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PubMed1975

[The inhibition of various bacterial proteinases with natural proteinase inhibitiors(author's transl)].

Proteus mirabilis, citrobacter intermedius, staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus and staphylococcus albus produce extracellualr proteinases with maximum activity at pH 7.8. These proteinases are inhibited practically completely by human and animal blood serum. This inhibitory activity of human serum is caused by alpha2-macroglobulin. Ovomucoid showed nearly the same inhibitory activity as alpha2-macroglobulin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

PD-140248 (Parke-Davis & Co).

PD-140248 is an isomerase inhibitor and topoisomerase II inhibitor under development by Parke-Davis and Co as a potential treatment for bacterial infection. Although no details of active development have been published in the scientific literature since 1996, in September 1999, the company confirmed that PD-140248 is still in active development [338530]. The compound is one of two new pyrrolidinyl naphthyridines (the other compound being PD-131628) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including activity against quinolone-resistant bacteria. PD-140248 demonstrates strong in vitro activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as quinolone-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S epidermidis), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S haemolyticus), methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant S aureus, Streptococcus species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis). An MIC90 value of 0.015 microg/ml was obtained against Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) and Moraxella catarrhalis [160129]. The (3R,1S) enantiomer, PD-140248, demonstrated a 1- to 10-fold enhanced activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms in vitro and in vivo compared to its stereoisomers, and has thus been targeted for further preclinical studies [133377].

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

[Empirical treatment of febrile episodes in granulocytopenic patients with a combination of piperacillin and ofloxacin. Preliminary study].

We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of piperacillin-ofloxacin as an empiric treatment of fever in patients with neutropenia. 24 febrile episodes occurring in 21 patients (mean neutropenia: 204/mm3) were treated. The neutropenia was due to an hematologic malignancy in 6 cases and to chemotherapy in 15 cases. Fever was related to septicemia in 4 cases, urinary tract infection in 1 case, other infectious sites without microbiological documentation in 11 cases, and was of unknown origin in 8 cases. Empirical therapy was started within 24 hours of the occurrence of fever greater than 38.5 degrees C with the combination of intravenous piperacillin (12 g/day in 3 divided doses) and oral ofloxacin (400 mg/day in 2 doses). The overall response rate was 86% (19/22) of evaluable cases, with an immediate success rate (apyrexia within 48 hours) of 46%. Of the 3 failures, one was bacteriologically documented and was due to a multiply resistant strain of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (to which both piperacillin and ofloxacin were resistant). The therapy was clinically well tolerated in all except 3 patients, in whom intolerance to intravenous piperacillin was observed, leading to discontinuation of the drug in 2 cases. More extensive and comparative trials should better determine the place of this piperacillin-ofloxacin combination as first-line treatment of febrile episodes in patients with neutropenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nosocomial infection caused by multiresistant Staphylococci in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit].

We selected a paediatric population with a high risk of nosocomial infection formed by 116 newborns (42.8%) and 155 not newborns (57.2%) admitted into the ICU of the Giannina Gaslini Institute during the period 1-1-1992-30-9-1992; we compared it with a reference paediatric population studied in the same department during the period 1-1-1987-30-6-1988 formed by 310 newborns (44.3%) and 391 not newborns (55.7%). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible change in the incidence of colonizations and ICU specific nosocomial infections, the possible increase of nosocomial infections by multiresistant Staphylococci and the appearance of new multiresistant germs. The two populations obviously present similar factors of high risk of nosocomial infection (naso-tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, surgical procedures, thoracic and/or abdominal prothesis, etc.). The obtained data have been examined with the Chi-square method. The incidence of colonizations remained unchanged while we noted a significant increase (10.3% compared to 4.9%-p > 0.0014) of the "ICU" specific nosocomial infections; the increase regarded mainly the neonatal population (18.9% compared to 7%-p > 0.00001). Significant increase of the nosocomial infections by multiresistant Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) with in vitro and in vivo resistance to teicoplanin. Furthermore, presence in the performed study of multiresistant gram negative germs.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Infection problems for the 1990's--do we have an answer?

