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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of an experimental staphylococcal infection on the morphofunctional characteristics of tissue basophils and mast cells].

In the process of staphylococcal infection in mice an increase in the number and functional activity of peritoneal, mesenterial and dermal basophils occurs. The preliminary activation of tissue basophils with equine serum albumin has favorable influence on the course of the infectious process, enhances the reaction of mast cells and phagocytes on the causative agent. The role played by tissue basophils in anti-infectious protection may be linked with the increased secretion of histamine producing a stimulating effect on the phagocytic mechanism of immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Clinical comparative study on the activity of cefamandole in the treatment of serious staphylococcal infections caused by methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains.

Ninety-two microbiologically documented staphylococcal infections were treated with cefamandole in an open comparative study on the clinical efficacy of this cephalosporin in the therapy of infections caused by both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. The majority of the episodes (86 of 92) were treated with cefamandole alone, and six were treated with cefamandole in association with other antibiotics. In the evaluable S. aureus infections, 34 of 46 (73.9%) due to methicillin-susceptible strains and 12 of 16 (75%) due to methicillin-resistant strains responded to therapy. In particular, among the patients infected by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus 6 of 9 cases of septicemia, 0 of 2 cases of endocarditis, 2 of 2 cases of pneumonia, 2 of 3 osteoarticular infections, 8 of 12 cases of peritonitis in patients with chronic renal failure in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 13 of 15 skin-soft tissue infections, and 3 of 3 urinary tract infections responded to therapy. Among those due to methicillin-resistant strains, cure was achieved in 2 of 4 cases of septicemia, 0 of 1 case of endocarditis, 9 of 10 skin-soft tissue infections, and 1 of 1 urinary tract infection. In the evaluable infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, 9 of 11 (81.8%) due to methicillin-susceptible and 15 of 17 (88.2%) due to methicillin-resistant strains responded to therapy. In particular, among patients infected by methicillin-susceptible, coagulase-negative staphylococci, 4 of 4 cases of septicemia, 0 of 1 case of endocarditis, 1 of 1 case of pneumonia, 1 of 1 case of peritonitis in CAPD, 2 of 3 infections of skin-soft tissue, and 1 of 1 urinary tract infection responded to therapy. Among patients infected by methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci were cured 5 of 6 cases os septicemia, 6 of 6 cases of peritonitis (in CAPD), 4 of 4 infections of skin-soft tissue, and 0 of 1 urinary tract infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Severe staphylococcal infection with pneumonia treated by plasmapheresis and plasma exchange. A preliminary report.

Three cases of extremely severe staphylococcal infection are reported. All 3 patients were treated by plasmapheresis and fresh plasma or fresh-frozen plasma replacement, and all made a steady recovery. In all 3 cases blood culture for Staphylococcus aureus was positive, 1 patient had osteitis, and 1 signs of spinal cord compression by an infectious process (an abscess). It is thought that the above mentioned procedures may offer a useful additional line of therapy for desperately ill patients with staphylococcus infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1963

EFFECT OF HUMAN SERUM ON FATALITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION IN MICE.

Fusillo, Matthew H. (D.C. General Hospital, Washington, D.C.) and Daniel L. Weiss. Effect of human serum on fatality of staphylococcal infection in mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:212-215. 1963.-Mouse plasma is usually not clotted by staphylococcal coagulase. The addition of human serum to mouse plasma activated the production of the plasma clot by staphylococcal coagulase. When anaerobically grown staphylococci were mixed with human serum, in the mice infected, mortality was enhanced in the serum-treated animals when compared with a nonserum-treated control. A heat-stable factor in human serum apparently was responsible for the increased deaths. The possible implications of coagulase in establishing mouse infections are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Effect of the antibacterial serum factor on staphylococcal infections.

