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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of physical performance by rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry and computer-assisted ergospirometry.

A great deal of information about physical adjustment to work can be obtained from quantitative stress testing. Maximal stress limited by symptoms of exertional intolerance is the concept of the 2 min duration work increment test (rectangular-triangular exercise test). Compared to steady-state work tests strict observation of the standardized procedure- and computer assisted evaluation of ergospirometric parameters offer innovatory opportunities: (1) the test is of short duration (8-14 min), (2) the subjects recover rapidly, even from an exhausting test, (3) one is more likely to be able to observe plateauing of VO2, should determination of maximal VO2 be desired, (4) adaptation to increasing work rates and maximal work capacity is assessable, (5) computer technics provide on-line assessment of aerobic and anaerobic power in quantitative terms, (6) measurements proved to be highly reproducible, (7) the relationship between variables such as increments of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, respiratory minute volume, oxygen uptake during the early phase of the non-steady-state condition and the index of anaerobic power, and the influence of factors such as work load and work output, has been studied to derive standard values. Soft-ware programs have been designed to estimate deviation of parameters actually measured from standard values in terms of multiples of the standard deviation of the standard regression line. In particular, evaluating oxygen uptake during short time-intervals (0.5 min) provides information about adequate adaptational forces of the cardio-circulatory system. Energy that is not accounted for by reactions involving the VO2 measured is computed by substracting the caloric equivalent of oxygen uptake during work exceeding the steady-state level during rest from the energy demand to sustain a given work load aerobically. This index of anaerobic power is defined in kcal, cal/kg body wt., and as a percentage of the total amount of energy required (moderately trained athletes 350-500 cal/kg; sedentary people 200-300 cal/kg). A close relationship to parameters of metabolic acidosis (base excess) exists. It is concluded that the physical performance of sedentary people, athletes and patients with impaired cardio-pulmonary function can be more precisely qualified in quantitative terms by means of computer assisted rectangular-triangular ergospirometry. Results obtained in patients with diseased conditions must be carefully interpreted, their condition suggesting the use of more invasive investigations to reveal the pathophysiologic mechanism.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The effect of caffeine ingestion on physical performance after prolonged exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine ingestion on physical performance after prolonged endurance exercise. Twenty three trained male volunteers participated in a 40-km march and were divided into two groups, matched for caffeine clearance rate and aerobic capacity. The experimental group ingested, prior to the march, a caffeinated drink at a dose of 5 mg.kg-1 body mass and at the 3rd and 5th h of marching an additional drink at a dose of 2.5 mg.kg-1 body mass. The control group ingested a drink of equal volume at the same times. Upon termination of the march each subject performed a cycle ergometer test at an intensity of 90% maximal oxygen consumption. Time to exhaustion and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Blood samples were drawn predrink, at the 3rd and 5th h of marching and immediately after the cycle ergometer test, and were analysed for caffeine, free fatty acids (FFA), lactate and glucose levels. Plasma FFA levels increased during the march (p less than 0.05), with no significant difference between groups. Lactate levels increased in the experimental group (p less than 0.05), with no significant change in the control group. Glucose levels did not change significantly in either group. After the cycle ergometer test, lactate levels were significantly higher in the experimental, as compared to the control group (3.77 +/- 0.33 vs 2.52 +/- 0.35 mmol.l-1, respectively). There was no significant difference between treatments in the time to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer, but RPE was different (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Reliability of physical performance tests in four different randomized clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess the test-retest reliability of physical performance tests in subject groups with different levels of impairment and disability, and (2) to assess the stability of these tests over different time intervals. DESIGN: Test-retest, repeated measures reliability design. SETTING: (1) A university's center for aging and research center, (2) a continuing care retirement community, and (3) an extended care and rehabilitation center at a Veterans Affairs medical center. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four community-dwelling elders, 15 community-dwelling elders with Parkinson disease, 12 older women with vertebral osteoporosis and compression fractures, and 14 elderly nursing home residents. MEASURES: Lower extremity isometric strength (ankle dorsiflexion, hip abduction), spinal configuration (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis), lumbosacral motion (flexion, extension), and timed measures of the ability to get in and to get out of bed at a usual pace. RESULTS: Most of the within-group intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were good to excellent (.70 to .97). Overall, ICCs for all groups combined were between .70 and .96, and no decrement in reliability was noted after controlling for group membership. In addition, no decrement in the ICC was observed for short (1 day) vs. longer (1 week) intervals of testing. CONCLUSIONS: These performance-based measures may be used reliably across a wider range of testing environments and elderly populations than has been reported.

