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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Microdialysis of intercellular adenosine concentration in subcutaneous tissue in humans.

To determine the intercellular adenosine concentration the periumbilical subcutaneous interstitial fluid was investigated in five healthy subjects with two single dialysis fiber catheters perfused with isotonic saline at a rate of 2.5 mul/min. A newly developed in situ calibration technique (29) allows an estimation of the adenosine concentration in the perfusate equilibrating with the surrounding medium, i.e., the concentration in the interstitial fluid. The mean interstitial adenosine concentration was 128 +/- 26 nM (range 25-300 nM). The effect of these adenosine concentrations on adipose tissue metabolism was investigated in isolated human fat cells. The influence of 5 and 10 nM 2-chloroadenosine, which is equipotent to 150 and 300 nM adenosine, on the dose-response curve for the lipolytic effect of norepinephrine and the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose transport was studied. 2-Chloroadenosine at 10 nM decreased basal lipolysis 53 +/- 8% and shifted the dose-response curve for norepinephrine approximately twofold to the right. At 5 nM, 2-chloroadenosine only slightly shifted the dose-response curve, whereas basal lipolysis was not significantly reduced. 2-Chloroadenosine at either concentration had no significant effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In conclusion, endogenous adenosine can reach concentrations in human subcutaneous tissue sufficient for an important modulating effect on lipolysis in vivo.

2-Chloroadenosine↗
PubMed1976

Local nervous mechanism in regulation of blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue.

The effect of local venous stasis upon blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue on the distal part of the forearm was investigated in three healthy subjects and two chronically sympathectomized patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. The area under study was separated into two parts by means of a lead shield exerting a pressure of about 360 mmHg on the skin. The effect of venous stasis of about 40 mmHg on one side of the shield upon blood flow measured simultaneously on both sides of the shield by the local 133Xenon washout technique was investigated. During venous stasis on one side of the shield, blood flow decreased about 40% on both sides. The vasoconstrictor impulse could be transmitted over a distance of about 1-2 cm. The phenomenon was unaffected by nerve blockade induced 3 cm proximally, medially, and laterally to the area by infiltration the skin with lidocaine. Thus a vasoconstrictor impulse could be transmitted from the side of stasis to the non stasis side of the lead shield. The transmission was not affected by phentolamine but was blocked by lidocaine and chronic sympathetic denervation. The vasoconstrictor impulse elicited during venous stasis is therefore most likely transmitted by means of a local nervous mechanism involving sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor fibres.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Subcutaneous tissue fibroblast cytoskeletal remodeling induced by acupuncture: evidence for a mechanotransduction-based mechanism.

Acupuncture needle rotation has been previously shown to cause specific mechanical stimulation of subcutaneous connective tissue. This study uses acupuncture to investigate the role of mechanotransduction-based mechanisms in mechanically-induced cytoskeletal remodeling. The effect of acupuncture needle rotation was quantified by morphometric analysis of mouse tissue explants imaged with confocal microscopy. Needle rotation induced extensive fibroblast spreading and lamellipodia formation within 30 min, measurable as an increased in cell body cross sectional area. The effect of rotation peaked with two needle revolutions and decreased with further increases in rotation. Significant effects of rotation were present throughout the tissue, indicating the presence of a response extending laterally over several centimeters. The effect of rotation with two needle revolutions was prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of actomyosin contractility (blebbistatin), Rho kinase (Y-27632 and H-1152), and Rac signaling. The active cytoskeletal response of fibroblasts demonstrated in this study constitutes an important step in understanding cellular mechanotransduction responses to externally applied mechanical stimuli in whole tissue, and supports a previously proposed model for the mechanism of acupuncture involving connective tissue mechanotransduction.

Acupuncture↗
PubMed1990

Histopathological changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of mouse legs after treatment with hyperthermia.

