SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “bone density”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Reduced vertebral bone density in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and single-photon absorptiometry were used to determine bone density at the lumbar spine and radial shaft in 62 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria, 27 patients with fasting hypercalciuria, and 31 nonhypercalciuric stone formers. Lumbar bone density was significantly lower in patients with absorptive (-10%) as well as in those with fasting hypercalciuria (-12%), with 74 and 92% of patients displaying values below the normal mean, whereas only 48% of the nonhypercalciuric stone formers had bone density values below the normal mean. In contrast, radial bone density was similar in all three groups of renal stone formers investigated. The comparison of urinary chemistry in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria and low normal bone density compared to those with high normal bone density showed a significantly increased 24 h urinary calcium excretion on random diet and a trend toward a higher 24 h urinary uric acid excretion and a higher body mass index in patients with low normal bone density. Moreover, among the patients with absorptive hypercalciuria we found a statistically significant correlation between the spinal bone density and the 24 h sodium and sulfate excretion and the urinary pH. These results gave evidence for an additional role of environmental factors (sodium and animal proteins) in the pathogenesis of bone loss in absorptive hypercalciuria. In conclusion, our data suggest an osteopenia of trabecular-rich bone tissues in patients with fasting and absorptive hypercalciurias.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2001

Postnatal and pubertal skeletal changes contribute predominantly to the differences in peak bone density between C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice.

Previous studies have shown that 60-70% of variance in peak bone density is determined genetically. The higher the peak bone density, the less likely an individual is to eventually develop osteoporosis. Therefore, the amount of bone accrued during postnatal and pubertal growth is an important determining factor in the development of osteoporosis. We evaluated the contribution of skeletal changes before, during, and after puberty to the development of peak bone density in C3H/HeJ (C3H) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Volumetric bone density and geometric parameters at the middiaphysis of femora were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) from days 7 to 56. Additionally, biochemical markers of bone remodeling in serum and bone extracts were quantified. Both B6 and C3H mice showed similar body and femoral weights. B6 mice had greater middiaphyseal total bone area and thinner cortices than did C3H mice. Within strains, males had thicker cortices than did females. C3H mice accumulated more minerals throughout the study, with the most rapid accumulation occurring postnatally (days 7-23) and during pubertal maturation (days 23-31). C3H mice had higher volumetric bone density as early as day 7, compared with B6 mice. Higher serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was present in C3H mice postnatally at day 7 and day 14. Until day 31, B6 male and female mice had significantly higher serum osteocalcin than C3H male and female mice, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was found to be significantly higher in the bone extract of C3H mice compared with B6 mice at day 14. These data are consistent with and support the hypothesis that the greater amount of bone accrued during postnatal and pubertal growth in C3H mice compared with B6 mice may be caused by increased cortical thickness, increased endosteal bone formation, and decreased endosteal bone resorption.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Differentiating between orchiectomized rats and controls using measurements of trabecular bone density: a comparison among DXA, histomorphometry, and peripheral quantitative computerized tomography.

In studies of rat bone metabolism, trabecular bone density should be measured. Three established methods of measuring trabecular bone include trabecular bone volume by histomorphometry (BV/TV%), trabecular bone density by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT), and areal bone density of trabecular-rich regions by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared the ability of these three methods to discriminate between orchiectomized (orchidectomized) rats and controls. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (400-425 g) were orchiectomized, and 16 others were controls. In vivo spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning of the study and again after 11 weeks. Rats were sacrificed, and ex vivo BMDs of the right femur and tibia were measured by DXA, followed by trabecular bone density of the right proximal tibia by pQCT. BT/TV% of the left proximal tibia was measured by histomorphometry. Differences between groups were detected by all three methods, but both the magnitude of the difference between groups and the variance of the measurements was much greater for histomorphometry and pQCT than for DXA. Consequently, the statistical significance for the difference between groups was comparable for all three methods. Of the sites measured with DXA, the proximal tibia had the greatest statistical significance for the difference between groups. In summary, all three methods can demonstrate the effect of orchiectomy on trabecular bone. The large differences between groups seen by histomorphometry are also seen by pQCT but not by DXA. We conclude that trabecular bone density by pQCT may be a reasonable surrogate for measurements by histomorphometry.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Appropriate clinical application of bone density measurements.