Ankle Joint↗

PubMed2006

Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the physical performance test (PPT) battery in chronic pain patients.

PURPOSE: To prepare a Japanese-language version of the Physical Performance Test (PPT) Battery and assess its reliability and validity. METHOD: Activity limitations by pain were evaluated by means of the Japanese-language version of the PPT Battery in 82 patients with chronic pain in the limbs and trunk. Two self-report questionnaires, one related to sensory evaluation of pain, and the other related to affective evaluation of pain, and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), which evaluates activities of daily living, were simultaneously administered to the subjects. RESULTS: The results for reliability showed that the ICC values for inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability were 0.91 or more for every item. The results for validity showed significant associations between the scores for all of the items on the Japanese-language version of the PPT Battery and the total scores on the FIM (p < 0.01). Significant associations were found between 5 of the 8 items on the Japanese-language version of the PPT Battery and affective state due to the pain. CONCLUSIONS: The Japanese-language version of the PPT Battery was shown to possess adequate reliability and validity as a scale for evaluating the activity limitations of patients with chronic limb or trunk pain. The results also suggested that it might be possible to improve the activity limitations of patients with chronic pain by improving their affective state in response to the pain.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1993

Role of physical performance component evaluations in occupational therapy functional assessment.

In the 1970s, occupational therapy assessments tended to focus on physical performance component (PPC) evaluations such as strength and range of motion; assessment of occupational performance played a secondary role. Given changes within and outside the profession of occupational therapy, it is time for the assessment of occupation and role performance to assume a primary role, while PPC evaluation should shift to a secondary role. Although PPC evaluations may be less prominent than in the past, they will continue to play an important role in occupational therapy practice and research. Therapists need to be critical consumers of PPC measurement tools because many require further development to validate their use for occupational therapy purposes.

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise.

Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 117--125. A peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by erythrocytes was isolated from the plasma of healthy males age 23-24 years subjected to physical exercise of increasing intensity from 1 to 3 W/kg of body weight during 18 min. This peptide was not found in the blood plasma obtained from these subjects before exercise as well as in the initial stage of exercise. It appeared in the plasma at the end of the exercise period when symptoms of fatigue were already evident. In view of this it is suggested to call it "fatigue peptide".

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Effects of daily mild supine exercise on physical performance after 20 days bed rest in young persons.

To investigate the effects of daily mild supine exercise on physical performance capacity identified as maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max) after 20 days bedrest, 3 male students performed a supine pedaling at 40% intensity of VO2max for one hour every day, while 6 male and 5 female students were control. Before and after the bedrest, muscle mass and strength of exercising leg and cardiovascular responses during -40mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and moderate upright cycling exercise were measured. Despite the exercise programme VO2max was similarly decreased to the control subjects after bed-rest. The delta VO2max was correlated to delta % left ventricular fractional shortening during LBNP, and also % delta VO2max to % delta stroke volume of the moderate exercise (both p<0.05). The exercise programme should be too weak to maintain cardiovascular functions and thus to present the decrease in VO2max against prolonged bedrest as well as weightlessness stress.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Association between the ACE I/D gene polymorphism and physical performance in a homogeneous non-elite cohort.

