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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Rhythmic melatonin secretion does not correlate with the expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, inducible cyclic amp early repressor, period1 or cryptochrome1 mRNA in the sheep pineal.

The pineal gland, through nocturnal melatonin, acts as a neuroendocrine transducer of daily and seasonal time. Melatonin synthesis is driven by rhythmic activation of the rate-limiting enzyme, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT). In ungulates, AA-NAT mRNA is constitutively high throughout the 24-h cycle, and melatonin production is primarily controlled through effects on AA-NAT enzyme activity; this is in contrast to dominant transcriptional control in rodents. To determine whether there has been a selective loss of circadian control of AA-NAT mRNA expression in the sheep pineal, we measured the expression of other genes known to be rhythmic in rodents (inducible cAMP early repressor ICER, the circadian clock genes Period1 and Cryptochrome1, as well as AA-NAT). We first assayed gene expression in pineal glands collected from Soay sheep adapted to short days (Light: dark, 8-h: 16-h), and killed at 4-h intervals through 24-h. We found no evidence for rhythmic expression of ICER, AA-NAT or Cryptochrome1 under these conditions, whilst Period1 showed a low amplitude rhythm of expression, with higher values during the dark period. In a second group of animals, lights out was delayed by 8-h during the final 24-h sampling period, a manipulation that causes an immediate shortening of the period of melatonin secretion. This did not significantly affect the expression of ICER, AA-NAT or Cryptochrome1 in the pineal, whilst a slight suppressive effect on overall Per1 levels was observed. The attenuated response to photoperiod change appears to be specific to the ovine pineal, as the first long day induced rapid changes of Period1 and ICER expression in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and pituitary pars tuberalis, respectively. Overall, our data suggest a general reduction of circadian control of transcript abundance in the ovine pineal gland, consistent with a marked evolutionary divergence in the mechanism regulating melatonin production between terrestrial ruminants and fossorial rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sleep time following anesthesia in mouse lines selected for resistance or susceptibility to fescue toxicosis.

In previous work, a mouse line selected for resistance (R) to fescue toxicosis had higher activities of two hepatic Phase II detoxification enzymes than a mouse line selected for fescue toxicosis susceptibility (S). The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether those same lines also differed in hepatic Phase I enzyme activity, estimated from sleep time (ST) following sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Additional objectives were to determine whether ST differences between lines were modulated by endophyte-infected fescue in the diet (with or without an enzyme inducer) and whether ST of individual mice was correlated with the effect of a toxin-containing diet on the postweaning growth of those mice. In Exp. I, 24 males from each line were randomly assigned to each of five diets: control (commercial rodent food meal); E+ (50% endophyte-infected fescue seed, 50% control); E+P (the E+ diet supplemented with 1,000 ppm phenobarbital); E- (50% endophyte-free fescue seed, 50% control); and E-P (the E- diet supplemented with 1,000 ppm phenobarbital). After 4 wk on these diets, ST was measured on all the mice. A second ST was recorded on each mouse by randomly sampling one-fourth of the population after 1, 2, 3, or 4 wk on a pelleted rodent food diet. Regardless of diet, R mice had shorter first and second ST than S mice (P < 0.01), suggesting higher hepatic Phase I microsomal enzyme activity. Mice on both phenobarbital-supplemented diets had shorter first ST than mice whose diets did not include that microsomal enzyme inducer (P < 0.01). In Exp. II, ST was measured on male and female R and S mice (n = 280) after they had been fed the E- diet for 2 wk, then the E+ diet for 2 wk, and then a pelleted rodent food diet for 2 wk. Growth response to the E+ diet was the percentage of reduction in gain on the E+ diet compared to gain on the E- diet the previous 2 wk. As in Exp. I, S mice slept longer than R mice (P < 0.01). The residual correlation between ST and gain reduction associated with the E+ diet equaled 0.04. Thus, an animal's apparent Phase I enzyme activity did not predict its growth rate depression on the toxin-containing diet. Based on these and previous studies, divergent selection for toxicosis response in mice was successful partially by causing divergence in activities of hepatic Phase I and II detoxification enzymes.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1997

Influence of yogurt and acidophilus yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in mice.

The effects of yogurt and acidophilus yogurt on the weight gain, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and the numbers of fecal lactobacilli and coliforms were investigated in mice assigned to three dietary treatments for 56 d: 1) commercial rodent chow and water (control), 2) commercial rodent chow and yogurt made from milk inoculated with a 3% (vol/vol) liquid culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (yogurt), and 3) commercial rodent chow plus yogurt made from milk inoculated with a 0.01% (wt/vol) freeze-dried culture of Streptococcus thermophilus plus Lactobacillus acidophilus. The weight gains of mice receiving yogurt or acidophilus yogurt were higher than those of the mice in the control group. The mean values for serum cholesterol concentrations and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased when acidophilus yogurt was fed on d 28 and 56. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not affected by yogurt or acidophilus yogurt. The highest number of fecal lactobacilli was found in mice receiving acidophilus yogurt, and the number of fecal coliforms of that group was also lower than in the other two groups.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Zanthoxylum piperitum (DC), a potential feeding deterrent for mammals: studies with Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner).