There is and has been continued change in organisms causing infection in the hospital. In the past few years, although Gram-negative bacteria have remained a major cause of mortality, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi have become increasingly important. This has caused organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, enterococci, Xanthomonas maltophilia and multiply resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be common pathogens. Can this difficult state of affairs be changed by better antimicrobial prescribing practices? Yes and no. Virtually any agent will select MRSA and MRSE since the chromosomal location of the resistance of multiple-antibiotics makes such selection common and explains the rapid rate of the fluoroquinolones as therapy of MRSA. Restriction of oral vancomycin will markedly reduce the pressure to select Enterococcus faecium and thus limit the spread of the organisms and delay transmission of glycopeptide resistance to S. aureus. Judicious use of antibiotics in the intensive care environment will be major factor in "saving" antibiotics for other patients since the ICU patient goes to other parts of the hospital carrying with him/her the baggage of resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus, klebsiella, P. aeruginosa, acinetobacter, enterobacter, xanthomonas and Pseudomonas cepacia. All of these organisms have the potential to become resistant to the agents heretofore used to treat them and are common in ICU patients.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance among prevalent urinary tract bacterial isolates in the Gaza Strip.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess common organisms causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in the Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority and to examine the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in the strains of bacteria isolated from patients suspected with UTI over a six-month period. METHODS: Ciprofloxacin was evaluated along with other commonly-used antibiotics against a total of 480 clinical isolates obtained from urine samples. The samples were collected from community patients from different parts of the Gaza Strip. Susceptibility tests were done by the Kerby Bauer method. RESULTS: Among the tested drugs, the percent resistance rate to ciprofloxacin was 15.0 percent. However, high resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among Acinetobacter haemolyticus (28.6 percent), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.0 percent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0 percent), Klebsiella pneumonia (17.6 percent) and Escherichia coli (12.0 percent). Minimal inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin was measured for all resistant UTI isolates. CONCLUSION: This study indicates emerging ciprofloxacin resistance among most UTI bacterial pathogens. Increasing resistance against ciprofloxacin demands coordinated monitoring of its activity and rational use of the antibiotics.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of imidazole derivatives on various numbers of microbes to determine microbial sensitivity].

Imidazole derivatives with antifungal activity were investigated in their effects on concentrated and diluted suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus. Against Candida albicans, activity of the imidazol derivatives was higher in diluted suspensions than in concentrated suspensions: this fact proves the presence of a microbe-count sensitivity. Against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus, no microbe-count sensitivity of clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, ketoconazole, or N-148/76 could be detected by Warburg assay on resting microbes.

Candida albicans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial sensitivity and adherence study in strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.

Antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated from 120 strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), isolated from urinary infections. The isolated species were identified by conventional methods and sensitivity to vancomycin, tetracyclin, norfloxacin, cephalothin erythromycin, clindamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, cyprofloxacin, ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam was tested by the agar dilution technique and the diffusion in disc technique. The distribution of the species was: Staphylococcus epidermidis 26 (21.6%), S. haemolyticus 48 (40.0%), S. saprophyticus 40 (33.4%) and S. simulans 6 (5%). CoNS strains extracted from urinary infections showed a high percentage of vancomycin and tetracyclin sensitivity, and a low sensitivity to beta-lactamic antibiotics, except ampicillin/sulbactam and cephalotin. Isolation percentage resistance to oxacillin was less than 48%. Strains resistant to oxacillin were considered as resistant to both penicillin and ampicillin. From 42% to 80% of S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. simulans were positive to the adherence test. Results from this work showed that slime producing CoNS strains, isolated in Río Cuarto Hospital, had different percentages of resistance to the studied antimicrobial agents.

Argentina↗
PubMed1978

[The antibacterial activity of diphenhydramine (author's transl)].