When bone mass is properly evaluated as a risk factor, as opposed to a diagnostic test, its relationship to fracture risk is apparent. There is now substantial agreement among several prospective studies relating bone mass of the radius and calcaneus to fractures of the wrist, spine, hip, and other sites. Thus, selection of menopause-age women for preventive measures, including estrogen replacement, can be guided by measurements of bone mass. Although levels of bone mass can indicate the presence of fracture risk, they are insufficient measures of disease severity, and additional information is required for clinical decision making. It is possible to estimate Remaining Lifetime Fracture Probability (RLFP) based upon current bone mineral content (BMC), current age, life expectancy, and anticipated rate of bone loss. Objective estimates such as RLFP can be used to determine which patients may benefit from drug treatment of osteoporosis. The ultimate objective is to match the level and intensity of treatment to the actual level of fracture risk.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Bone density of the first sacral vertebra in relation to sacral screw placement: a computed tomography study.

A visual three-dimensional image of the first sacral vertebra was constructed using computer software to predict the sites of strong density for better screw purchase of upper sacrum. Forty dry sacrum specimens were scanned in the prone position. An axial section, 10 mm below the S1 end plate, was selected for determining density at the region of interest. All images were stored on an optic disc and studied using the NIH Image 1.61 program. Plot analysis assessed the bone density in different regions. Also, three-dimensional pictures of the different screw paths and the related bone density in the upper sacrum were analyzed. Bone density in the anterolateral part of S1 was 115.1 +/- 10.4 pixel. Bone density for males (-99.7 +/- 11.3) was greater than for females (-131.4 +/- 9.6). Bone density in the anterolateral alar region was -108 +/- 10.6. The bone density for males (-95.6 +/- 9.8) and females (121.4 +/- 11.7) was more than the body region. Bone density in the middle anterior cortex of the ala was 759.8 +/- 11.6. Bone density for males (878.2 +/- 10.7) was greater than for females (637.6 +/- 11.9). Using surface plot, the midanterior cortex of the ala had high cortical density compared with other areas. The midanterior cortex of the sacral ala had the highest bone density. Sacral screw purchase in the midanterior cortex provides better mechanical fixation.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Spinal bone density and tooth loss in a cohort of postmenopausal women.

Osteoporosis has been suggested to contribute to the edentulous condition. However, studies specifically designed to examine the relationship between tooth loss and osteoporosis are scarce, and reported results have been mixed. This study investigated the correlation between tooth loss and spinal bone density in a nonHispanic white female population. Forty-four subjects were recruited and divided into high and low spinal bone density groups based on whether the bone density was higher or lower than the age-adjusted population mean bone density. Missing teeth and periodontal status in these groups were assessed and analyzed. Tooth loss was not significantly different between subjects with low spinal bone density (4.90 +/- 0.89 teeth) and high spinal bone density (3.81 +/- 0.90 teeth). Tooth loss did not differ after age and periodontal adjustment. However, the loss of attachment levels (relative to the cementoenamel junction) was greater in the low spinal bone density subjects (3.42 +/- 0.30 mm) than in the high spinal bone density subjects (2.37 +/- 0.26 mm) (P < .05). The difference may have resulted from gingival recession (P < .05), because the gingival pocket depths were not significantly different between the two groups. In this study, total tooth loss was not directly associated with systemic bone density. However, periodontal disease was negatively associated with spinal bone density. Whether periodontal disease will ultimately lead to greater tooth loss in low spinal bone density group merits further investigation.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Bone density and risk of hip fracture in men and women: cross sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contribution of decline in bone density to the increase in risk of hip fracture with age in men and women. DESIGN: Incidence data of hip fracture from the general population were combined with the bone density distribution in a sample from the same population and with a risk estimate of low bone density known from literature. SETTING: The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: All people with a hospital admission for a hip fracture in 1993, and bone density measured in a sample of 581.4 men and women aged 55 years and over in a district of Rotterdam. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: One year cumulative risk of hip fracture by age, sex, and bone density measured at the femoral neck. RESULTS: A quarter of all hip fractures occurred in men. Men reached the same incidence as women at five years older. Controlled for age, the risk of hip fracture by bone density was similar in men and women. The risk of hip fracture increased 13-fold from age 60 to 80; decrease in bone density associated with age contributed 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.4) in women and 1.6 (1.3 to 1.8) in men. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of hip fracture by age and bone density is similar in men and women. The decrease in bone density associated with age makes a limited contribution to the exponential increase of the risk of hip fracture with age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Bone density in women: college athletes and older athletic women.

