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PubMed1999

Functional studies of a fibrinogen binding protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis.

A gene encoding a fibrinogen binding protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis was previously cloned, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. A portion of the gene encompassing the fibrinogen binding domain has now been subcloned in an expression-fusion vector. The fusion protein can bind to fibrinogen in a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and can be purified by fibrinogen affinity chromatography. This protein can completely inhibit the adherence of S. epidermidis to immobilized fibrinogen, suggesting that the adherence of S. epidermidis to fibrinogen is mainly due to this protein. Antibodies against this fibrinogen binding protein were also found to efficiently block the adherence of S. epidermidis to immobilized fibrinogen. Despite homology with clumping factors A and B from S. aureus (cell surface-associated proteins binding to fibrinogen), binding involved the beta chain of fibrinogen rather than the gamma chain, as in clumping factor A.

Animals↗

PubMed1965

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM BOVINE UDDERS.

Sandvik, Olav (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa), and Richard W. Brown. Spectrophotometric characterization of pigments produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from bovine udders. J. Bacteriol. 89:1201-1208. 1965.-Spectrophotometric analysis of methanol-extracted pigments of 70 isolates, representing 48 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, exhibited absorption curves that were classified into seven types, designated I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and a S. aureus type. Two subtypes were included in types I and III. All nonpigmented cell extracts were classified as type I. One of the six numbered type absorption curves was obtained with the majority of isolates. Three isolates gave an absorption curve that was similar to the curve produced by extracts of five of seven S. aureus strains, thus the designation S. aureus type. The differences in pigment complexes indicated by the various absorption curves of methanol extracts were substantiated by column-chromatography studies. Generally, pigments of types II to VI, as produced by representative strains, were of a xanthophyllic nature, whereas, the S. aureus type pigment studied was carotenelike. Analyses of representative strains showed that the type of spectral absorption curves did not change whether the organisms were carried in vitro and tested through 3 months, or isolated repeatedly from infected udders for periods up to 8 months. The method of determining the spectral absorption curves of whole-cell methanol extracts provides an additional tool for differentiating strains of S. epidermidis that can be used in enzootiological studies of udder infections.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rifampin activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.

Rifampin has demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Four other antibiotics had no effect when used alone; three of these (clindamycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline) were antagonistic to rifampin when used in combination. Vancomycin was synergistic with rifampin, producing complete killing. Fresh peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution accentuated the antimicrobial activity, whereas spent PD fluid neutralized it.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1991

Native valve bacterial endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. A community acquired infection following an acute course.

Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is the leading pathogen of prosthetic valve endocarditis. At the same time it is a very rare cause of native valve endocarditis and it follows a clinical course and outcome similar to Streptococcal viridans endocarditis. We report here the case of a 41-year-old man with a community acquired SE endocarditis of a native aortic valve. Despite early surgical intervention, the case followed an acute and fatal course.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Topical vancomycin formulation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis blepharoconjunctivitis.

We successfully treated two patients with severe Staphylococcus epidermidis blepharoconjunctivitis by means of a topical vancomycin hydrochloride solution (50 mg/ml) prepared with sterile water. Aqueous vancomycin preparations, however, cause significant ocular irritation probably because of low pH and osmolality values. Solutions prepared with normal saline (5 mg/ml) and phosphate-buffered artificial tears (5 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml) were significantly less irritating and possessed equivalent in vitro antimicrobial activity. Topical vancomycin should be used only when commercially available antibiotics are inadequate.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1992

Cell envelope proteins of Staphylococcus epidermidis grown in vivo in a peritoneal chamber implant.

Staphylococcus epidermidis was grown in vivo in chambers implanted intraperitoneally in rats. The cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane protein profiles of the in vivo-grown organisms were compared with those of S. epidermidis grown in vitro in nutrient broth (NB), in iron-restricted NB, or in pooled human peritoneal dialysate (HPD). Compared with growth in broth and in common with growth in HPD, growth in vivo in chambers resulted in the repression of many S. epidermidis wall proteins, with proteins of 27, 42, 54, and 70 kDa predominating. Growth in vivo also resulted in the induction of two iron-repressible cytoplasmic membrane proteins of 32 and 36 kDa, which were also present in staphylococci grown in HPD and in iron-restricted NB. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that in sera taken 21 days after inoculation of the intraperitoneal chambers, the predominant antibody response to cell envelope proteins was directed against the 32- and 36-kDa iron-repressible membrane proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Fulminating Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia.

