PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Rotavirus”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Antibody responses to human rotavirus (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs following a new prime/boost vaccine strategy using oral attenuated HRV priming and intranasal VP2/6 rotavirus-like particle (VLP) boosting with ISCOM.

Safer and more effective human rotavirus (HRV) vaccines are needed. We evaluated oral priming with attenuated WaHRV (AttHRV) followed by boosting with two intranasal (IN) doses of VP2/6 virus-like particles (2/6 VLP) with immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) to determine if this regimen induces protection against diarrhoea and viral shedding in the gnotobiotic pig model. IgM, IgA and IgG antibody titres in serum and intestinal contents were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum neutralizing antibody titres were measured by a virus neutralization (VN) test. Seven groups of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were vaccinated at post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 10 and 21 and challenged with virulent WaHRV at PID 28. The vaccine groups included: (1, 2) oral priming with AttHRV and boosting with two IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP-ISCOM (Att + 2/6 VLP-ISCOM) at VLP concentrations of 250 micro g or 25 micro g; (3, 4) three IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP-ISCOM at VLP concentrations of 250 micro g or 25 micro g (2/6 VLP-ISCOM); (5) three oral immunizations with AttHRV (3xAttHRV); (6) one oral immunization with AttHRV (1xAttHRV); (7) controls (ISCOM matrix and/or diluent). The pigs that received 3xAttHRV or Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM had the highest protection rates against diarrhoea upon challenge at PID 28 with virulent WaHRV. The IgA antibody titres to HRV in intestinal contents were significantly higher in the Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM group than in all other groups prechallenge (PID 28). Serum VN antibody titres were statistically similar after the first inoculation among the groups given AttHRV, but at PID 28 VN antibody titres were significantly higher for the 3xAttHRV and Att + 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM groups than for the 1xAttHRV group suggesting that boosting with 2/6 VLP also boosted VN antibody responses. In humans, intestinal IgA antibodies have been correlated with protection against symptomatic reinfection. Thus the vaccine regimen of one oral dose of AttHRV and two IN immunizations with 2/6 VLP250-ISCOM may be an alternative to multiple-dose live oral vaccines in humans.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

Rectal immunization with rotavirus virus-like particles induces systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses and protects mice against rotavirus infection.

To evaluate whether the rectal route of immunization may be used to provide appropriate protection against enteric pathogens such as rotaviruses (RV), we studied the antibody response and the protection induced by rectal immunization of mice with RV virus-like particles (VLP). For this purpose, 6-week-old BALBc mice were rectally immunized twice with RV 8-2/6/7-VLP derived from the bovine RV RF81 strain either alone or combined with various adjuvants including four toxins [cholera toxin (CT) and three attenuated Escherichia coli-derived heat-labile toxins (LTs), LT(R192G), LT(R72), and LT(K63)] and two Toll-like receptor-targeting adjuvants (CpG and resiquimod). Six weeks after the second immunization, mice were challenged with murine RV strain ECw. RV VLP administered alone were not immunogenic and did not protect mice against RV challenge. By contrast, RV VLP combined with any of the toxin adjuvants were immunogenic (mice developed significant titers of anti-RV immunoglobulin A [IgA] in both serum and feces and of anti-RV IgG in serum) and either efficiently induced complete protection of the mice (no detectable fecal virus shedding) or, for LT(K63), reduced the amount of fecal virus shedding after RV challenge. When combined with RV VLP, CpG and resiquimod failed to achieve protection, although CpG efficiently induced an antibody response to RV. These results support the consideration of the rectal route for the development of new immunization strategies against RV infection. Rectal delivery of a VLP-based vaccine might allow the use of adjuvants less toxic than, but as efficient as, CT.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Diarrhea-inducing activity of avian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins, which differ greatly from mammalian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins in deduced amino acid sequence in suckling mice.

Avian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins expressed in Escherichia coli acted as enterotoxins in suckling mice, as did mammalian rotavirus NSP4 glycoproteins, despite great differences in the amino acid sequences. The enterotoxin domain of PO-13 NSP4 exists in amino acid residues 109 to 135, a region similar to that reported in SA11 NSP4.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Serological and genotypic characterization of group A rotavirus reassortants from diarrheic calves born to dams vaccinated against rotavirus.