The right hind legs of mice wee heated in a waterbath at 44 degrees C. The animals were killed at various time intervals after exposure. Tissue damage was studied histologically. After 15 min exposure light and reversible changes were seen including oedema and some neutrophilic inflammatory infiltration immediately after treatment. After 30 min exposure an extensive inflammatory infiltrate and strong oedema were seen during the first days after treatment. Adjacent to areas in the skin with strong oedema extensive muscular necrosis was observed. The muscular tissue regenerated almost completely in three weeks. After 60 min heating the histological picture was dominated by massive necrosis of muscle, subcutaneous fat tissue and skin during the first week after treatment followed by local ulceration. From about the 7th day after treatment regeneration of the epithelium started and granulation tissue could be observed in the margin of the ulceration. Healing of the skin was completed at about day 21 after treatment. Our results indicate that heat induced tissue damage in some tissues is due to a direct effect on the cells composing the tissue (e.g., fat cells in subcutaneous fat) but that, in most other tissues (e.g., muscle and skin) it is a consequence of damage to the vasculature.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Contribution of local blood flow regulation mechanisms during head-up tilt in human subcutaneous tissue.

Local and remote regulation of subcutaneous blood flow in the forearm and leg was studied during head-up tilt (30 degrees, 45 degrees and 70 degrees) in 7 young healthy subjects. Relative blood flow was estimated by the local 133Xe washout technique. Incremental levels of head-up tilt elicited increasing vascular resistance on arm and leg, respectively. Positive pressure similar to a blood column of the same height was able to prevent a significant part of the vasoconstrictor response on the leg to head-up tilt. Thus if venous distension is prevented the local veno-arteriolar reflex is abolished, whereas arteriolar constriction due to centrally elicited reflexes remains unaffected. Subcutaneous blood flow in the extremities are regulated by remote (baroreceptor) as well as local sympathetic reflex mechanisms (veno-arteriolar reflex); but the relative influence of the local veno-arteriolar reflex on the increase in total peripheral resistance seems to decrease with increasing tilt angles.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Blood supply of subcutaneous tissue in the leg and its clinical application.

The vascular anatomy of the subcutaneous or adipose layer of the leg is described. The major arteries of the distal thigh and leg were injected with either a colored latex or an India ink and gelatin mixture to demonstrate the principal sources of blood supply to the skin and the superficial tissues of the leg. Microdissection and the technique of Spalteholz for dehydrating and clearing the tissues (rendering them transparent) facilitated the study of the direct and indirect arterial branches which form the three principal networks: the deep fascia, the subcutaneous or adipose layer, and the skin or the dermoepidermic layer. The results are of practical importance since the fascio-subcutaneous tissue layer can be used as a flap for covering soft tissue defects of the leg.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Deficient eosinophil chemotaxis-promoting activity of genetically normal mast cells transplanted into subcutaneous tissue of Mitfmi-vga9/Mitfmi-vga9 mice: comparison of the activity and mast cell distribution pattern with KitW/KitW-vMice.

Despite the practical lack of mast cells in the skin tissue of WBB6F(1)-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v), the skin tissue of WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice contains one third of mast cells than that of WBB6F(1)-+/+ mice. We attempted to investigate the function of the decreased but appreciable number of mast cells in the skin of WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice. The substance P (SP)-induced eosinophil infiltration was examined using air-bleb assay. The air-bleb membrane was composed of the subcutaneous connective tissue. Unexpectedly, we found that the air-bleb membranes formed in the back of WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice contained no mast cells. The WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice showed impaired SP-induced eosinophil infiltration as observed in WBB6F(1)-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice, indicating that mast cells detected in the dermis of WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice did not help SP-induced eosinophil infiltration. Subcutaneous transplantation of cultured mast cells from WBB6F(1)-+/+ mice normalized SP-induced eosinophil infiltration in WBB6F(1)-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice but not in WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice. The greater number and the more dispersed distribution pattern of mast cells that appeared in the subcutaneous connective tissue of WBB6F(1)-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice after the transplantation appeared to explain the difference between WBB6F(1)-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) and WBB6F(1)-Mitf(mi-vga9)/Mitf(mi-vga9) mice.

Animals↗