We have reported a case of disseminated Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in a patient with leukemia and examined the relation between an acute respiratory arrest and the infection. Plasmid profiles of five isolates of S epidermidis cultured from this patient's blood, bone marrow, and lung before and after the arrest indicate that all isolates were derived from a single strain. This strain was also isolated by culture of the tip of the central venous catheter that was removed from the patient suggesting that the indwelling catheter was the source of infection. Because this patient had rigors during an infusion through the catheter just before the acute respiratory arrest, we suspect that infusion through the colonized catheter precipitated the respiratory arrest.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1992

Identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis using a 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probe.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most medically significant of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. An oligonucleotide probe (pSe) for identification of S. epidermidis was defined by comparing the sequences of the 16S rRNA variable region V6 from numerous coagulase-negative staphylococci. In order to increase the sensitivity of the detection, polymerase chain reaction amplification of the variable region with primers based on the conserved flanking sequences was applied. The detection limit of the polymerase chain reaction assay combined with pSe probe was shown to be 1 fg which corresponds to about one single bacterium. Additionally, a sensitive, non-radioisotopic system with chemiluminescence detection was tested.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1983

Role of granulocytes and monocytes in experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis.

The role of granulocytes and monocytes during the induction and course of Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis was investigated by the selective depletion of monocytes with the drug VP16-213 and of both granulocytes and monocytes with nitrogen mustard. The induction of endocarditis was influenced only by the depletion of monocytes: the 50% infective dose differed significantly, being 3.4 X 10(5) CFU in control rabbits and 3.4 X 10(4) CFU in the monocyte-depleted rabbits, whereas no significant differences were found between the latter and those depleted of both granulocytes and monocytes. Also, control rabbits injected with 10(6) or 10(7) CFU had a significantly higher incidence of sterile vegetations than did rabbits selectively depleted of granulocytes or monocytes. Compared with baseline values, mean monocyte numbers at the time of bacterial inoculation were significantly increased in control rabbits whose vegetations remained sterile, whereas this effect was not seen in rabbits whose vegetations became infected. The course of the endocarditis appeared to be significantly influenced by both granulocytes and monocytes. Comparison showed that a decrease of the same numbers of these cells per microliter of blood was accompanied for the monocytes by an approximately fourfold higher increase of the number of staphylococci in the vegetations. The correlation between the number of granulocytes and of monocytes on the one hand and the number of staphylococci in the vegetations on the other was not substantially influenced by the duration of the disease or the number of staphylococci injected to induce the endocarditis. The number injected proved to be significantly correlated with the number of staphylococci in the vegetations. In rabbits with numbers of CFU per gram of vegetation exceeding 10(7), blood cultures were usually positive. This finding applied rarely to control rabbits, but generally to drug-treated rabbits. In the latter animals a significant correlation between the number of staphylococci in the vegetations and in the circulation was found. We conclude that only monocytes have a measurable effect on the induction of Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis but during its course both granulocytes and monocytes keep the endocardial infection in check.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cloning and characterization of femA and femB from Staphylococcus epidermidis.

A DNA fragment was identified and cloned from Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) using femA from S. aureus (Sa) as a heterologous hybridization probe. DNA sequence analysis of a portion of this clone revealed two complete ORFs highly related to femA and femB of Sa. The genomic arrangement of the Se femA/B complex was nearly identical to that observed in Sa. Intra- and interspecies relatedness of these genes and conservation of genomic organization were consistent with gene duplication of one of these genes in an ancestral organism. Recombinant FEMA, produced in Escherichia coli (Ec), was purified to near homogeneity. Identity of the purified protein was verified by N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

In vitro activity of sparfloxacin and three other fluoroquinolones against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Fluoroquinolones are variably active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). The purpose of this study was to test the in vitro susceptibility of 50 isolates each of MRSA and MRSE to four of the new fluoroquinolones--sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin--and to see if resistance could be induced in five susceptible strains of each species by serial passages with increasing concentrations of drug. A standard microdilution technique was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each drug for each isolate. Agar dilution plates were also prepared containing concentrations of drug varying from one-half of the reported MIC to 128 times the reported MIC, and microorganisms persisting were serially passaged. Initially, 98% of the strains of MRSA were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones. MBCs were essentially identical to MICs. Similarly, 96% of the strains of MRSE were susceptible. Following exposure to increasing concentrations of each fluoroquinolone, resistance appeared to emerge less rapidly to sparfloxacin and ofloxacin than to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1965

EFFECT OF HEMIN ON THE FORMATION OF THE CYTOCHROME SYSTEM OF ANAEROBICALLY GROWN STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS.

Jacobs, N. J. (Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N.H.), and S. F. Conti. Effect of hemin on the formation of the cytochrome system of anaerobically grown Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Bacteriol. 89:675-679. 1965.-The cytochrome content and respiratory capacity of cells of a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis grown in complex media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were determined. Difference spectra revealed cytochromes of the a, b(1), and o types in aerobically grown cells. These cells respired at a rate of 66 muliters of O(2) per hr per mg of cells (dry weight). The cytochrome content of anaerobically grown cells was markedly reduced, and trace amounts only of cytochromes of the b(1) and o type were visible. The respiratory rate, with glucose as substrate, was reduced to about one-tenth of that observed in aerobically grown cells. Cells grown anaerobically in medium supplemented with hemin had as high a content of pigments resembling cytochromes b(1) and o as did aerobically grown cells; the respiratory rate was 60% of that observed in aerobically grown cells. Cytochrome of the a type, similar to that found in aerobically grown cells, was not detected.