Two strains of bovine rotavirus (BRV), designated strain Nebraska Scottsbluff-1 (NS-1) and NS-2, were isolated from 2 neighboring cow-calf beef cattle ranches where dams had been vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing group A BRV strain Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus (NCDV)-Lincoln (P1:G6). Northern blot hybridizations using whole genomic RNA probes indicated that strains NS-1 and NS-2 had identical group A RNA electrophoretic patterns and were homologous at all gene segments. Strain NS-1 was compared with reference group A BRV strains using serological and genotypic methods. In vitro virus neutralization assays indicated that strain NS-1 was neutralized by a G6-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) and guinea pig hyperimmune serum (GPHS) raised against BRV strain B641 (P5:G6), but not by G10-specific neutralizing mAb or GPHS raised against BRV strain B223 (P11:G10). Nucleic acid hybridization experiments using whole-genomic RNA probes revealed that gene segment 4 of strain NS-1 differed from BRV strains NCDV-Lincoln and B223, but hybridized with strain B641. Conversely, gene segment 5 of strain NS-1 hybridized with BRV strain B223, but not with BRV strains NCDV-Lincoln and B641. A G-specific cDNA probe produced by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of strain NS-1 hybridized specifically only with G6 strains NCDV-Lincoln and B641, but not with G10 strain B223. Co-electrophoresis experiments using strains NS-1, B641, and B223 further confirmed these results, suggesting that strain NS-1 was a naturally-occurring reassortant BRV between strains B641 and B223. Taken together these results indicated that a naturally-occurring group A BRV reassortant with a P gene different from the vaccine virus was responsible for the diarrheal syndrome observed on both ranches. Results from this study also indicate the existence of at least 2 different gene segments 5 among group A BRV infecting cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lactogenic antibody responses in cows vaccinated with recombinant bovine rotavirus-like particles (VLPs) of two serotypes or inactivated bovine rotavirus vaccines.

Triple-layered virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in a baculovirus expression system from the two prevalent bovine rotavirus (BRV) serotypes, IND (P[5]G6) and 2292B (P[11]G10). Five groups of pregnant cows were inoculated intramuscularly and intramammarily with IND VLPs [BRV RF VP2, and IND VP4, 6, and 7, 250 microg per dose], 2292B VLPs [RF VP2, Cr VP4 (P[11]), and 2292B VP6 and 7, 250 microg per dose], combined IND/2292B VLPs (125 microg each VLP per dose), inactivated IND BRV (5x10(7)PFU per dose, pre-inactivation), or cell supernatant (mock-controls) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Serum, colostrum and milk were collected and tested for isotype-specific antibodies, and homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies (VN) to BRV by ELISA and VN tests, respectively. After vaccination, the IgG1 and homologous VN geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) to BRV in serum of vaccinated groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the mock-controls through postpartum day (PPD) 30. In colostrum, the IgG1 and IgA, and the homologous and heterologous VN GMTs of the IND VLP, 2292B VLP, combined IND/2292B VLP and the inactivated IND groups were significantly enhanced compared to the mock-controls, except for the heterologous VN GMTs in the inactivated IND group. However, the VLP vaccine groups had significantly higher homologous and heterologous VN GMTs than the inactivated IND group. The VN GMTs of the IND/2292B VLP group were statistically similar to the homologous VN GMTs of the IND or 2292B VLP groups, although the IgG1 GMT was lower. In milk, the IgG1 and homologous VN GMTs of the VLP groups were significantly higher than the inactivated IND or the mock-control groups through PPD30. However, the heterologous and homologous VN GMTs of inactivated IND group were statistically similar to the mock-control group at PPD0 and 30, respectively. These results demonstrate that the BRV antibody titers in serum, colostrum and milk are significantly enhanced by the use of triple-layered VLPs and inactivated IND vaccines, but significantly higher antibody responses were observed in the VLP vaccinated cows. The combined IND/2292B VLP vaccine induced comparable VN responses to BRV in serum, colostrum and milk compared to those induced by the individual IND or 2292B VLP vaccines, suggesting that at least two different serotypes can be mixed to confer maximum antibody responses to the incorporated serotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Oral tetravalent rotavirus vaccine can be successfully coadministered with oral poliovirus vaccine and a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. US Rhesus Rotavirus Vaccine Study Group.