BACKGROUND: I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with better endurance performance and a stronger response to exercise training. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphism and athletic performance in a homogeneous cohort. METHODS: Eighty-eight male non-elite Caucasian Turkish athletes with similar training backgrounds for at least for 6 months were studied for ACE gene polymorphisms by PCR analysis. Performance on the 60-meter sprint and middle-distance running tests were evaluated. RESULTS: The distributions of the ACE I/D genotypes were 20.5%, 40.9%, and 38.6% for II, ID, and DD polymorphisms in the whole group (N = 88), respectively. The ACE DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in the superior group (56.7%) than in the poor (37.9%) and mediocre (20.7%) group in middle-distance running performance (chi2 = 11.778; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: The ACE DD genotype may be related to better short-duration aerobic endurance performance. Larger homogeneous cohorts may help clarify the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and physical performance.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

Image plate systems differ in physical performance.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare 2 storage phosphor image plate systems, the Digora and the DenOptix, with respect to physical performance. STUDY DESIGN: The 2 systems were tested both with and without use of their default settings through physical and psychophysical measurements. A homogeneous 10-mm-thick aluminum block, a 10-mm-thick aluminum block with a pattern of holes varying in diameter and depth, and a resolving power target were used as test phantoms. The image plates were exposed at 50 kV and 8 mA with a focus-sensor distance of 30 cm and exposure times ranging from 10 to 3,200 ms. Measurements of large area transfer function, gray level variations, perceptibility, contrast resolution, exposure range, and modulation transfer function were performed. RESULTS: When the two systems were used at their default settings, the DenOptix had a better dose response, a higher contrast index, and a higher modulation transfer function (MTF) than the Digora; however, the DenOptix also had higher noise than the Digora at lower exposures. CONCLUSIONS: When image enhancement algorithms were applied with the Digora system, performance similar to that of the DenOptix could be obtained.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1990

Weight loss, dietary carbohydrate modifications, and high intensity, physical performance.

Well trained subjects (N = 12) were studied before and after losing approximately 6% of body weight to determine whether physical performance could be maintained while consuming a hypocaloric, high percentage carbohydrate diet. During a 4-d period of weight loss, subjects were randomly assigned to a high carbohydrate (HC) or low carbohydrate (LC) diet. A crossover design was used; subjects were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) weight loss on both diets for a 6-min bout of high intensity arm cranking, weight, skinfold thickness, and profile of mood states (POMS). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glycerol concentrations were analyzed for resting blood samples, while lactate, pH, and base excess were analyzed for blood samples drawn at rest and 1, 3, and 5 min after arm cranking. A three-way ANOVA of sprint work revealed a weight loss effect, a diet by weight loss interaction, and an order by diet by weight loss interaction (P less than 0.05). Total sprint work (mean +/- SE) PRE and POST HC was 37.7 +/- 2.1 kJ and 37.4 +/- 2.2 kJ, respectively. Sprint work was higher for PRE LC vs POST LC, with mean values of 37.4 +/- 2.1 kJ and 34.4 +/- 2.2 kJ, respectively. Post-arm cranking lactate was significantly higher PRE compared to POST for both HC and LC. Post-exercise blood pH was lower (P less than 0.05) at PRE vs POST, with no diet effect. Regardless of the diet, POMS variables tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion were significantly elevated from PRE to POST; vigor was significantly lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Body composition and physical performance in children after renal transplantation.

Body composition using standard anthropometric methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was determined in a cross-sectional study among 26 pediatric renal transplant recipients. At the same time, spiroergometry exam, pulmonary function tests, dynamometry and tremometry exams were performed in all patients. Fat body mass obtained by DEXA correlated inversely with maximal physical load during spiroergometry exam (r2 = 0.51, p = 0.0001). The study demonstrates good tolerance of increased physical load in children after renal transplantation. An inverse relationship was found between fat body mass and physical performance. Exercise training programs for children after renal transplantation are therefore suggested.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1991

Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans.

The extent to which exercise can delay the normal decline in physical performance associated with aging is unknown. We examined the impact of 2 years of supervised exercise on cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and strength in a group of elderly (age 65-74) veterans. Seventy-five patients exercised 3 days/week for 90-minute sessions emphasizing aerobic, flexibility, and strength development. Thirty-six (47%) completed 2 years of a voluntary supervised exercise program (n = 16-25 with complete data). Over a 2-year follow-up period, cardiovascular outcome variables improved significantly: metabolic equivalents increased 20% (7.4 +/- 2.2 to 9.0 +/- 2.4, P less than 0.001) and submaximal heart rate decreased 7% (131.4 +/- 14.8 to 121.0 +/- 18.5 beats/minute, P = 0.06). Resting heart rate decreased 8% (68.5 +/- 8.0 to 63.6 +/- 8.4 beats/minute, P = 0.02) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Flexibility, measured by hamstring length, improved 11% (57.5 +/- 15.1 to 64.0 +/- 11.1 degrees, P = 0.02). Strength variables did not improve. The study indicates that improvements in cardiovascular function and flexibility achieved by the elderly in the early stages of an exercise program can be maintained for at least 2 years.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans.

