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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A biochemical model of photosynthesis for mango leaves: evidence for the effect of fruit on photosynthetic capacity of nearby leaves.

Variations in leaf nitrogen concentration per unit mass (Nm) and per unit area (Na), mass-to-area ratio (Ma), total nonstructural carbohydrates (Ta), and photosynthetic capacity (maximum carboxylation rate, electron transport capacity, rate of phosphate release in triose phosphate utilization and dark respiration rate) were studied within the digitized crowns of two 3-year-old mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) on La Réunion Island. Additional measurements of Nm, Na, Ma, Ta and photosynthetic capacities were performed on young, fully expanded leaves of 11-year-old mango trees. Leaves of similar gap fractions were taken far from and close to developing fruits. Unlike Nm, both Na and Ta were linearly correlated to gap fraction. Similar relationships were found for all leaves whatever their age and origin, except for Ta, for which we found a significant tree effect. Photosynthetic capacity was nonlinearly correlated to Na, and a unique relationship was obtained for all types of leaves. Photosynthetic acclimation to light was mainly driven by changes in Ma, but allocation of total leaf N between the different photosynthetic functions also played a substantial role in acclimation to the lowest irradiances. Leaves close to developing fruits exhibited a higher photosynthetic capacity than other leaves, but similar Ta. Our data suggest that Ta does not control photosynthetic capacity in mango leaves. We used the data to parameterize a biochemically based model of photosynthesis and an empirical stomatal conductance model, allowing accurate predictions of net photosynthesis of leaves in field-grown mango trees.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2004

[Phenotype analysis of ethylene response in tomato Epinastics mutant].

The characteristics in seedling development, vegetative growth and fruit ripening of Epinastics (Epi) mutant overproducing ethylene and its wild type VFN8 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were systematically investigated. Epi overproduced ethylene during vegetative growth and fruit development. Incomplete triple response in etiolated seedling, strong petiole episnasty in adult plant, and accelerated abscission and fruit ripening displayed enhanced ethylene response, consistent with the known mode of ethylene response. Significant apical dominance and compact vegetative shape in Epi suggested an important role of ethylene in the regulation of apical dominance. The characteristics such as inhibited apical hook formation in etiolated seedling and delayed senescence of leaves and petals in Epi, which were not typical of symptoms induced by ethylene, suggest that different growth and developmental characteristics are possibly regulated through different signal transduction pathways.

Ethylenes↗
PubMed2003

Novel mode of hormone induction of tandem tomato invertase genes in floral tissues.

The genomic organization of two extracellular invertase genes from tomato (Lin5 and Lin7), which are linked in a direct tandem repeat, and their tissue-specific and hormone-inducible expression are shown. Transient expression analysis of Lin5 promoter sequences fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (uidA) demonstrates a specific expression of Lin5 during tomato fruit development. A Lin5 promoter fragment was fused to the truncated nos promoter to analyse hormone induction via GUS reporter gene activity in transiently transformed tobacco leaves. A specific up-regulation of GUS activity conferred by this Lin5 promoter fragment in response to gibberellic acid (GA), auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment was observed, indicating a critical role of the regulation of Lin5 by phytohormones in tomato flower and fruit development. In situ hybridization analysis of Lin7 shows a high tissue-specific expression in tapetum and pollen. These results support an important role for Lin5 and Lin7 extracellular invertases in the development of reproductive organs in tomato and contribute to unravel the underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1980

Kinetics of C-photosynthate uptake by developing soybean fruit.

By pulse-labeling field-grown soybean leaves for 60 seconds at midday with (14)CO(2) and then sequentially harvesting, dissecting, and extracting the radioactive fruit tissues (of pod and seeds), the route, uptake kinetics, and metabolic fate of (14)C-photosynthate as it was imported by 35- to 40-day-old pods were determined. As the [(14)C]sucrose pulse entered the pods, the seeds became radioactive immediately but a lag of nearly 30 minutes occurred before label could be detected in the pod wall pericarp.Import of the (14)C-pulse by the seeds was exclusively via the seed coats, where rapid unloading occurred. Maximum accumulation of label in the seed coat occurred in about 60 minutes at which time 59% of the total radioactivity in the fruit was in the three seed coats, whereas only 7% was in the cotyledons they enclosed. The photosynthate remained as [(14)C]sucrose as it passed through the seed coat, but appeared to be hydrolyzed relatively soon after uptake by the cotyledons. By 2.5 hours, 60% of the (14)C-photosynthate pulse had passed into the cotyledons with only 27% remaining in the seed coats. Inasmuch as there is no vascular connection between maternal seed coat and the developing embryo, cotyledonary uptake of sucrose released from the inner seed coat surface may require specialized transport mechanisms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

[Ecological control effects of Litchi chinensis-Desmodium intortum complex plant ecosystem on litchi pests].

