancer, one of seven with nonneoplastic polyps, and one of 37 with normal colonoscopy had positive tests. With the special diet, 30 of 97 patients with adenomas, eight of ten with cancer, one of six with nonneoplastic polyps, and one of 46 with normal colonoscopy had positive tests. There are no statistical differences between the groups. Comparing all patients with cancer to those with normal colonoscopy, the sensitivity of fecal blood testing is 72%, the specificity 98%, and the positive and negative predictive value 87% and 94%, respectively. The sensitivity for fecal blood testing in patients with adenomas (compared to those with normal endoscopy) is 35%, the specificity is 98%, and the positive and negative predictive values are 97% and 42%, respectively. Combining all patients with adenomas, those with multiple polyps, larger polyps, or polyps located distal to the splenic flexure had positive fecal blood tests more frequently. Fecal blood testing does not detect a large number of colorectal adenomas. This study does not indicate any benefit on the sensitivity or specificity of fecal blood tests from the red-meat-free, high-fiber diet currently recommended.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2000

A high-beef diet alters protein kinase C isozyme expression in rat colonic mucosa.

We recently reported that a red meat (beef) diet relative to a casein-based diet increases protein kinase C (PKC) activity in rat colonic mucosa. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the effects of a high-beef diet on colonic intracellular signal transduction by analyzing steady-state protein levels of different PKC isozymes as well as activities of the three types of sphingomyelinases. Male Wistar rats (n = 12/group) were fed AIN93G-based diets either high in beef or casein for 4 weeks. Rats fed the beef diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher cytosolic PKC alpha and lower membrane PKC delta protein levels than rats fed the casein diet. The beef-fed rats also had alterations in subfractions of PKC zeta/lambda so that they had a significantly (P = 0.001) lower level of membrane 70 & 75 kDa fraction and a higher (P = 0.001) level of cytosolic 40 & 43 kDa fraction than rats fed the casein diet. Because protein levels analyzed with a PKC zeta-specific antibody were similar, these differences in PKC zeta/lambda were probably due to changes in PKC lambda expression. PKC beta2 levels did not differ between the dietary groups. Diet had no significant effect on the activity of acid, neutral, or alkaline sphingomyelinase. This study demonstrated that consumption of a high-beef diet is capable of modulating PKC isozyme levels in rat colon, which might be one of the mechanisms whereby red meat affects colon carcinogenesis.

Journal Article↗