The extent to which exercise can delay the normal decline in physical performance associated with aging is unknown. We examined the impact of 2 years of supervised exercise on cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and strength in a group of elderly (age 65-74) veterans. Seventy-five patients exercised 3 days/week for 90-minute sessions emphasizing aerobic, flexibility, and strength development. Thirty-six (47%) completed 2 years of a voluntary supervised exercise program (n = 25 with complete data). Over a 2-year follow-up period, cardiovascular outcome variables improved significantly: metabolic equivalents increased 20% (7.4 +/- 2.2 to 9.0 +/- 2.4, P less than 0.001) and submaximal heart rate decreased 7% (68.5 +/- 8.0 to 63.6 +/- 8.4 beats/minute, P = 0.02). Resting heart rate decreased 8% (131.4 +/- 14.8 to 121.0 +/- 18.5 beats/minute, P = 0.06), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Flexibility, measured by hamstring length, improved 11% (57.5 +/- 15.1 to 64.0 +/- 11.1 degrees, P = 0.02). Strength variables did not improve. The study indicates that improvements in cardiovascular function and flexibility achieved by the elderly in the early stages of an exercise program can be maintained for at least 2 years.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Intrauterine growth retardation, body size, body composition and physical performance in adolescence.

Studies about effects of IUGR on growth in childhood as well as on body size, body composition and physical performance in adolescence and adulthood are reviewed. The review is based on 12 studies that distinguished IUGR from other types of low birthweight and compared outcomes of IUGR cases with those of non-IUGR controls. This information is complemented by results of a follow-up study of IUGR cases and controls carried out in Guatemalan adolescents and young adults. In Guatemala as well as in other countries, IUGR newborns showed partial catch-up growth during the first one or two years of life, and then maintained their achieved place in the growth distribution. Guatemalan IUGR cases were shorter, lighter and weaker than non-IUGR controls as adolescents and young adults. The differences in adult body size observed in Guatemala between cases and controls are similar to those found in more affluent countries (i.e. about 5 cm in height and 5 kg in weight).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Effects of GH replacement on metabolism and physical performance in GH deficient adults.

GH deficiency (GHD) in adults is associated with abnormalities in body composition, metabolic derangements, sub-optimal physical performance, high incidence of adverse cardiovascular risk factors and poor quality of life. GHD adults are insulin resistant and have reduced hepatic glycogen stores, reduced insulin stimulated glucose utilization and reduced glycogen synthesis in muscle. GH replacement results in either no change or slight reduction in insulin sensitivity. Hence, it is important to monitor for the development of glucose intolerance in patients on long-term GH replacement. GHD is associated with a lipid profile known to predispose to premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, i.e. increased total and LDL cholesterol, decreased HDL cholesterol, increased small dense LDL particles and increased triglycerides. LDL-cholesterol abnormalities appear to improve with GH replacement even if maintained within physiological dose range; the greatest improvement occurs in those subjects with higher baseline total and LDL cholesterol values and in female patients with adult onset GHD compared with male patients with childhood onset GHD. In contrast, hypertriglyceridaemia is not corrected by GH replacement. The majority of the reports suggest GH replacement increases Lipoprotein-a levels. Long-term observation will be required to determine whether GH replacement reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in GHD adults. The reduced muscle mass and strength associated with GHD has been shown to improve after GH replacement. GH treatment also improves maximal and sub-maximal exercise performance in GHD adults. The effects on protein metabolism, energy expenditure and thyroid metabolism in GHD adults are also critical.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[The application of external knee stabilizers - Influence on mechanical stabilization and physical performance].