Yotis, W. W. (Loyola University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.). Effect of the antibacterial serum factor on staphylococcal infections. J. Bacteriol. 83:137-143. 1962-Intracerebral injections of mice with 1 to 5 x 10(6) washed viable cells previously exposed for 1 hr at 4 C to 2 mg/ml of the serum factor resulted in 0 to 30% mortality when three recent isolates of yellow, hemolytic, coagulase-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus were used. Mice inoculated in the same manner with the above strains, but exposed to an inactive preparation of the serum factor, showed a 60 to 90% mortality. Addition of partially purified coagulase to the serum factor neutralized the protective action of the serum factor. The serum factor was found primarily in the supernatant obtained following 62% (NH(4))(2)SO(4) saturation of the water-soluble globulin portion and precipitated by one-half volume of undiluted 95% ethanol. Plate counts, manometric techniques, and animal protection studies were employed to follow purification of the serum factor. If dry weight is taken as the criterion of purification, the active substance showed a 40-fold purification over a previous preparation of this substance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Determination of teichoic acid antibody for the diagnosis of pediatric staphylococcal infections.

Determination of teichoic acid antibodies by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was done in 39 patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections and 151 patients who did not have a history of serious staphylococcal infections. The latter who were treated for other diseases served as controls. Various levels of teichoic acid antibodies below 1:3,200 were detected in controls while significantly higher levels were seen in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pleuropulmonary staphylococcal infection in infants, in a hospital environment in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)].

We observed 36 cases of pleuropulmonary staphylococcal infection (PPS) in infants aged 0 to 30 months, during a prospective study carried out between April 1st 1995 and March 31 1996 at the Pediatrics Department of Ouagadougou University Hospital. PPS accounted for 0.5% of all hospital admissions and 11.6% of all acute basal respiratory infections in children aged less than 30 months. Slightly more boys than girls were affected, with a sex ratio of 1.2. We identified the classic triad of symptoms: cough-fever-polypnea, associated with abdominal ballooning and a change in general condition. On X rays, the typical images showing parenchymatous bubbles were the second most frequent observation (27.8%) after parenchymatous opacities (69.5%). The most frequently used antibiotics were oxacillin (Bristopen), gentamycin (Gentallin) and cefuroxime-axetil (Zinnat). The prognosis of PPS is poor, with a high mortality rate (27.8%) and a risk of pleural recurrence. Being very young, late hospitalization, malnutrition and leukopenia were identified as factors indicating a poor prognosis. Recygling of health care personnel for the management of acute respiratory infections, a decrease in malnutrition and an improvement in vaccination cover are essential if the mortality and morbidity of acute respiratory infections, and PPS in particular, are to be reduced.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

A ten year, multicentre study of coagulase negative staphylococcal infections in Australasian neonatal units.

OBJECTIVE: To study late onset systemic infections with coagulase negative staphylococci. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study of coagulase negative staphylococcal infection in 18 Australasian neonatal nurseries. RESULTS: From 1991 to 2000 inclusive, there were 1281 cases of coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) sepsis, comprising 57.1% of all late onset infections. The male/female ratio was 1.27:1 (p < 0.05). The incidence of CoNS sepsis was 3.46 episodes per 1000 live births. Most infected babies (71%) were 24-29 weeks gestation at birth (mode 26 weeks). The first positive culture was day 7-14 in 49% of babies (mode 10 days). Five cases of meningitis were reported, an incidence of 0.4% of all CoNS infections. Twenty nine babies (2.3%) had concurrent necrotising enterocolitis and CoNS septicaemia. Four babies (0.3%) died from CoNS infection, but CoNS infection possibly contributed to the death of an additional 20 babies (1.6%). The mortality directly attributable to CoNS infection was significantly lower than that from late onset infections with Staphylococcus aureus (13.1%; relative risk (RR) = 36.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0 to 100.2) or with Gram negative bacilli (14.2%; RR = 45.5 (95% CI 16.8 to 123.3)). CONCLUSIONS: CoNS are currently responsible for most late onset neonatal infections. Most infected babies are < 30 weeks gestation at birth, and usually present between 7 and 14 days of age. CoNS infections may be associated with necrotising enterocolitis, although causality is unproven. Neonatal CoNS infections are relatively benign: meningitis is rare and mortality low compared with infection from other organisms. Over-vigorous attempts to reduce the incidence of CoNS infections using prophylactic antibiotics are not advisable.