Total extract from the fruit of Szechuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC), the volatile components of the extract and a non-volatile fraction containing alkylamides (NVA fraction) are feeding deterrents for rats. The present study investigated the effectiveness of these natural repellents in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster Wagner). Two-choice feeding trials were conducted during which food-deprived voles were offered choices between oat-bran wafers. In Experiment 1, 10 voles were given three sets of feeding trials, each 2 h long. Baseline consumption was established during the first set of two trials by offering a choice between two oat-bran wafers dipped in ethanol, the control solvent. During the second set of two trials the voles were given a choice between an oat-bran wafer dipped in ethanol and a wafer dipped in Zanthoxylum extract. During the third set the voles were given a choice between a wafer served on top of a screened dish containing a sample of ethanol and a wafer served on top of a dish containing a sample of extract. In this manner the voles were exposed to volatile compounds emanating from the extract but could not contact it. Wafers dipped in extract were almost completely avoided. The volatile components of extract also significantly reduced food intake. In Experiment 2, habituation to the volatile constituents of extract was examined in 16 Zanthoxylum-naïve voles. Baseline consumption was established by offering two wafers served on top of screened dishes containing ethanol. This was followed by twelve tests during which a choice between a wafer served above a sample of ethanol and a wafer served above a sample of extract was given. The voles failed to habituate to the volatile components of extract, consistently consuming less of the wafers served above extract. In Experiment 3 a dose-response curve to Zanthoxylum extract was established, using 12 stimulus-naive voles. After baseline consumption was established, the animals were given two tests each, presenting a choice between a control wafer and a wafer dipped in a dilution of extract (0.001-100 g liter(-1)). Only concentrations of 10 and 100 g liter(-1) reduced food intake. In Experiment 4 the effects of the non-volatile fraction of extract were compared to those of whole extract. Vegetable oil was used as solvent. Eight stimulus-naïve voles were given two tests with a choice between an oil-dipped and an extract-dipped wafer. A second group of eight voles received two tests with a choice between an oil-dipped and NVA-dipped wafer. Extract-dipped wafers were avoided, but the NVA fraction had no effect on food consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of the immunocontraceptive effect of a zona pellucida 3 peptide antigen in wild mice.

Immunizing laboratory mice against a short peptide to mouse zona pellucida protein 3 (mZP3; amino acids 328-342) reduces fertility in some strains. This antigen was therefore tested to see if it is suitable for use in an immunocontraceptive vaccine to control wild mice. Mouse zona pellucida protein 3 peptide conjugated to a carrier protein (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) was considerably more immunogenic and effective in reducing fertility in wild mice when compared with inbred BALB/c mice. Fertility of the immunized wild mice was reduced by over 50% compared with controls, whereas BALB/c mice showed no reduction. Variation in the responses between individual animals to mZP3 peptide was observed and infertility correlated to the presence of cross-reacting antibodies to native zona pellucida in wild, but not BALB/c, mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of chronic high-level manganese exposure on male behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Male Japanese quail were chronically exposed to 5000 ppm manganese (Mn) as particulate manganese oxide (Mn3O4) in their diet from hatching to 75 days of age. No decrements in growth or in other indices of general toxicity were noted. There were significant (P less than .05) age-related increases in general locomotor activity in the control group, although no significant (.05 less than P less than .10) increases were seen in the Mn-treated group. Both control and Mn-treated groups had significant (P less than .05) age-related increases in aggressive behavior with an overall significant (P less than .05) treatment-related depression. Serum testosterone concentration was only slightly depressed (.05 less than P less than .01) in the 75 day-old, Mn-treated quail. Both the control and Mn-treated quail had higher liver Mn concentrations than previously reported in rodents. Both control and Mn-exposed quail accumulated 5 to 10 times more Mn in their livers than similarly treated rodents. This study indicated that the Japanese quail was less sensitive to particulate Mn3O4 exposure than rodents treated comparably.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Genetically modified mouse health reporting: a need for global standardization.

The distribution of GM mice between facilities has raised new problems because of variable microbiological quality. One of the most important management issues concerns the methods of reporting laboratory animal health surveillance results. The authors evaluated the format and content of 380 health reports of mice received from 55 institutions in Europe and North America. Their results suggest that a standardized rodent health form would facilitate the management of laboratory mouse distribution and infection control.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Organization and execution of the use of disinfectants, insecticides and rodenticides in the period of the eradication of the medical and sanitary consequences of a flood in Stavropol Territory in 2002].

Materials on the organization and execution of disinfection, disinfestations and deratization works at the period of the liquidation of the medico-sanitary consequences of the high flood in the Stavropol Territory in 2002 are presented. Timely and full-scope treatment, carried out in the course of these works, played a positive role in preventing epidemiological aggravations among the affected population.

Animals↗