Bone density was studied in intercollegiate athletes and older athletic women. Single-photon densitometry was used to assess bone density parameters at a new distal radial site, the midradius, and the first metatarsus. Dual-photon densitometry assessed bone density of the lumbar spine. Eleven intercollegiate tennis players, 23 swimmers, and 86 older "athletic" women from 23 to 75 years of age were compared with age-matched nonathletic controls. "Athletic" describes adult women who exercised at least three times per week, 8 or more months of the year, for a minimum of 3 years. The radius and metatarsus bone content of intercollegiate athletes was significantly above control values. Lumbar spine density was significantly higher only in tennis players. Mean bone density values for adult "athletic" women were also significantly greater than in age-matched controls. In the oldest athletic group (55-75 years of age) bone measurement values in radius and lumbar spine were in the same range as for younger "athletic" women. In contrast, after 50 years of age, these values in the control population decreased by 0.7%/year. Therefore the largest variance (increase) from age-matched controls occurred in the oldest "athletic" group. Also, we have established a distal radial density value (using our modified site) below which we consider women "at risk" and recommend further bone health evaluation. Only two adult athletic women greater than 55 years of age fell into this category. It is concluded from this cross-sectional study that a regularly maintained athletic program for adult women may reduce the rate of "normal" bone mass loss accompanying age, particularly postmenopausally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The impact of bone area on short-term bone density precision.

It has been proposed that bone area on two scans should be very close (within 2%) in order to ensure a valid comparison, but this recommendation has not been critically evaluated. We assessed the importance of bone area in test precision within a regional testing program that maintains a large quality assurance database (208 analyzable scan-pairs). Differences in bone area exceeding the "2% rule" were common (22-46% depending upon site). Scan-pairs that exceeded the 2% rule were associated with significantly greater bone density measurement error for the lumbar spine (p<0.005) and femoral neck (p=0.001), but not the total hip. A simpler "1-cm(2) rule" for the lumbar spine also predicted significantly worse spine precision (p<0.005). In conclusion, differences in bone area are sources of short-term bone density measurement error.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism predicts height and bone size, rather than bone density in children and young adults.

Peak bone mass is considered to be under strong genetic control. We studied the association among anthropometry, bone density and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotype in an ethnically homogeneous group of 148 Caucasian children and young adults. Bone density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and VDR genotype was determined by a direct haplotyping procedure of the BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphisms. A second DXA measurement was made after approximately 4 years. Results are expressed as age- and sex-adjusted standard deviation scores (SDS). Previously, the collagen IA1 Sp1 polymorphism was studied in this population. We found VDR genotype to be associated with a 0.4 SDS increased height per allele copy of haplotype '3' (P = 0.04) and a 0.4 SDS increased width of the lumbar vertebral body in the haplotype '3' allele carriers (P = 0.05). We observed a trend towards a 0.3 SDS decreased bone mineral apparent density of lumbar spine (BMAD) per copy of haplotype '3' allele (P = 0.10). In contrast, no association with areal bone mineral density (BMD) was observed. In the follow-up analyses, no differences in height or bone gain among the VDR genotypes were demonstrated. By combining the risk alleles of VDR and collagen IA1 Sp1 genotype, an additive genotype effect on height (P = 0.006) and vertebral body width (P = 0.001) was found. In this exploratory study we found VDR genotype to be associated with frame size and BMAD. The VDR genotype effects on stature and bone size seem to neutralize the effect on areal BMD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1990

Effects of physical activity, dietary calcium intake and selected lifestyle factors on bone density in young women.