Diphenhydramine (N,N-dimethyl-2-diphenyl-methoxy-ethylamine) [N,N-dimethyl-2-(diphenylmethoxy)-ethylamin] (DPH) is a well-known local anaesthetic and an antagonist of both acetylcholine and histamine. We tested its antibacterial efficacy by means of three different investigation methods, i.e. microcalorimetry, continuous density measurement and the microdilution test to find out the MIC of this compound against various bacteria. DPH inhibits the growth of E. coli and Klebsiella strains at a concentration of 0.18% of Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus at 0.37%, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 0.75% and Streptococcus faecalis strains at 1.5%. The results of microcalorimetry and continous density measurements showed that the addition of 0.2% DPH to a broth with growing bacteria interferes very quickly with cell metabolism and stops further reproduction. The microcalorimetric findings were carried out with Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strain No. 13,665 an- the E. coli strain No. 3579.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Microbiological investigations on cryopreserved human semen.

Primary mycological contamination was studied in 565 random human ejaculates. After sperm preservation at low temperature, secondary mycological contamination of 55 of the ejaculates was investigated. 25 ejaculates were cryopreserved with and without antibiotics and examined bacteriologically before and after different phases of cryopreservation. Furthermore, semen samples of several donors were inoculated with suspensions of different concentrations of yeasts and with the test bacteria Escherichia coli K 12 and Staphylococcus aureus SG 511. Microbiological results were then compared before and after cryopreservation. The following results were obtained: 1.9.8% of samples showed primary mycological contamination (1.9% with Candida albicans). 2. Cryopreservation reduced the concentration of fungi by more than 90% on average. 3. Only one semen sample was contaminated with bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus and Streptococcus nonhaemolyticus). Non-pathogenic bacteria were found in 11 ejaculates (Micrococcus luteus in 5 samples and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 6 samples), and contamination was largely unaffected by cryopreservation, even in the presence of antibiotics. 4. Test bacteria inoculated into semen were not influenced by the addition of antibiotics to the cryoprotective medium.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

In vitro antibacterial activity of LY333328, a new semisynthetic glycopeptide.

LY333328 is a semisynthetic N-alkyl derivative of LY264826, a naturally occurring structural analog of vancomycin. LY333328 was evaluated for its in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activities in comparison with those of the two currently available glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin). Glycopeptide-susceptible test strains included a total of 311 isolates (most of clinical origin) from the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Aerococcus, Gemella, Lactococcus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium. Test strains resistant or intermediate to vancomycin and/or teicoplanin included 56 clinical isolates of Enterococcus (of the VanA, VanB, and VanC phenotypes) and 32 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus (S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus), 31 strains of gram-positive genera outside the spectrum of activity of vancomycin (Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Erysipelothrix), and laboratory-derived organisms obtained after exposure of susceptible Staphylococcus isolates to teicoplanin (6 strains) or laboratory-derived organisms with resistance determinants received from VanA enterococci (2 Enterococcus and 25 Listeria transconjugants). LY333328 was highly active against staphylococci, enterococci, and listeriae (whether they were clinical or laboratory-derived strains) resistant to the currently available glycopeptides. In particular, the MICs of LY333328 did not vary substantially between teicoplanin-susceptible and teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and between vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. LY333328 demonstrated fairly good inhibitory activity even against most strains of Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Erysipelothrix (MIC range, 1 to 8 microg/ml), whereas it proved less active (although much more active than vancomycin or teicoplanin) against Lactobacillus strains. In minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill studies, LY333328 demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity; enterococci, in particular, which were largely tolerant of vancomycin and teicoplanin, were uniformly killed by LY333328, with MBC-to-MIC ratios of 4 to 8 for most vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant strains. In attempts to select for resistant clones, no survivors stably growing in the presence of 10 microg of LY333328 per ml were obtained from the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus test strains exposed to the drug.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Species affiliation of staphylococci isolated in purulent infections].

The microflora was studied of the clinical material taken from those patients presenting with different pyo-septic diseases. It has been ascertained that a key role in the etiology of the above diseases must be referred to gramme-positive micro-organisms--to coagulase-negative staphylococci among their number. Of these, S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were found with high frequency.