An investigation on the community structure and dynamics of litchi pests and their natural enemies in constructed Litchi chinensis-Desmodium intortum complex plant ecosystem and single L. chinensis ecosystem showed that the total amount of litchi pests in the complex plant ecosystem was 61.27% of that in the single ecosystem in whole year, and only 50.45% in May, the key time for fruit development, which suggested that there was an interaction between D. intortum and L. chinensis. D. intortum and L. chinensis had a few common pests, but many common natural enemies. D. intortum florescence in winter provided shelter and substitutive food for the natural enemies of pests to survive in the extreme environmental conditions in winter. L. chinensis florescence was on the heel of D. intortum florescence, which provided better conditions for the natural enemies to survive and multiply. During florescence and fruit development stages of L. chinensis (from March to June), the predator/prey ratio in complex plant system was 4.22, 2.34, 2.2 and 20.63 times of that in single plant system in March, April, May and June, respectively, indicating the good control effect on pests of L. chinensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The Agaricus bisporus hypA gene encodes a hydrophobin and specifically accumulates in peel tissue of mushroom caps during fruit body development.

Differential screening of a cDNA library was used to clone genes that are specifically expressed during mushroom development in the basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus. One of the isolated genes encodes a polypeptide of 112 amino acid residues and belongs to the fungal gene family encoding hydrophobins. This gene, hypA, has the characteristic pattern of eight cysteine residues at conserved positions and a hydrophobicity pattern that is very similar to class I hydrophobins. Elucidation of the genomic structure of hypA led to the identification of a second copy, hypC, located downstream of hypA. Although at a much lower level, hypC is like hypA specifically expressed on fruit bodies. The hypA mRNA level is transiently increased ten days after fruit body induction and expression appears to be associated with rapid expansion of the mushroom caps. In mushroom caps, very high concentrations of hypA messengers were found in the (outer) peel tissue, where they accumulate to more than 60% of the total mRNA mass. The corresponding protein with a molecular mass of 8 to 9 kDa was purified from this peel tissue and was identified by N-terminal sequencing. Our results suggest that HYPA forms a protective hydrophobic layer instrumental in cap formation.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1982

Growth and metabolic activity of lemon juice vesicle explants in vitro.

Actively growing juice-vesicle explants, established from small lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm. f. var. ;Eureka') fruits, were cultured in vitro on defined media. The juice vesicles continued to enlarge in culture for several months, without callus proliferation, and their initial growth was promoted by indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and N(6)-benzyladenine.The metabolic competence of the explants, and its relevance to whole fruit development, was further investigated. Juice vesicles continued to accumulate protein on all media, for at least 16 days, but sugars did not change much during culture. Acid invertase increased dramatically during the first days of culture, and its specific activity was markedly promoted by indoleacetic acid, and to a lesser degree by gibberellic acid. Total peroxidase of juice vesicles increased progressively up to the 11th day of culture, and its specific activity was promoted by all three hormones, especially by N(6)-benzyladenine. Explant growth was accompanied by appearance of several cathodic and anodic isoperoxidases.The results suggest that the study of this unique juice vesicle system may contribute to a better understanding of fruit development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Molecular cloning of a new laccase from the edible straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea: possible involvement in fruit body development.

Cloning of a laccase-encoding cDNA from the edible straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, was performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The cDNA of the putative laccase gene (lac4) consisted of 1689 bp, including an open reading frame encoding a 23-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminal end and a 540-amino acid mature protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58173 Da and a pI value of 6.1. The 10 histidine residues and one cysteine residue required to co-ordinate the four copper atoms at the active site of the protein were all conserved. The amino acid sequence of V. volvacea lac4 has a high degree of identity with other basidiomycete laccases. Transcription of the laccase gene was analysed by RT-PCR and, unlike many other laccase genes, shown to be regulated independently of either copper or aromatic compounds under the test conditions. However, the laccase gene is strongly expressed during that part of the mushroom developmental cycle involving fruit body morphogenesis.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Genes expressed during the development and ripening of watermelon fruit.

A normalized cDNA library was constructed using watermelon flesh mRNA from three distinct developmental time-points and was subtracted by hybridization with leaf cDNA. Random cDNA clones of the watermelon flesh subtraction library were sequenced from the 5' end in order to identify potentially informative genes associated with fruit setting, development, and ripening. One-thousand and forty-six 5'-end sequences (expressed sequence tags; ESTs) were assembled into 832 non-redundant sequences, designated as "EST-unigenes". Of these 832 "EST-unigenes", 254 ( approximately 30%) have no significant homology to sequences published so far for other plant species. Additionally, 168 "EST-unigenes" ( approximately 20%) correspond to genes with unknown function, whereas 410 "EST-unigenes" ( approximately 50%) correspond to genes with known function in other plant species. These "EST-unigenes" are mainly associated with metabolism, membrane transport, cytoskeleton synthesis and structure, cell wall formation and cell division, signal transduction, nucleic acid binding and transcription factors, defense and stress response, and secondary metabolism. This study provides the scientific community with novel genetic information for watermelon as well as an expanded pool of genes associated with fruit development in watermelon. These genes will be useful targets in future genetic and functional genomic studies of watermelon and its development.