To assess the possible effects of physical activity, calcium intake and lifestyle factors on bone density, we measured the calcaneal bone density of 101 healthy female volunteers aged 20 to 35 years. Information was obtained through questionnaires and 1-week and 2-week recall tests. There appeared to be no relation between height, weight or age and bone density in the study sample. Childhood milk consumption, current dietary calcium intake, level of avocational physical activity and lifestyle variables such as cigarette smoking and coffee consumption, considered separately, did not reach statistically significant levels as determinants of bone density. Childhood physical activity level appeared to have a significant positive effect on bone density.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1997

Cyclical etidronate increases lumbar spine bone density in patients on long-term glucocorticosteroid therapy.

To determine whether cyclical etidronate modifies bone density in patients on chronic glucocorticosteroid therapy, annual bone density measurements were performed on 55 patients receiving glucocorticosteroids who were randomised to either continuous calcium supplementation or cyclical etidronate plus calcium supplementation in this secondary prevention study. Median L1-L4 lumbar spine bone density decreased by 0.7% in the calcium treated group after one year but increased by 3.1% in the group treated by calcium and etidronate (p = 0.00116). Median L1-L4 bone density decreased by 2.8% from baseline after two years in the calcium treated group but increased by 4.7% from baseline in the group treated by calcium and etidronate (p = 0.04). There were no significant effects of treatment on femoral neck density. Cyclical etidronate and calcium increased lumbar spine bone density in patients established on prednisolone treatment over a two-year period but had no effect on femoral density.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Increase in bone density and plasma osteocalcin during growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient children.

UNLABELLED: Bone density in growth hormone (GH) deficient children is decreased more than expected for delayed skeletal maturation. Previous studies suggest GH enhances mineral retention and deposition in bone. Seven GH deficient prepubertal children were studied during 2 years of GH therapy to assess the effect on bone density and plasma osteocalcin. Bone density (radiographic photodensitometry) of the phalanges (cortical and trabecular bone) was expressed as the standard deviation score (SDS) of the mean for sex, bone age and chronological age. Relative osteopenia, less pronounced for bone density/bone age (BD/BA) than bone density/chronological age (BD/CA), improved significantly during GH therapy. After 12 months there was increase over pretreatment levels, significant for BD/CA (-1.65 +/- 0.46 vs -1.15 +/- 0.64; mean +/- SD: p = 0.002), but less pronounced for BD/BA. After 24 months increase in both measurements continued, reaching significance also for BD/BA (Pre: -1.02 +/- 0.55 vs -0.41 +/- 0.29; p = 0.011). Plasma osteocalcin levels were low before GH therapy (11.6 +/- 9.9 ng/ml; n = 7; vs control 24.4 +/- 12.5 ng/ml; n = 21; p < 0.05), rose significantly after one week (31.2 +/- 10.5 ng/ml; p < 0.001), with continued upward trend to plateau between 2-6 months, with elevated levels persisting during 2 years of GH therapy. CONCLUSION: The early and sustained rise in plasma osteocalcin and subsequent increase in bone density with continued gain over 24 months of the study suggests that GH therapy in GH deficient children has a significant prolonged effect on bone formation and mineralization in addition to stimulating linear growth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Evidence that fluoride therapy increases trabecular bone density in a peripheral skeletal site.

We measured the spinal bone density (SBD) and femoral condyle bone density (FCD) in normal and osteoporotic females (n = 219) both before and during fluoride therapy. SBD and FCD in untreated osteoporotics were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the age-matched controls. SBD and FCD were correlated in the untreated (r = 0.62; P < 0.0001) as well as in the fluoride-treated osteoporotics (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001). SBD and FCD were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in response to fluoride therapy. The average rates of increase in FCD and SBD were similar (1.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.24 +/- 1.4 mg/cc.month). We conclude that the osteogenic action of fluoride is not limited to the axial skeleton. An increase in trabecular bone density also occurs at peripheral weight-bearing sites such as the femoral condyle.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75- to 85-year-old women with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized controlled trial.