Australia↗
PubMed1998

Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group.

CONTEXT: Rifampin-containing regimens are able to cure staphylococcal implant-related infections based on in vitro and in vivo observations. However, this evidence has not been proven by a controlled clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a rifampin combination in staphylococcal infections associated with stable orthopedic devices. DESIGN: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted from 1992 through 1997. SETTING: Two infectious disease services in tertiary care centers in collaboration with 5 orthopedic surgeons in Switzerland. PATIENTS: A total of 33 patients with culture-proven staphylococcal infection associated with stable orthopedic implants and with a short duration of symptoms of infection (exclusion limit <1 year; actual experience 0-21 days). INTERVENTION: Initial debridement and 2-week intravenous course of flucloxacillin or vancomycin with rifampin or placebo, followed by either ciprofloxacin-rifampin or ciprofloxacin-placebo long-term therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cure was defined as (1) lack of clinical signs and symptoms of infection, (2) C-reactive protein level less than 5 mg/L, and (3) absence of radiological signs of loosening or infection at the final follow-up visit at 24 months. Failure was defined as (1) persisting clinical and/or laboratory signs of infection or (2) persisting or new isolation of the initial microorganism. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were allocated to ciprofloxacin-rifampin and 15 patients to the ciprofloxacin-placebo combination. Twenty-four patients fully completed the trial with a follow-up of 35 and 33 months. The cure rate was 12 (100%) of 12 in the ciprofloxacin-rifampin group compared with 7 (58%) of 12 in the ciprofloxacin-placebo group (P=.02). Nine of 33 patients dropped out due to adverse events (n=6), noncompliance (n=1), or protocol violation (n=2). Seven of the 9 patients who dropped out were subsequently treated with rifampin combinations, and 5 of them were cured without removal of the device. CONCLUSION: Among patients with stable implants, short duration of infection, and initial debridement, patients able to tolerate long-term (3-6 months) therapy with rifampin-ciprofloxacin experienced cure of the infection without removal of the implant.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Epidemiological investigation of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animall (author's transl)].

The occurrence and spread of staphylococcal infections in stocks of SPF-animals were studied over a period of more than three years. The results were compared with observations made by other authors. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from both sick and healthy animals (mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) as well as from veterinary staff were lysotyped with the international phage set for epidemiological investigations. The majority of the lysotypes demonstrated in sick mice and rats belonged to lysogroup III (77% and 96% respectively). S. aureus strains with the phage patterns III 6/42E/47/53/54/75/83A/ +, III 54/83A and III 54/83A/85 were most common amongst these animals. The lysotype 80/3c/47/53/54/75/84/85 + occurred in rabbits and guinea pigs only. S. aureus strains of lysogroup I and II, which are frequently involved in skin infections of man, were either found only very scarcely or not at all discovered in the animals tested. Among the veterinary personnel staphylococcal strains of the lysogroups I and III as well as non-classificable strains occurred at a similar rate of approximately 25% each. Several lysotypes (I 29, III 42E/47/53/54/75/77/84/ + M 187) persisted in members of the staff over a stretch of two to three years without causing infection to the animals under their charge. On the other hand, lysotypes isolated from infection sites (abscesses) in the animals were mostly found also in swabs from the nasopharynx of healthy animals and the personnel. The implications of the importation and the spreading of Staphylococci in animal stocks by veterinary staff are pointed out. Factors promoting staphylococcal diseases in animals and measures to prevent S. aureus infection from SPF-animal stocks are discussed.

Animals↗