Conjunctivitis, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

[Comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline (author's transl)].

In order to explain the mechanism of resistance within the tetracycline group, the minimal inhibitory concentration of tetracycline HCl was compared with that of doxycycline in the micro dilution test for bacterial collectives of 48 strains each from the groups of gram-negative and gram-positive cocci, resp. There was no significant difference between the inhibitory effect of doxycycline and tetracycline HCl for the bacterial collectives of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus heamolyticus strains which were inhibited by a relatively low concentration of tetracycline HCl and doxycycline, respectively. On the other hand a significant difference in inhibitory effect was observed the calculation was made according to the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov test for the bacterial collectives of Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strains which were tetracycline resistant or only inhibited by higher concentrations. These results also have a practical importance, because a further testing against doxycycline can bring about a sensitivity to this substance in case of tetracycline resistant grampositive cocci. Possible explanations for the higher efficacy of doxycycline on these bacterial collectives will be discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

[Composition of AME encoding gene in Gram positive Cocci--study on spread of aminoglycoside resistance].

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) are major factors which confer aminoglycoside resistance on bacteria. Composition of six genes encoding AMEs (including lately described aph 2"-genes) was investigated by PCR for 16 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, 16 clinical isolates of coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and 13 clinical isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci (S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis) collected in Gdańsk region (Northern Poland) in the years 1998-2001. Diversity of AME encoding gene profiles (composition) was used to analyze spread of AME encoding gene among and within studied group of cocci. According to presence of particular genes we distinguish eleven different AME encoding gene profiles: seven profiles were unique for particular species while the most common was shared among S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci and enterococci. Regarding profile frequency statistical analysis (Fstat, AMOVA, cluster analysis UPGMA) shows: the difference between S. aureus and enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, lack of difference between enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, higher variability within than between studied species and presence of multispecies cluster. On the basis of the reports about ability of staphylococci to synthesis enterococcal pheromones, this finding lets assume that spread of aminoglycoside resistance gene among gram (+) cocci is limited only by the ability of stains to synthesis or induction of synthesis conjugation protein.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2004

Defective neutrophil oxidative burst in preterm newborns on exposure to coagulase-negative staphylococci.

The neutrophil oxidative burst is a product of the regulated assembly of the multicomponent oxidase enzyme. Our aim was to compare the oxidative burst in term (n = 10) and preterm newborns <31 wk gestational age (n = 10) after stimulation with coagulase-negative staphylococci in vitro. Strains of Streptococcus epidermidis with different invasive and slime-producing properties, one strain of S. haemolyticus, and one strain of group B-streptococcus were investigated. A whole-blood flow cytometric assay using the oxidation of hydroethidine to ethidium bromide was used. The oxidative activity in unstimulated neutrophil granulocytes [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs)] was similar in term and preterm newborns, but the preterm newborns showed a significantly lower capacity to up-regulate the oxidative burst intensity after bacterial stimulation (p = 0.004). In the term but not in the preterm group, the oxidative burst intensity after bacterial stimulation correlated with the baseline oxidative burst intensity. After bacterial stimulation, there was a trend toward a greater percentage of activated neutrophils in the term group than in the preterm group, but the difference was less pronounced than that in oxidative burst intensity. Significant differences in oxidative burst response to different bacterial strains were observed (p < 0.001), but the differences could not be correlated exclusively to invasive capacity or slime-producing properties. It is concluded that the baseline oxidative activity is similar in term and preterm PMNLs but that preterm PMNLs have a decreased capacity to increase the oxidative burst in response to bacterial stimulation.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Components and antibacterial activity of the roots of Salvia jaminiana.

The acetone extract of the roots of Salvia jaminiana, containing the sterols campestanol, stigmasterol and sitosterol, and five known diterpenoids, ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanon, 6-hydroxysalvinolone and microstegiol, remarkably inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus alpha-hemolitic.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