Citrullus↗
PubMed1985

A specific method for the determination of soluble sugars in plant extracts using enzymatic analysis and its application to the sugar content of developing pear fruit buds.

A simple manual method for the routine analysis of glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, and sucrose in plant material is described. The technique is demonstrated using various seeds known to form part of the diet of the bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula L.), a pest of commercial orchards in southeast England. The method involves the overnight extraction of the sugars with 62.5% aqueous methanol, followed by the conversion of the individual sugars to gluconate 6-phosphate (or, in the case of galactose, to galactono-gamma-lactone) by specific enzymes, and their determination spectrophotometrically.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2026

GA4+7 alleviates pear fruit semi-russeting partly by suppressing PRX-mediated lignin deposition.

Pear fruit semi-russeting is a surface disorder that frequently occurs during fruit development and significantly diminishes fruit appearance quality and commercial value. Although Gibberellin 4 + 7 (GA4+7) has been used to reduce fruit surface defects in horticultural crops, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying its inhibitory effect on pear fruit semi-russeting remain poorly understood. In this study, preharvest GA4+7 treatment of 'Cuiguan' pear significantly reduced russet coverage and lignin accumulation in mature fruit skin without adversely affecting fruit size, fruit shape index, or total soluble solids content. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that GA4+7 treatment was associated with the repression of phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis at both metabolic and transcriptional levels. Among the lignin-related differentially expressed genes, two class III peroxidase genes, PpyPRX22 and PpyPRX65, were strongly downregulated by both GA4+7 and bagging treatments. Both proteins localized to the cell wall, and transient expression assays in pear fruit skin supported positive roles for PpyPRX22 and PpyPRX65 in lignin deposition. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assays combined with transient overexpression experiments suggested that several PpyMYB transcription factors may regulate PpyPRX expression and lignin accumulation, with PpyMYB138 and PpyMYB139 significantly activating PpyPRX22 and/or PpyPRX65 promoter activity. Taken together, these results suggest that GA4+7 alleviates pear fruit semi-russeting at least partly by reducing lignin deposition in the fruit skin, with PpyPRX22 and PpyPRX65 potentially contributing to this process.

Class III peroxidase↗
PubMed2000

MADS-Box gene diversity in seed plants 300 million years ago.

MADS-box genes encode a family of transcription factors which control diverse developmental processes in flowering plants ranging from root development to flower and fruit development. Through phylogeny reconstructions, most of these genes can be subdivided into defined monophyletic gene clades whose members share similar expression patterns and functions. Therefore, the establishment of the diversity of gene clades was probably an important event in land plant evolution. In order to determine when these clades originated, we isolated cDNAs of 19 different MADS-box genes from Gnetum gnemon, a gymnosperm model species and thus a representative of the sister group of the angiosperms. Phylogeny reconstructions involving all published MADS-box genes were then used to identify gene clades containing putative orthologs from both angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages. Thus, the minimal number of MADS-box genes that were already present in the last common ancestor of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms was determined. Comparative expression studies involving pairs of putatively orthologous genes revealed a diversity of patterns that has been largely conserved since the time when the angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages separated. Taken together, our data suggest that there were already at least seven different MADS-box genes present at the base of extant seed plants about 300 MYA. These genes were probably already quite diverse in terms of both sequence and function. In addition, our data demonstrate that the MADS-box gene families of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms are of similar complexities.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

The abundant class III chitinase homolog in young developing banana fruits behaves as a transient vegetative storage protein and most probably serves as an important supply of amino acids for the synthesis of ripening-associated proteins.

Analyses of the protein content and composition revealed dramatic changes in gene expression during in situ banana (Musa spp.) fruit formation/ripening. The total banana protein content rapidly increases during the first 60 to 70 d, but remains constant for the rest of fruit formation/ripening. During the phase of rapid protein accumulation, an inactive homolog of class III chitinases accounts for up to 40% (w/v) of the total protein. Concomitant with the arrest of net protein accumulation, the chitinase-related protein (CRP) progressively decreases and several novel proteins appear in the electropherograms. Hence, CRP behaves as a fruit-specific vegetative storage protein that accumulates during early fruit formation and serves as a source of amino acids for the synthesis of ripening-associated proteins. Analyses of individual proteins revealed that a thaumatin-like protein, a beta-1,3-glucanase, a class I chitinase, and a mannose-binding lectin are the most abundant ripening-associated proteins. Because during the ripening of prematurely harvested bananas, similar changes take place as in the in situ ripening bananas, CRP present in immature fruits is a sufficient source of amino acids for a quasi-normal synthesis of ripening-associated proteins. However, it is evident that the conversion of CRP in ripening-associated proteins takes place at an accelerated rate, especially when climacteric ripening is induced by ethylene. The present report also includes a discussion of the accumulation of the major banana allergens and the identification of suitable promoters for the production of vaccines in transgenic bananas.

Amino Acids↗