A randomized, controlled, single-blinded 25-wk prospective study was conducted to compare the effects of group-based resistance and agility training on bone, as measured by both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), in older women with low bone mass. Ninety-eight community-dwelling women aged 75-85 yr were randomized to one of three experimental groups: resistance training (n = 32), agility training (n = 34), or stretching (sham exercise) (n = 32). Total hip, femoral neck, and trochanteric bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by DXA. Peripheral QCT measurements were performed at the tibia and radius. The pQCT outcome measures at the shaft regions were cortical bone content, cortical bone cross-sectional area, cortical bone density, and density-weighted polar section modulus (SSI). The pQCT outcome measures at the distal sites were total bone content, total bone cross-sectional area, and total bone density. At trial completion, the agility training group significantly increased cortical bone density by 0.5 +/- 0.2% (SE) at the tibial shaft compared with a 0.4 +/- 0.3% loss in the stretching group. The resistance training group significantly increased cortical bone density (1.4 +/- 0.6%) at the radial shaft compared, with a 0.4 +/- 0.5% loss in the agility training group. No significant between-group differences were observed in the other bone outcome measures (by DXA or pQCT). Future research is needed to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the observed adaptation of the cortical bone to mechanical loading.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1994

Tibial bone density loss in spinal cord injured patients: effects of FES exercise.

A group of 37 spinal cord injured (SCI) patients underwent bone density measurements at the distal and proximal end of the tibia by a special computed tomography scanner, the OsteoQuant. Fifteen of these patients had follow-up measurements while enrolled in a lower-limb exercise training program with functional electrical stimulation (FES). The pre-exercise measurements revealed a strong correlation (0.88 < or = r < or = 0.90) of trabecular, subcortical, and cortical bone density between the distal and proximal ends of the tibia. The expected bone density loss during the first two years post injury (as calculated from the regression lines of bone density vs. time post injury) amounted to 51.5% for trabecular, 44.2% for subcortical, and 32.7% for cortical bone. No major bone density loss was calculated after 7 years post injury. Analysis of the bone density data during the FES exercise program revealed various degrees of loss. However, the rate of bone loss for this FES exercise group was less than expected from the regression lines. The reduction of bone loss was between 0.2 and 3.3% per year, and was significant (p < 0.05) for all bone parameters at the distal end and for trabecular bone density at the proximal end of the tibia. These bone density measurements revealed a potentially positive effect of FES exercise intervention for the rehabilitation of SCI patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Bone density in ambulatory and immobile children.

Lumbar spine bone density was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 20 healthy prepubertal children and 10 children who were immobile or less mobile. Immobility was caused by cerebral palsy in seven children and myelomeningocele in three. Areal bone density as measured by DXA was strongly related to the measures of body size. When bone measurements were corrected for bone volume, there was no difference in bone density between healthy control subjects and immobile children with neuromuscular disease an unexpected result.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

13-cis-retinoic acid and bone density.

BACKGROUND: 13-Cis-retinoic acid has an influence on bone in patients on long-term treatment as well as on short-term treatment. The presence of skeletal abnormalities after the treatment was established by roentgenologic and scintigraphic examinations. We wanted to know whether a 6-month course of low-dose 13-cis-retinoic acid has a clinically important influence on bone density in men with severe acne. METHODS: We examined 15 men with severe acne before and after treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid by dual-photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine. RESULTS: The mean increase in bone density was 3.0% (95% confidence interval 1.3-4.5), which is normal for the period from puberty to late twenties. Bone density increased in 13 of our 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: As shown by this highly sensitive modern densitometric method, 13-cis-retinoic acid has no clinically important influence on bone density in male patients with severe acne.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