AIM: To determine whether an oral tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RV-TV) can be safely coadministered with a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTP/Hib) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to healthy infants without interfering with the immune responses to any of the component antigens. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-seven infants ages 2 to 3 months were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to receive three doses of either placebo or RV-TV, each containing 4 x 10(5) plaque-forming units, concurrently with DTP/ Hib (Tetramune) and OPV at approximately 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Infants were followed for 5 days after each dose for the occurrence of adverse events and subsequently until 3 to 6 weeks after the third dose of RV-TV or placebo. Immune responses were assessed by measuring the postvaccination serum antibody titers to each component of DTP/ Hib and OPV at 3 to 6 weeks after the third dose. RESULTS: The percentage of infants who attained protective antibody titers and the distribution of antibody titers against diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and H. influenzae type b were not statistically different between RV-TV and placebo recipients. The distribution of antibody titers against different antigens of Bordetella pertussis (agglutinins, pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae antigens and the 69-kDa outer membrane protein) was compared and no significant differences were found. The percentage of infants with detectable neutralizing antibodies against the three serotypes of poliovirus and the distribution of antibody titers was not statistically different between RV-TV and placebo recipients. There were no clinically meaningful differences in postvaccination reactions between RV-TV and placebo recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Three doses of RV-TV can be safely coadministered with three doses of DTP/ Hib and OPV without diminishing an infant's serum antibody responses to each component of these vaccines. Therefore RV-TV can be given at the standard childhood visits at 2, 4 and 6 months of age.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of two commercial kits for rapid detection of human rotavirus in feces: Rotalex, a latex agglutination test and Rotavirus ELISA Kit.

96 fecal specimens from children with symptoms of gastroenteritis were tested with a latex agglutination test (Rotalex, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (Rotavirus ELISA Kit, Dakopatts, Copenhagen, Denmark). Using the ELISA method as reference, the latex agglutination (LX) came out with three non-specific and two false negative results. The LX test was found to be a rapid, practical and non-expensive choice for a laboratory examinating few samples daily.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Rotavirus-inhibitory activity in serial milk samples from Mexican women and rotavirus infections in their children during their first year of life.

A total of 75 children born in rural Mexico were followed for diarrheal diseases and rotavirus (RV) excretion during the first year of life. For 18 children, an average of 14 serial breast milk samples were obtained between days 2 and 360 after delivery and were tested for RV-inhibitory activity. Of these samples, 70, 62, and 85% showed inhibitory activity against serotype (ST) 1 human RV, ST4 human RV, and ST3 simian RV, respectively; the median titers were 10, 10, and 20, respectively. Some 89% of the milk samples showed RV-specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (median titer, 20). Surprisingly, 98% of the milk samples inhibited ST6 bovine RV. ST6, but not ST1, RV-inhibitory activity survived heat treatment (10 min at 80 degrees C). Of the 18 children tested, 13 children experienced 23 episodes of diarrhea (enterotoxigenic [n = 8] and enteropathogenic [n = 3] Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni [n = 4], Shigella flexneri [n = 2], RV [n = 1]) and 5 children experienced 6 RV infections. Only one RV infection was associated with diarrhea. The five RV excretors did not differ from the nonexcretors with respect to the RV-inhibitory activity in the breast milk fed to them. The RV-inhibitory titers were too low in the majority of the studied Mexican milk samples to indicate an important effect of breast-feeding on the take rate of oral human, simian, or reassortant RV vaccines. Breast-feeding might, however, inhibit the take rate of a bovine RV vaccine.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Surveillance of rotavirus strains in the United States: identification of unusual strains. The National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System collaborating laboratories.