The aim of the study was, to assess the influence of a knee brace on the development of anterior instability after anterior cruciate ligament rupture and to test aptitude for physical strain. 46 subjects with arthroscopically proven anterior cruciate ligament rupture were divided equally in a randomised order into two groups. Both groups carried out a standardized physical therapy program, while one group (0) received additional stabilization by means of a functional knee brace (SofTec, Bauerfeind). In addition, important features of the brace (stabilization capacity, safety perception and physical performance) were tested and compared to the non-braced contralateral leg among 23 healthy physical education students by means of a standardized scaled questionnaire (observational study). 0 showed lower (p < 0.05) development of the anterior instability by 46 % and lower (p < 0.05) reduction in circumference of the femur muscles by 25 %. Increasing the time interval between accident and beginning of the brace treatment, increased the difference of the therapeutical effect of the brace. In the observational study, the brace received a better evaluation regarding all test parameters. The reduction of developing anterior instability by means of a brace should facilitate - apart from an individual operation-time-arrangement - especially a conservative approach within the framework of anterior instability and physical activity. Aside from the improvement of the mechanical stabilization, indications for suitability in strain situations could be detected for the tested brace.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The effect of one night's sleep deprivation on temperature, mood, and physical performance in subjects with different amounts of habitual physical activity.

Eleven healthy males were studied twice. On one occasion (control, C), they slept (night 1) and then underwent a battery of tests at 4 h intervals from 06:00 day 1 to 02:00 day 2; then, after a normal sleep (night 2), they were tested from 10:00 to 22:00 on day 2. On the second occasion (sleep deprivation, SD), the subjects remained awake during night 1. Each battery of tests consisted of measurements of tympanic membrane temperature, profile of mood states (POMS), muscle strength, self-chosen work rate (SCWR), perceived exertion, and heart rate (HR) while exercising on a stationary cycle ergometer. Subjects also kept a diary of their activities during the two days and answered a questionnaire about their habitual physical activity. Results showed a significant negative effect of sleep deprivation on most mood states on day 1, but no effect on the other variables. By day 2, mood had tended to recover, though muscle strength tended to be worse in both control and sleep-deprivation experiments. There was also a more general tendency for negative effects to be present at the end of day 1 (02:00) or at the beginning of day 2 (10:00). There was limited support for the view that subjects who were habitually more active showed less negative effects after sleep deprivation and responded less adversely to the poor sleep achieved on the university premises (night 2). These results stress the considerable interindividual variation in the responses to sleep loss and, therefore, the difficulty associated with giving general advice to individuals about work or training capability after sleep loss.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Limitations on physical performance and daily activities among long-term survivors of childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of childhood cancer may experience important disease- and treatment-related late effects, including functional limitations. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated performance limitations and restricted abilities to participate in personal care, to engage in routine activities like shopping or housework, and to attend work or school (participation restrictions) in a cohort of survivors of childhood cancer. SETTING: Epidemiologic survey and 26 institutions that treat childhood cancer. PATIENTS: Participants included 11 481 persons who were treated for primary brain cancer, leukemia, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney tumor, neuroblastoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, or malignant bone tumor before the age of 21 years and who survived at least 5 years after diagnosis. The comparison group included 3839 siblings of survivors of childhood cancer. MEASUREMENT: Medical data were abstracted, and participants or parents (if the participants were <18 years of age at survey completion) completed a 24-page questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared with siblings, survivors were more likely to report performance limitations (risk ratio, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.7 to 2.0]) and to report restricted participation in personal care skills (risk ratio, 4.7 [CI, 3.0 to 7.2]), routine activities (risk ratio, 4.7 [CI, 3.6 to 6.2]), and the ability to attend work or school (risk ratio, 5.9 [CI, 4.5 to 7.6]). Survivors of brain (26.6%) and bone (36.9%) cancer were most likely to report performance limitations, restricted ability to do routine activities (20.9% and 8.5%, respectively), and restricted ability to attend work or school (20.0% and 11.2%, respectively). Survivors of brain cancer were also most likely to report restricted abilities to perform personal care (10.5%). LIMITATIONS: There was the potential for participants to be healthier or more physically capable than nonparticipants or for persons to be more motivated to participate in this study if they had functional deficits. In addition, the nature of the questionnaire did not allow specific physical limitations to be measured. CONCLUSION: Long-term survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk for functional limitations in physical performance and in participation in activities needed for daily living.

Absenteeism↗