Cytochromes↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of laboratory tests for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Few studies evaluating susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant staphylococci have included isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a known pathogen in many types of serious infections. We tested 175 S. epidermidis and 95 Staphylococcus aureus isolates to determine the most sensitive procedures for detecting methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Reference procedures included agar dilution with methicillin and 4% NaCl in the agar and broth microdilution with methicillin and 2% NaCl in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth. After 24 h of incubation, the results from both methods correlated well and were within 1 log2 dilution for all isolates tested. Only one-half of all resistant isolates (92 of 183) were detected at 18 h by using the standard disk diffusion technique with 5-micrograms methicillin disks, and even fewer were detected with 10-micrograms methicillin disks and newly recommended zone-size criteria. However, the standard disk diffusion method with 4% NaCl in the agar increased the sensitivity and specificity for identification of the proper phenotype to greater than 92%. The spread plate and new spot techniques, both using agar with 4% NaCl, were also sensitive methods. Of 47 S. epidermidis isolates tested against oxacillin, 6 (13%) were oxacillin susceptible but methicillin resistant. Two automated systems, the Automicrobic system (Vitek Systems) and MicroScan (American MicroScan), as well as two broth screening systems available from Remel and Austin Biological Laboratories, failed to detect several resistant isolates, depending on the species.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1993

In vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis colonizing catheters.

In a quantitative in vitro model the activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin in two concentrations (4 x MBC and 1 mg/l) against Staphylococcus aureus and a slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strain colonizing the internal surface of polyurethane and silicone catheters was studied. In comparison with vancomycin, teicoplanin achieved a significantly greater reduction (p < 0.05) in the counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis adhering to both polyurethane and silicone catheters.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗

PubMed1991

Ciprofloxacin resistance in coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci: role of mutations at serine 84 in the DNA gyrase A protein of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

gyrA mutations in quinolone-resistant pathogenic isolates of Staphylococcus spp. have been detected by the direct HinfI digestion of polymerase chain reaction products. Homology among gyrA genes allowed rapid examination of both coagulase-positive and -negative isolates. DNA sequence analysis revealed that ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis is associated with a novel Ser-84----Phe mutation in the DNA gyrase A protein, analogous to Ser-84----Leu changes observed in Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1995

Use of ribotyping to investigate tracheal colonisation by Staphylococcus epidermidis as a source of bacteremia in ventilated newborns.

Ribotyping was used to determine whether a relationship exists between endotracheal tube colonisation with Staphylococcus epidermidis and bacteremia with this organism. Over a three-week period, four mechanically ventilated preterm babies presented with five episodes of infection and bacteremia. For each blood specimen obtained for culture a tracheal aspirate sample was collected at the same time by suctioning. After DNA extraction and cleavage by EcoRI, hybridisation was performed with a digoxigenin-labelled 16S-rDNA probe from Escherichia coli. Five different band patterns were recognised on the membrane. In two children the same band pattern was found in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from both blood and tracheal aspirate. Ribotyping thus could be used to differentiate a series of infections from an outbreak and showed that a relationship may exist between tracheal colonisation and bacteremia in mechanically ventilated newborns.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1983

Experimental foreign body infections in mice challenged with slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The virulence of two previously described Staphylococcus epidermidis strains was examined in an experimental model of foreign body infection in mice. Animals challenged with the slime-producing strain developed three times as many infections as animals challenged with the strain that did not produce slime (P less than 0.001). Bacterial isolates recovered from the infected sites retained the characteristics of the inoculated strain. Animals without foreign bodies but challenged in a similar manner with either staphylococcal strain did not become infected. Thus, the presence of a foreign body predisposed the animals to S. epidermidis infection. These results indicate that the production of slime by S. epidermidis is a stable characteristic retained after animal passage and may be important in the pathogenesis of these infections.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1995

Multiresistance in Staphylococcus spp. blood isolates in Finland with special reference to the distribution of the mecA gene among the Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. The Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance.

A total of 570 Staphylococcus spp. blood isolates collected in Finland in 1991 were tested for susceptiblity to oxacillin and 19 additional antimicrobial agents. The Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were also analyzed for the presence of the mecA gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 238 S. epidermidis, 137 (58%) were in vitro identified as methicillin-resistant and 5 (2%) exhibited oxacillin MICs between 1 and 3 micrograms/ml. All these isolates were positive for the mecA gene in PCR as an indication of genetic resistance to methicillin, while none of the remaining 96 S. epidermidis isolates (oxacillin MICs < or = 0.25 microgram/ml) was positive. Multiresistance was observed in 123 (87%) of the 142 mecA-positive S. epidermidis. Of the 332 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, only one (0.3%) was phenotypically resistant to methicillin; the strain was also resistant to three other unrelated classes of antimicrobials. True methicillin resistance of this strain was manifested by the presence of the mecA gene in PCR. Based on these results, multiresistance was still extremely rate among the S. aureus in our country, whereas among the S. epidermidis as many as half of the blood isolates in central hospitals were multiresistant.

Bacterial Proteins↗