Rotavirus strains from 964 fecal specimens collected from children at 11 U.S. hospital laboratories from November 1997 to March 1998 and from samples collected at 12 laboratories from November 1998 to March 1999 were typed for G and P proteins. Serotype G1 was the predominant serotype in 1997-1998 (88%), followed by G2 (6.2%), G9 (3.3%), and G3 (1.5%). This pattern was similar to that seen in 1998-1999: G1 (79%), G2 (15%), G9 (3.0%), G4 (1.6%), and G3 (0.3%). Novel P[9] strains were identified in both seasons, and analysis of a 364-nucleotide fragment from gene segment 4 of one of the strains demonstrated 97.3% nucleotide identity with the prototype P3[9],G3 strain, AU1, isolated in Japan. This is the first report of a human AU1-like strain in the United States. These results reinforce our initial findings that serotype G9 persists in the United States but has not become a predominant strain and that the common serotypes G1 to G4 account for almost 90% of strains in circulation. Other uncommon strains exist in the United States but may have been overlooked before because of their low prevalence and the use of inadequate diagnostic tools.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Antibody-secreting cell responses to rotavirus proteins in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with attenuated or virulent human rotavirus.

Because of their similarities to infants in mucosal immune responses and their susceptibility to human rotavirus (HRV) diarrhea, gnotobiotic pigs provide a useful model for rotaviral disease. In this study, we performed quantitative enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays to measure local and systemic isotype-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses to individual structural (VP4, VP6, and VP7) and nonstructural (NSP3 and NSP4) proteins of Wa HRV. The Spodoptera frugiperda cells expressing each recombinant baculovirus HRV protein were formalin fixed and used as antigen for ELISPOT assays. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were orally inoculated once with virulent Wa (WaV) or three times with attenuated Wa (WaA) HRV or mock inoculated (Mock) and then were challenged with virulent Wa (WaV/PC) 28 days after the first inoculation. The ASCs from intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues of pigs from each group were quantitated by ELISPOT assay at the day of challenge, at postinoculation day 28 (WaV, WaA, and Mock) or at postchallenge day (PCD) 7 (WaV+WaV/PC, WaA+WaV/PC, and Mock+WaV/PC). In all virus-inoculated pigs, regardless of the inoculum, lymphoid tissue, or isotype, VP6 induced the highest numbers of ASCs, followed by VP4; ASCs specific for VP7, NSP3, and NSP4 were less numerous. At challenge, total HRV- and HRV protein-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG ASCs in intestinal lymphoid tissues were significantly greater in WaV- than in WaA-inoculated pigs, and WaV pigs were fully protected against diarrhea postchallenge, whereas the WaA pigs were partially protected. At PCD 7, there were no significant differences in ASC numbers for any HRV proteins between the WaV+WaV/PC and WaA+WaV/PC groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of immunogenicity and efficacy of rhesus rotavirus reassortant vaccines in breastfed and nonbreastfed children. US Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether breastfeeding affected the immunogenicity and/or efficacy of candidate rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant vaccines. METHODS: A total of 989 healthy infants between 4 and 26 weeks of age were enrolled into a 23-center, prospective, randomized, double-masked, controlled study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of three doses (4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) of monovalent rhesus-human viral protein 7, or G, serotype 1 reassortant vaccine, (RRV-S1) or tetravalent vaccine (RRV-TV) consisting of rhesus-human reassortant G serotypes 1, 2, and 4, and the parent RRV G serotype 3. Vaccine efficacy was compared in the breastfed and nonbreastfed children as well as seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies to human serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, RRV, and immunoglobulin A to RRV. GMTs in the two feeding groups were compared with and without adjustment for age at initiation of vaccination, prevaccination antibody titers, and the age and prevaccination titer interaction. RESULTS: The seroconversion rates to both vaccines by one or more assays were similar for the breastfed and the nonbreastfed groups (RRV-S1, 84% and 85%, respectively; RRV-TV, 94% and 93%, respectively). There were no significant differences in postvaccination GMTs to either vaccine, measured by any serologic assay, in the two feeding groups. The efficacy of the RRV-S1 vaccine was not significantly lower among the breastfed children than the nonbreastfed children (28% and 39%, respectively). RRV-TV, which is the vaccine being further evaluated for licensure, was equally protective in breastfed and nonbreastfed infants (50% and 51%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis, taking into account differences in age at vaccination and day 1 titer, revealed no evidence of differential vaccine efficacy in the two feeding groups for either vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the RRV-TV vaccine, given as three doses of 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units, induces similar seroresponses and protection in breastfed and nonbreastfed US children.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular epidemiology of bovine rotaviruses. Characterization of rotaviruses isolated from diarrhoeic calves by genome profile analysis.

Fifteen bovine rotavirus group A strains were isolated in several Italian regions over the period 1981-1989 from calves in ten neonatal diarrhoea outbreaks. The electrophoretical analysis of the genoma showed genomic variations and five different profiles were observed, including one with thirteen dsRNA segments. The finding of extra RNA fragments, with respect to the regular eleven genome segments, suggests the possibility of simultaneous or sequential infection by more than one electropherotype or a modification in the length of RNA segments during infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Reactivity patterns to human rotavirus strains of a monoclonal antibody against VP2, a component of the inner capsid of rotavirus. Brief report.

A non-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (YO-60) against human rotavirus was found to be directed to VP2 (90,000-dalton protein), one of the two major components of the inner capsid. The reactivity patterns of the YO-60 antibody were very similar, though not identical, to those of subgroup II-specific YO-5 monoclonal antibody directed to VP6 (42,000-dalton protein), the other major component of the inner capsid. These results indicated the possible presence of a subgroup-specific antigen on VP2 in addition to the one on VP6.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1981

Diagnosis of human rotavirus infections: comparison of an electrophoretic method, a modified complement fixation test and electron microscopy for rotavirus detection.

A modified complement fixation test and a counter-immuno-electrophoresis on cellulose acetate were compared to electron microscopy, in detecting Rotavirus from stool specimens. Out of 75 samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis, 40 per cent yielded positive results. The main advantages of the above two methods in routine diagnosis are discussed.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1984

The molecular biology of rotaviruses. VII. Detailed structural analysis of gene 10 of bovine rotavirus.

cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis have allowed detailed structural studies on RNA segment 10 of the U.K. bovine rotavirus to be undertaken. The complete sequence of 751 nucleotides was determined and found to contain only a single long open reading frame capable of coding for a protein of 175 amino acids. The gene has an unusually long 3' untranslated region of 184 nucleotides or some 24.5% of the total sequence, whose start was confirmed by analysing the carboxyterminal amino acid of the gene 10 product, the glycoprotein VP10c. Analysis of purified virions radio-labelled with [3H]glucosamine and [3H]mannose showed that VP10c is not a detectable component of the virus particle. The two potential glycosylation sites were found to be very close to the amino terminus of the putative translation product, strongly suggesting that the glycoprotein VP10c does not contain a cleavable signal sequence.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the major capsid protein of Simian rotavirus-induced anti-rotavirus antibodies.

cDNA molecules encoding the major structural protein (VP6) of the Simian rotavirus SA11 were inserted under the control of the vaccinia virus 7.5 kDa promoter into the thymidine kinase gene. Synthesis of VP6 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of recombinant virus-infected cell. Mice inoculated via several routes with this recombinant vaccinia produce high titers of antirotavirus antibodies lacking neutralizing activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Differences in the clinical and radiologic patterns of rotavirus and non-rotavirus necrotizing enterocolitis.

We analyzed retrospectively 32 successive infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 13 with rotavirus (RV) infection (RV+) and 19 RV-negative (RV-). All patients showed at least pneumatosis intestinalis. All patients except one had risk factors for perinatal asphyxia. Our study demonstrated significant differences between RV+ NEC and RV- NEC cases: RV+ NEC infants had a higher birth weight and were born at a later gestational age. Oral feeding was started earlier and symptoms developed later and more insidiously in RV+ patients than in RV- NEC babies. Radiology revealed a less severe and more distal colon involvement in RV+ NEC infants, whereas the RV- NEC patients mostly had small intestinal or ileocecal changes and more frequent complications of pneumoportogram and intestinal perforations. These latter infants often had a rapidly deteriorating clinical course; 84% needed surgical treatment. In conclusion RV may be a cause of NEC in susceptible infants. Historic and clinical data and a more distal colonic pneumatosis allow a differentiation of RV+ NEC from other forms of NEC.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